h. mahmoudzadeh

BACKGROUNS AND As an integral component of urban space, green space assumes a pivotal role in the purification and filtration of air, provision of recreational opportunities, and augmentation of the aesthetic allure of the urban landscape. In contemporary urban settings, the significance of urban green spaces is widely acknowledged and embraced as an indispensable facet of the city. The consequences of urban expansion and the resulting environmental problems have indefinitely made the presence of green spaces and their proper distribution essential. Meanwhile, it is necessary to pay attention to achieving spatial balance in the distribution of urban parks, as they are an important component of urban green spaces, particularly in large cities. The population in Karaj city in Iran, has experienced an excessive increase, particularly in the last three decades. This has resulted in the rapid expansion of urban areas the destruction of the natural landscape and the structural pattern of both natural and artificial ecosystems. The city of Karaj, formerly known as Baghshahr, has transformed into a metropolis, with only a few traces of its once abundant urban green spaces remaining. This research aims to evaluate the demand for green space and the distribution capacity among the districts of 3 and 8 of Karaj city. The objective of the current study is to provide solutions based on spatial justice to increase the use of green space. The current research utilizes a combination of descriptive-analytical and critical methods, as well as documentary and survey methods. To analyze and evaluate the condition of green spaces and their mapping, information, and data from relevant organizations and satellite images have been utilized within specific spatial-temporal scales and GIS software. The results showed that the highest weight obtained was related to participation, with a weight of 0.118. This was followed by social capital, with a weight of 0.116 percent. The lowest weight was related to public services, with a weight of 0.040. District 3 has more green space than District 8 due to the presence of gardens and trees planted by the municipality on the outskirts of the district. Additionally, the political ecology in these neighborhoods has not been impacted by District 3. However, Jahanshahr and Molana neighborhoods in District 8 have a high per capita population due to their small population and large areas of parks. Additionally, the presence of Family, fruit, Fateh and small Iran Gardens, contribute to the high population density in these neighborhoods. However other areas in the district experience a significant shortage of urban green spaces and are affected by the influence of political ecology at both the neighborhood and regional levels.

 Yaghooti grape is the earliest grape variety in Iran and is the most important horticultural product in the Sistan region, which is cultivated in more than 90% of the vineyards of this region. Considering the massive project of transferring water through pipes for 46 thousand farmer's fields as a recent approach in agricultural programs of the sistan region and also the necessity of changing the cultivation pattern, the suitable contribution of the new cultivation pattern is allocated for grape. A grapevine canopy is defined as the shoots and leaves system. Bearing and green pruning are defined as factors allows the grape farmers to enhance and maximize their production and quality.
 In order to evaluate the effects of balance pruning and green pruning on some traits and fruit yield of Yaghooti grape, the present research was conducted in the Zahak agricultural research station during 2017-2021.This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design for three years. Four levels of bearing pruning intensity including: control or local custom (B1), 10 + 60 (B2), 10 + 40 (B3), and 10 + 20 (B4) considered as the first factor and four levels of intensity green pruning including; control or conventional local method (G1), pruning of cans from above eight leaves on the last cluster (G2), pruning of unproductive branches + pruning of cans from above eight leaves on the last cluster (G3), 4-pruning of branches without fruit from the bottom + pruning of unproductive branches + pruning the cans from the top of the eight leaves on the last cluster (G4) considered as the second factor in three replications. The study was conducted on 12-year-old vines of the Yaghooti cultivar, which were trained using the traditional system and spaced 3 meters apart in both directions. The data collected during cluster formation included morphological traits such as cluster length, cluster width, main and sub axes length of the cluster, berry diameter, cluster axes weight, berry weight, cluster weight, berry number in the cluster, and cluster/vine to fruit yield. The analysis of variance for each variable was performed using the PROC GLM procedure in SAS 9.4. Furthermore, the relationships between the evaluated morphological traits were determined using multiple linear regression.
 The results showed that bearing pruning had a significant effect on all traits except berry diameter. Green pruning had a significant effect on cluster length, total length of main and sub axes, cluster axis weight, berry weight, cluster weight, number of berries per cluster and yield. The balance pruning (20+10) caused to increase the cluster length, cluster width, berry diameter, cluster axis weight, total length of main and sub axes and berry weight by 32.5, 30.6, 8.97, 32.8, 34.4 and 15.3% compared to the control, respectively while but led to 33.8% reduction in cluster/vine compared to the control. The results of the study showed that pruning of G4 had a significant positive effect on the length and width of clusters, weight of cluster axes, total length of main and sub-axes, and berry weight, increasing them by 11%, 19.5%, 15.8%, 14.6%, and 11.9% respectively, compared to the control. The interaction between balance and green pruning had a significant effect on cluster weight, berry number in cluster, and yield. The B4G4 treatment resulted in a 137.4%, 82.3%, and 14.2% increase in cluster weight, berry number in cluster, and yield compared to the B1G1 treatment. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that cluster length, berry weight, cluster weight, and cluster/vine were the most important traits that influenced fruit yield in the Yaghooti grape. In general, the results showed that the interaction of balance and green pruning (B4G4) increases yield by 17.2% compared the control (B1G1).
 The shape and structure of the grape vine is very effective on the growth and development of the product. This determines the amount of photosynthesis and carbohydrates production. If the structure of the grape vine is changed in such a way that a greater portion of carbohydrates production belongs to the fruit, the grape production will significantly affected in terms of quality and quantity. Due to the fact that grapes are grown by creeping method in the Sistan region, fruit and green pruning (local custom) led to a high density in the plant crown which reduces light penetration as well as the ratio of producer to the consumer leaves. This method may negatively impact the quality and marketability of grape clusters by reducing the number and weight of the clusters and berries, as well as the length and width of the clusters. However, in this study, we increased the intensity of fruiting and green pruning, which resulted in a reduced crown density and less shading. Our utilized method directed the major portion of photosynthesis to the fruit, which led to quantitative and qualitative fruit yield increment.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the aging status of the population (65 years and older).

