نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال هشتم شماره 4 (زمستان 1402)

Waste can be described as any type of material or object that has no other use and is to be thrown away. Perspective, the generation of waste materials is unavoidable in a consumption-based society, and it makes waste management a major challenge considering the huge amounts of waste produced globally. In fact, in 2014, about 2.6 billion tons of waste was generated in the European Union (EU), of which 41% was disposed of in landfills, 36% was recycled, 10% was used in excavation operations, 7% was treated in sewage treatment plants and the remaining of 6% was burned for creating energy or oxidation and stabilization of waste. Accordingly, in recent decades, humanity has changed its focus on traditional waste management from the concept of "collection and disposal" in favor of hierarchical management of waste to increase sustainability.Nevertheless, even when environmentally friendly practices such as recycling and reuse are carried out, many operations are "downcycling", meaning that the recycled product has less economic value than its original objective, and is not as valuable as the original product made from strong raw materials. In this way, the linear economy model based on the pyramidal hierarchy of waste materials, which is used today, also has limitations. Indeed, there are still opportunities to increase productivity in many industrial processes, but these gains are likely to be increasingly marginal and undifferentiated. Therefore, the future acceptance of the circular economy concept, as opposed to the current linear model, is a necessary paradigm shift. This new concept is increasingly considered a source of innovation in products, processes, and business models and opens up great opportunities that should be used by companies and organizations as competitive advantages in a dynamic market to be used globally. The processing of raw biomass to produce energy, fuel and chemicals through a combination of different applied technologies is considered a promising path to achieve sustainable waste management, with many environmental and economic benefits. The main processes related to energy recovery and biofuel production are considered under the concept of biorefineries. This waste biorefineries are facilities that integrate the necessary technologies to convert biomass feedstock and other waste into usable products, ensuring that the circular economy moves from theory to the real world. Existing waste streams can be converted to biofuels (waste-to-liquids, WtL) or energy (waste-to-energy, WtE) technologies, both of which are expected to be a key element in future waste management. In general, energy and biofuel production technologies from waste are classified into three main thermochemical, biological and chemical processes. Thermochemical technologies include processes of combustion/incineration, gasification, steam explosion, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and torrefaction; biological technologies include the processes of anaerobic digestion, fermentation, enzyme purification, and microbial electrolysis, and chemical technologies include hydrolysis, solvent extraction, transesterification, and supercritical conversion.

The present research is a descriptive-review study whose data was obtained through library studies and various sources were used to process the material. Considering the importance of biofuels as a source of renewable energy, we tried to use as much as possible the most relevant and up-to-date sources containing valuable points regarding the types of energy and biofuel production technologies from biomass. In this review article, the possibility of using the remaining post-processed waste as available and low-cost bio-renewable resources in waste bio-refineries has been investigated. Waste biorefineries are facilities that integrate the necessary technologies to convert biomass feedstock and other waste into usable products, ensuring that the circular economy moves from theory to the real world. Existing waste streams can be converted to biofuels (waste-to-liquids, WtL) or energy (waste-to-energy, WtE) technologies, both of which are expected to be a key element in future waste management. Accordingly, in this paper, we briefly study the current status of the main WtL and WtE technologies in order to use them as a tool for the management of residual post-processing wastes and by-products resulting from them, and finally about Future developments on the mentioned technical options are briefly discussed.

In this review research, the possibility of using the remaining waste after processing as abundant and low-cost bio-renewable resources in waste bio-refineries in the future was investigated. Existing waste streams have a complex and diverse composition according to their source, which require new logistics platforms of classification and valuation. With the exhaustion of the linear economy of "collection and disposal", new methods of waste management are inevitable in the long term. In this way, waste biorefineries that generate green energy and produce virtual products with high value and zero waste (no waste) in a "closed loop" and "up-cycling" approach are the "landfills" of the future. It is expected that they will be very important and vital in bringing sustainable waste management into the real world that will allow transformative economic growth under the concept of circular economy. However, from the technologies reviewed, it can be concluded that individual WtL and WtE processes are almost always limited in their scope and produce multiple unwanted products. In this regard, the gasification process is largely considered a technology with greater potential and scope in individual applications. However, even this process has drawbacks such as reactor design, feed system, and bitumen production that require costly post-treatment and/or further technical improvements. In contrast, the combination of several WtE and WtL processes in an integrated waste biorefinery allows reducing and eliminate the drawbacks of each process. For example, in gasification, some of the unwanted materials produced may be used and valued by further chemical processing, and even syngas can be upgraded. This new pyramid of waste valorization creates opportunities for specific technologies such as explosive depressurization and drying to become practical applications by reinforcing other well-established technologies in an integrated approach. Future research should primarily focus on establishing a hierarchy of processes to produce the highest value products, and then gradually progress to low-cost products and energy production. However, for this vision to become a reality, an increased effort by researchers is required with continued and sustained support from all potential stakeholders. More pilot or semi-pilot scale demonstration projects should be realized in the coming years, focusing on aspects such as energy balance and cost-benefit analysis that will ensure the viability of the proposed solutions

