فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 120 (زمستان 1386)

Nowadays much attentions being paid to the conservation of the earth and prevention of its pollutions. This has caused a special viewpoint in environmental design, which is called sustainable design. This architecture has a noticeable respect for the environment and natural resources. To find the practical solutions in this regard, some architects are attracted to the traditional architecture which is a rich source for this purpose. However, the respect of the sustainable architecture and the traditional architecture for the environment, are different. The first follows the economic and pecuniary problems, whereas the latter seeks the respect for the human beings and its perfection. For the traditional architecture the respect of the environment is not separable from the respect of the human beings. This is an important issue which should be considered by the architects who are looking for the lessons from the traditional architecture.

The values and believes of any culture and its follower appear in all sight of life, and now this study is searching for this appearance, in Islamic Cities. Where is an Islamic City and what kind of especialities do they have? City is symbol of civilization and for its residents is a reaction of their believes and values. Islamic city with it’s variation of race and continental is full of faith and Unity which represent a type of architecture. Building, Mosque, Bazaars and location of houses with passage and Balkonies have form the city as a uniform complex. In cities of Islamic world, city is foundation of Islamic civilization, and reaction of Islamic environment in these cities has resulted extension and improvement of Islam. In the process of historical development of the city in Islamic culture city is the result of action and reactions of various factors contributing to the Birth of a city. This article is an introduction to a brief understanding of Islamic cities. Attention has been paid to the structures and models of Islamic cities with regard to the Physical and spacial aspects, but the effect of Islam has been elaborated more conspicuously than other elements and factors. Islamic cities are becoming more and more similar to the western models of urbanization. This has made the task of the researchers who consider the Islamic cities to have their own originality and genuineness more difficult.

The most important of urban texture is the houses next to each other which have created the neighborhoods. House is one of the most important architectural buildings in which living will happen and the first place to enter the house is its entrance. In this paper, the houses’ entrance architecture in Sari ancient texture will be studied. Most of the remaining houses’ entrances in ancient texture of the city are belong to the Ghajari period, and only few are belong to the plahavi period. However, the principles of architecture in both periods are the same, but due the existence of large nember of samples from Ghajari period in the city, the study mainly concentrate and discuss the Ghajari period. Finally, the differences and characteristic of houses’ entrances between pahlavi and Ghajari period will be discussed. In ancient architecture the houses entrance is one of the identification elements of urban texture. Therefore, to obtain a complete and comprehensive knowledge of this type of architecture and to protect it’s identities and ability to use in modern architecture, the study will be looking at the entrances components in more detail by concentrating on the dimensions, ratios, the aesthetical factors, the way they have been assembled and etc…

The general form of traditional architecture have originated from the popular tradition, which is without an intermediary, and it flows in depth of pupolar cuture. This also form in the kind of spiritual and material and impression on related needs, values, goals and finally through suffer, happiness and comfort. In rural architecture buildings seems to be simple and made by people thinking with their intelligence and capacity by using their own relationship. There is a direct relation between apparent form of houses and culture of village community. For this reason while the house pattern provide cultural social and economical obligation, they strongly resist against any changes. According to the statistic center of Iran the conventional definition of village is: “the settlement with maximum population of 5000 with main activies in agriculture and animal husbandry”. Whereas villages have an important role in economic of country, provision of villager’s welfare for prevention of their immigration to cities which is crucial. Therefore, in this case to review the role of architecture in this procedure is essential, and this study will try to answer the following questions. What is the role of villages and villagers in economic of country? What effect does make a living condition of villagers in type and method of their place of resident? How do the village houses arrange in relation with their region? What effect the culture of villagers and their community relationship could have in the arrangement of spaces in residential units and texture of village? How is the building material provided and the selection of them, what effect have on the methods of construction?

Through history the man always changes the nature. The relationship between man and nature has been changed from those days because of revolution in human life and his needs for function and spacial characteristics. Therefore, it is necessity to organize and sustain these changes through multidisciplinary knowledge as environmental design process. The aim of this process is sustainable natural cycle between human and environment by mixing various models such as socioeconomic, life model and natural systems. For example, sustainable tourism planning in “Farahzad” area (North West of Tehran) can be defined according to a hierarchy form city to nature by this multidisciplinary process. Through this process, in addition to rehabilitation of Farahzad identity, a sustainable relation was made with the city of Tehran. Sustainable development plan in Farahzad increases quality of life by making suitable connection between environments and residential area. Rural-urban areas form in countryside of large cities. These new forms called Ecoton area, have both natural-rural and urban characteristics. So it needs a multifunctional approach in management, planning and design such as environmental planning and design process. Urban areas impose their artificial structure and human pattern to natural pattern and the urban-rural area is formed as a combination of patterns. The new approach in tourism planning is one of the proposed sustainable planning in these areas which is explained in this article.

Globalization as an important wave which affects all aspect of human life. Globalization is a fact that occurs and cause new relationships on human life. The most impacts of globalization have been on live space and location (in particular urban spaces) and their mechanisms. With regard to intensive linkages between Geography, place, space and environment, globalization has special effects on field of geography. This paper have study the concept of globalization, changes of geography (geography and urban planning in particular) and cities at globalization age by analytical-descriptive method. Finally it concludes dominance of information technology on urban spaces at globalization age, also descriptive traditional geography have replaced with applied geography based on spacial relations and land use.