hadi eskandari einodin

For a long time, the fire incident has been the main problem of urban management and sustainable urban development. In addition to human and social factors, the occurrence of fires is largely influenced by the urban physical environment. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The available information on fire incidents (during the five-year period of 2014-2018) was mapped and analyzed in terms of space and time using the spatial analysis available in GIS. Then, using spatial analysis of hot spots, the pattern of spatial distribution of fire incidents in Ardabil city was determined. Also, Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) technique has been used to analyze high or low fire incidents in Ardabil city. According to the results of the research, the density of incidents is higher in the central parts and in spots from the outskirts of the city. About (40%) of the city's area are located in areas with a high and very high risk of vulnerability. The degree of vulnerability is high in the central part of the city and neighborhoods that have unfavorable socio-economic and environmental conditions.

Construction violations are one of the anomalies of cities, especially in developing countries. In line with the increase in effective demand in the construction industry, cities have faced huge challenges. The aim of the current research is the spatial analysis of construction violations based on the Article 100 Municipal Commission in Bostan Abad city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. Construction violations registered in the Article 100 Commission of Bostan Abad Municipality during a 5-year period (1396-1400) were analyzed temporally and spatially using spatial analysis techniques in the ArcGIS software environment. Then, using the average nearest neighbor distance (ANN) model, the pattern of spatial distribution of construction violations in the city of Bostan Abad during the 5-year period of study was determined. Also, the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) technique has been used to analyze high or low amounts of construction violations registered in the Article 100 Municipal Commission in Bostan Abad city. According to the results of the research, according to the frequency of construction violations registered in the Article 100 commission of Bostan Abad city during a period of 5 years (1396-1400), Farhangian, Waliasr, Molvi and Gurbanabad neighborhoods with 227, 190, 114 and 93 cases of construction violations registered in the Commission of Article 100 of Bostan Abad city, have allocated a major part of construction violations. The neighborhoods of Qarakore and Eskikandi have the lowest frequency of construction violations with 37 and 49 cases of construction violations recorded during the 5-year period under study. The pattern of spatial distribution of recorded building violations was also cluster type. It should be noted that most of the registered construction violations are related to construction violations without a construction permit and exceeding the construction permit, which have been registered in the form of residential and commercial uses.

Natural disasters are disastrous events in the atmosphere, land and water, which include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods and droughts. Natural disasters can start suddenly or gradually and have serious health, social and economic consequences. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The required information was collected by document-library method, questionnaire and direct observation, which includes the information of the damaged rural areas of Khoi city in the earthquake of 1401 and the information collected by completing the questionnaire by the residents. In order to spatially analyze the damaged rural areas of Khoi city, the kernel technique, the average nearest neighbor distance model and the spatial analysis of hot spots were used in the ArcGIS software environment. Also, for the questionnaire analysis, the single-sample T test was used in the SPSS software environment. has been taken Based on the output of the spatial analysis of damaged rural areas using hot spots analysis and kernel technique in ArcGIS software environment, the central part and Firourq contain the highest percentage of damaged rural areas. Based on the results of the investigation of the role of the army forces in reducing the effects of the earthquake after the disaster from the residents' point of view, a large part of the residents believe the role of the army forces in the field of creating order and security, creating psychological peace and operations construction projects and the establishment of field hospitals agree to reduce the effects of earthquakes after the disaster.

Due to its pervasive level and long-term effects in cities, construction violations are among the challenges of modern urbanization; which, in line with the increase in the effective demand in the construction industry, has faced the cities with huge challenges. The aim of the present research is the spatial analysis of construction violations based on the Article 100 Municipal Commission in Bostan Abad city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. Construction violations recorded in the Article 100 Commission of Bostan Abad Municipality during a 5-year period (1396-1400) were analyzed temporally and spatially using spatial analysis techniques in the ArcGIS software environment. Then, using the average nearest neighbor distance (ANN) model, the pattern of spatial distribution of construction violations in the city of Bostan Abad during the 5-year period of study was determined. Also, Hot Spot Analysis technique has been used to analyze high or low amounts of construction violations in Bostan Abad city. According to the findings of the research, according to the frequency of construction violations registered in the Article 100 Commission of Bostan Abad Municipality during a period of 5 years (2017-2021), Farhangian, Valiasr, Molavi and Gurbanabad neighborhoods with 227, 190, 114 and 93 respectively. The case of construction violations registered in the Article 100 Commission of Bostan Abad Municipality; they have allocated a major part of the construction violations. The neighborhoods of Qarakore and Eskikendi have the lowest frequency of construction violations with 37 and 49 cases of construction violations recorded during the 5-year period studied. The pattern of spatial distribution of registered building violations is cluster type and the spatial density of building violations per hectare is higher than other localities in Malawi, Qara Kore and Tarbiat according to the area of the localities. It should be noted that most of the registered construction violations are related to construction violations without a construction permit and excess construction permits, which have been registered in the form of residential and commercial uses. As a result, this study provides evidence for the improvement of policies by the city administration and the control of constructions outside of the rules and regulations in the city of Bostan Abad by the municipal officials.