The research method of the present study is a combination of descriptive-analytical, documentary and secondary analysis methods and the research is applied based on the purpose. To analyze and evaluate the demographic indicators of the elderly in the country, the data and census data of 2016 have been used. In order to study the spatial characteristics of the elderly population, the aging ratio, total dependency ratio, elderly dependency ratio, elderly sexual status, aging coefficient or aging index and the three-level UN index have been used. Arc GIS 10.8 software was used for spatial analysis of the mentioned indicators.

The results show that the average population of 65 years and older in the whole country for 2016 is equal to 6.1%. Gilan province with 8.9% of the population aged 65 and over is the oldest province and Sistan and Baluchestan province with 3.2% is the youngest province. According to the UN three-level index, the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan and Hormozgan are young, Isfahan, Tehran, Mazandaran, Gilan and East Azarbaijan are old and the rest of the provinces are adult. Gilan province with 36.43 and 12.14, respectively, has the lowest dependence rate and the highest dependency ratio of the elderly. 22.58% of the provinces of the country are facing the aging of men and 77.42% are facing the aging of women.

The results of this study showed that the population of Iran has passed its youth and is entering middle age and old age with an upward trend. In general, the situation and spatial distribution of aging in the provinces of the country is such that the most problems are in the northern provinces and in the next stage in the central provinces. Therefore, government plans to solve this problem in the short, medium and long term should be with the priority of the northern provinces and then the central provinces and in later stages the border provinces are younger. This process is faster in some parts of the country and slower in others. The upward trend of the Iranian population aging index indicates that the period of aging crisis in the Iranian population is not far from expectation and it should be considered the most important challenge in the development planning system and affecting all aspects.

The present study evaluated the effects of diets enriched in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 and n-6) on reproductive indices، metabolic hormones and metabolites prior to ram introduction in oestrus synchronized ewes. Zel ewes (n=188) were assigned to 4 groups. Ewes in the control group (CON) did not receive fat. Ewes in the 3 other groups received 3% oil/DM/day of palmolein oil (PLM)، safflower seed (SAF)، or flaxseed (FLX). Fat supplementation was carried out for 31 days (day 0 = initiation of fat supplementation). Oestrus was synchronized using CIDR for 14 days starting from day 16 of fat supplementation. Rams were introduced 24 h after CIDR removal. Blood samples were collected on days 0،30، and 39. There was no difference in oestrus expression and mating parameters among groups. There was no difference in non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs)، insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) between day 0 and day 30 among groups. However، changes in cholesterol and LDL concentrations during the same occasions were greater in PLM، SAF، and FLX groups than in CON (P<0. 05). There was no difference in reproductive indices، including: fertility rates، prolificacy and sex ratio of lambs among groups. In conclusion، diets enriched in n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid prior to mating did not affect reproductive performance، insulin، IGF-1 and progesterone in Zel sheep.