ghasem sameei

One of the most tangible and effective areas of productivity, which the process of transformation at it, can have a significant impact on this very important indicator, is process of financial integration. Financial integration by integrating financial economies and relying more on market system and liberalization in its various dimensions can provide the basis for improving the productivity components. On the other hand, examining the impact of inflation on changes in growth rate of labor productivity is subject, which much attention in recent decades. Undoubtedly determination these effects can be helpful in adopting productivity policies. In this study, we investigate the nonlinear effects of financial integration and inflation on labor productivity in 15 selected developing countries at 2006 to 2019 with using of Markov Switching econometric technique. The results indicate that financial integration in both regimes, has a positive effect on labor productivity, but the intensity of this index impact is not very significant. There is also a Significant negative relationship about the effects of inflation on both regimes. Regarding the control variables, the business environment in first regime, has a negative effect and in second regime, it has a positive effect on labor productivity. Regarding the Institutional Factors Index, in the first regime has a positive relationship and in second regime has a negative relationship. Therefore, the need for new reform in these two areas is essential. So, it is necessary to make sustainable and cohesive planning to improve and development of financial integration indicators and also, control inflation in these societies, until  from  this way, to provide the grounds for promotion of labor productivity.

Financial reforms, due to make a structural difference in quantity and quality of services provided in financial markets, is able to explain an important part of difference in growth and development between countries, and without any doubt, these changes effect on the labor productivity. In this study, had been paid to examine the nonlinear effect of financial reforms indicators (financial liberalization, financial development and financial integration) on labor productivity in 15 selected developing countries during the period of 2006-2017 with using of Markov Switching econometric technique. The results of examines show that the financial liberalization index (foreign direct investment) in both regimes has a negative effect on labor productivity. Financial development indicators (banking credits and the value of the trading stocks) also have a negative effect on labor productivity in first regime, but in second regime, we see a positive relationship. Finally, the Financial Integration Index (total of foreign portfolio investment and foreign direct investment on GDP) in both regimes has a positive effect labor productivity. Therefore, according to the results, it can be acknowledged a significant part of the labor productivity depends on financial reforms, so it seems necessary to provide more and more grounds for strengthening and expanding the indicators of the financial reform in above societies.

In recent years, the determinants of productivity have gone beyond the mentioned items in growth theories, and the role of political factors in this base has attracted the attention of researchers. In fact, the role and position of political factors in promoting productivity is a reality that cannot be indifferent, and inattention in this regard can cause irreparable damage on productivity component trends. This paper analyzed the effect of political factors indicators (voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) on productivity components (total factor productivity, labor productivity, and capital productivity) at 15 selected developing countries during 2006 to 2017 with using of panel data econometrics based on dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) approach. The variables of foreign direct investment, research and development, degree of economics openness and banking credits were also included as control variables at models. The results indicate that all indicators of political factors have had a positive effect on productivity components. In relation to control variables, we see positive relationships. Therefore, according to the results, it can be acknowledged that, the significant part of productivity growth depends on political factors. Therefore, it seems necessary that the governments of developing societies, while accurately recognizing political structures should pay special attention to the role of  components at political factors and establish more political stability, so that they can provide opportunities to improve productivity components as much as possible.

In this paper evaluates the effects of entrepreneurship and business environment on productivity components(total factor productivity, labor productivity, and capital productivity) in 15 selected developing countries over the period of 2006 to 2017 with using of dynamic panel with generalized method of moments approach(GMM). The results showed that, entrepreneurship and business environment had a positive effect on productivity components and the effectiveness of total factor productivity was greater than labor productivity and capital productivity. But still, due to the entrepreneurship,s barriers and business environment,s limitation, these two indicators have not reached to ideal levels in developing societies and we are still witnessing significant fluctuations in this area, so these positive effects may not be sustainable in these communities therefore, the lack of improvement and expansion of these indicators can have irreparable consequences for trend of productivity components. Therefore, the need for new reform in these two areas is essential. Accordingly, is suggested to do sustainable and coherent planning for improve and expand of entrepreneurship indicators and business environment until from in this way, can provide the basis for further promotion of productivity components.

This study aims to determine the effect of good governance indicators (voice and accountability, political stability without violent, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) and financial reforms (financial liberalization and financial development) on the total factor productivity in Iran's industry and mining sector from 1996 through 2018.

In this study, the econometric technique of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) is used to estimate the effects of variables.