Metropolises are emerging phenomena that affect a wide range of surrounding space. This effect over time leads to the expansion of the metropolitan area. The current research has been compiled with a general descriptive-analytical approach and using available documentary data and statistical data. Excel and Spss statistical software and ArcGis spatial processing and description software were used in database preparation and data analysis, and ANN nearest neighbor index was used to determine the activity distribution pattern, and Moran's Spatial Autocorrelation Model was used to check the distribution rate. Is. Based on the results of the research and investigations of the Qazvin metropolitan area in terms of activity, it can be said that the Qazvin metropolitan area has a dominant linear structure with a trend and development towards the formation of a radial-annular structure in its southern half. Also, the spatial structure of the metropolitan area of Qazvin has been made in connection with the expansion of relations and economic connections with cities and rural areas, especially in the southern part of the area.

In the past decades, due to the increase in the population of cities and the high demand for construction in urban areas, the phenomenon of construction violations in cities has increased. The purpose of this research is to investigate the management factors and laws and regulations affecting the incidence of construction violations in Bostanabad city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Data collection was done through a questionnaire by examining management factors and rules and regulations, including 22 items based on the responses of citizens (construction offenders) in Bostan Abad city with a sample size of 270 people. To analyze the data, one-sample T-tests and Pearson's correlation test were used in the SPSS environment to investigate management factors and laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostanabad city. Also, AutoCAD software has been used to show the process of physical expansion of the city. Based on the results of the research, including management factors and laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostanabad city, collection of fines as a source of income for the municipality, lack of useful and effective response to the applicants in the management system of the municipality, prolongation of work in the matter Issuance of construction permit, lack of proper monitoring of supervising engineers' performance, also based on the results of Pearson's correlation test, there is a strong and significant correlation between construction violations and management factors and laws and regulations affecting the occurrence of construction violations. Based on the findings of the investigation of factors affecting the formation of construction violations, city managers can easily issue building permits and properly supervise the performance of supervising engineers in construction matters and create sustainable income for the municipality as well as control construction in Certain points of the city should reduce the occurrence of construction violations and prevent uneven development and heterogeneity in the urban body of Bostanabad.

Construction violations are one of the anomalies or problems in cities, especially cities in developing countries, which cannot be easily dealt with and solved in an ineffective management system. The purpose of this research is to investigate the main factors affecting the occurrence of construction violations in Bostanabad city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Data collection was operationalized in 5 categories of factors including components (economic, social, physical, managerial and rules and regulations). The basis for collecting the aforementioned data was based on a questionnaire with 23 items, which was distributed among the sample size of 70 people from the statistical community related to experts in the field of urban planning and construction and urban development in Bostan Abad city. In the analysis of the answers given in relation to the items, one-sample T-tests and Pearson's correlation test was used in the SPSS environment. In the phase of extracting and examining the main influencing factors in the occurrence of construction violations, analytical facilities in the Smart Pls environment were also used. According to the findings of the research, among the main factors affecting the incidence of construction violations in Bostanabad city, are lack of awareness of construction rules and regulations among residents, ignoring the needs of citizens in matters related to construction, the cost of construction based on rules and regulations The engineering system is collecting fines as a source of income for the municipality, therefore, based on the results obtained from the investigation of factors affecting the formation of construction violations, city managers in Bostanabad city can control the profiteering of land, localize construction rules and regulations, and create culture. In the field of construction rules and regulations, zoning the city and presenting plans for the expansion of the city, taking into account the income of the residents and the climatic conditions of the city, prevent the uneven development and heterogeneity in the urban body in the city of Bostanabad.

Local Economic Development is a result of the collaboration between the government and private sector at a local scale to achieve economic development and generate job creation platforms. Local Economic Development strategy is an approach adopted to improve the economic indicators within various countries over the past few decades. Reduction of unemployment, identification of local potentials, income growth and, as a result, reduction of poverty are major outcomes of adopting this approach. In this research, the researchers have endeavored to consider not only the main economic development indicators at a local and urban level but also the main contexts of local economic development. The research has been written according to the existing documental and statistical data. The objective of the research is practical and method used is descriptive-analytical. Software programs like SPSS and Excel have been used to analyze the data and create the database and ArcGIS program has been used to describe and process the geographic information. Based on the results of this research, the development of Bostan Abad city is connected to the extension of relationships and economic ties with the adjacent cities and villages and economic development of local markets. Thus, the economic issues of Bostan Abad city have been discussed and analyzed in addition to the analysis of the city’s macro developments. The results of the research show that Bostan Abad city has high economic potentials and capabilities in agricultural and industrial sectors. The results also show that adding to the infrastructural and environmental limitations in the local development of Bostan Abad city, there are also economical and physical limitations. According to the analysis of the research results, the strategies for the economic development of Bostan Abad city must be based on the investment priority in small-scale industrial production units in agricultural, industrial and mining sectors.