The results of estimates indicate that the effect of all indicators of financial reform on total factor productivity is positive in short term and long term.  In terms of good governance indicators, we see a positive relationship with variables of government effectiveness and regulatory quality, and a negative relationship with corruption control variables. Also, the effect of variables of voice and accountability and the rule of law are negative in short term and are positive in long term. Political stability without violent also has no effect on total factor productivity.

Since financial indicators and good governance have not reached ideal levels in Iran, and we are still witnessing significant fluctuations in this area, the trend of productivity components in industry and mining has not been very significant. Therefore, failure to improve and expand these indicators can have irreparable consequences for the trend of productivity of industry and mining sector and it seems necessary to provide the grounds for further strengthening and expanding the indicators of financial reform and good governance to improve the productivity of the industry and mining sector.

Considering the limited financial and investment resources governing the country's economy, the proper planning for the work of certain investments is one of the measures that must be taken by the countries’ economic authorities.
Theoretical frame work: Determination of priority activities in the province's industrial investment optimum return and optimal allocation of capital in the field of optimization of the establishment of industries is considered as an effective step (Javier, 2009). Capital is one of the main factors of commerce and the greatest means of gaining profit. Capital, in the broadest sense of the word, is the economic commodity that potentially or actually produces economic goods. Capital may be either legal cash (cash) or illegal (property, privilege, or practical) (Mahdavi, 2005, p. 22). Investment can be done inductively, externally, independently, and directly. For example, a household's investment in the securities of the company is a direct investment. Investments can be made in various fields (such as investment in the industrial, agricultural, housing and fixed assets sectors, and bourse, etc.). In other words, investment means a change in the volume of capital over a period, and investment is in fact the formation of capital (Rai & Talangi, 2004, p. 153). The border capacity in West Azerbaijan has created a space where joint industrial and mineral investment with neighboring countries is possible in this province. Besides, the geographic location of West Azerbaijan province and its border features with the three foreign countries can in fact provide the opportunities and benefits for the other provinces as well. Investors do not have to design, plan and take necessary measures, especially in the private sector, so in other similar points and therefore the priority of industries has a particular importance.
This is an applied research based on the method of collecting information and data in a descriptive and experimental way through the survey method. The study population in this research can be defined at two levels. In order to identify the effective indicators in determining the priorities of industrial investment in West Azerbaijan and to exploit the importance and the interdependence of the indicators, experts and decision makers of investment affairs of the industry, mining, and trade organization of West Azerbaijan are taken into account. In this research, the following tools have been used to collect information.
A: Documents related to Industrial Activities Assessment Indicators (ISIC) at the Iranian Statistics Center.
B: Paired matrix questionnaires are based on a 9-point Likert scale in which the parity scale is between indices, sub-indices, and finally variables, these questionnaires are: 1- The maturity comparison matrix inventory of effective indicators in determining the priority of industrial investment.
2) Indicator grading questionnaire
The data were obtained from the comparison of the pair values as well as the statistical data of the indices of each of the industries by means of the hierarchical analysis of the model through the selection of Expert Choice software. According to the research goal, in the framework of the operation of determining the priorities of industrial investment in West Azerbaijan -by comparing the pair of determinants and influential indices in industrial investment, as well as the comparative comparison of industrial activities based on the two-digit ISIC code for each- the indicators are investigated using the Analytical Hierarchy Model and Expert Choice Software.
Conclusions and Suggestions: Finally, the data from the paired comparisons showed that the multi-index scale has affected the determination of the priorities of the commercial industry in West Azerbaijan with an acceptable rate of inconsistency (0.02). Labor productivity indices, compensation, indices yield share of the shares of the workshops for each activity from the whole factories, the manpower production index, the concentration of profit, the ratio of efficiency, the indicator of the ratio of trainee professionals from the total staff, the investment index, and the index of production of employees from the total staff with the highest and least importance in determining investment priorities Industrial are in West Azerbaijan province. After the formation of the matrix of paired comparisons, the effective indicators in determining the investment priorities of West Azerbaijan and determining the index gradient as well as calculation of indices by comparing the values of the pair of activities in terms of indicators, the last activities in order to determine the priorities of industrial investment West Azerbaijan province in the mode of synthesis of distribution based on all indicators is calculated individually and in general respectively industrial activity of refinery coke production, production of materials and chemical products, production of basic metals, production of other non-metallic minerals and materials industries Food and Drinking First to Fifth Priorities. Other industrial activities of the province in order to allocate industrial investment, industrial and furniture manufacturing, wood and wood products, furniture and artifacts production, printing and reproduction industries, and printing and reproduction of media and recycling of metals and metals non-metallic is the first priority in comparison with other industrial activities of the province.