Good agricultural practice (GAP) is a certification system for agriculture, specifying procedures (and attendant documentation) that must be implemented to create food for consumers or further processing that is safe and wholesome, using sustainable methods. While there are numerous competing definitions of what methods constitute good agricultural practice, there are several broadly accepted schemes that producers can adhere too. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) uses good agricultural practice as a collection of principles applying to on-farm production and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while taking into account economical, social and environmental sustainability. Introduction of GAP is particularly desirable when there is chronic overuse and misuse of agricultural pesticides. Governments seek to reduce the use of pesticides by promoting alternative methods of pest management, while at the same time ensuring a steady production of safe and wholesome food.

This research was carried out with the general aim of developing Good agricultural practice strategies in Lorestan province. In this research, using analytical studies and literature, the four points of SWOT i.e. strength, weakness, opportunity and threat were identified and prioritized using AHP technique. The statistical population of the research included experts and specialists knowledgeable about the subject in relevant organizations, including agricultural jihad, agricultural research center, environment, university and subject experts in Lorestan province. The sampling method of the study was in accordance with the principles of strategic research through targeted sampling, and finally 26 people were selected for the study. Data analysis was done in the form of SWOT-AHP technique using Expert Choice software.

The findings of the research showed that in the evaluation of the criteria, the points of threat, weakness, strength and opportunity were assigned the first to fourth priorities, and the weights obtained from the results of these points indicate the dominance of the risky environment over the useful. In addition, in the prioritization of strategic areas, the results showed that WT strategy means defensive strategy (minimum-minimum), ST strategy means contingent strategy (maximum-minimum), WO means adaptive strategy (minimum-maximum strategy) and finally The last strategy based on the SO axis is the aggressive strategy (maximum - maximum).

In general, the results of this research can provide new insights for policy makers in the field of agriculture and environment because a strategic plan has been developed in the field of developing appropriate agricultural operations.

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family, it contains high amounts of bioactive compounds such as phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant compounds. These nutrients have anti-cancer properties. However, bell pepper can usually be stored for several days during transport or at the time of sale in the store, or after purchase by consumers. In this period of time, the surface of the fruit loses its appearance and begins to lose its nutritional content. In order to postpone the senescence of bell pepper, various methods can be used, such as the atmosphere changing during the storage period, using chemical compounds, or natural compounds treatment. Researchers are looking for a compound that, while having the least harmful effect on human health, can give pepper the longest lifespan. Melatonin is an organic compound that has been studied in recent years on various biotic and abiotic stresses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of melatonin treatment on the physiology of post-harvesting of bell pepper through its effect on the content of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds during four weeks of storage time.

Materials and methods:

In this research, bell pepper fruit at the stage of physiological maturity was purchased from a local producer located in Tehran and immediately transferred to the research laboratory of Qom University. In the laboratory, the fruits that had damage or defects in appearance were discarded, and the rest were disinfected by immersing in a 1% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite solution for two minutes. In a preliminary experiment, bell peppers were treated with 25, 50, 100, 200, 250 and 300 µmol/L melatonin. Preliminary test results showed that 100 μmol/L melatonin had a significant effect on post-harvest appearance quality (primary test results not shown). Based on an initial experiment and selection of the best effective concentration in maintaining fruit quality, the treatment of 100 micromol/liter melatonin was used as a reference for the studies in this article. Bell peppers were divided into two groups, control and treatment, and after 2 hours immersion in 100 μmol/L as the treatment group and distilled water as the control group. Then it was kept for 4 weeks at a temperature of 4±1 degrees Celsius. In this research, the indicators of weight loss percentage, chilling injury percentage, antioxidant enzyme activity such as CAT and SOD, free radical content such as H2O2 and superoxide free radicals, and total phenol content, flavonoid content, and Phenylalanine amino lyase (PAL) and Tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) enzyme activity as enzymes controlling the phenylpropanoid pathway in weeks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 were evaluated after storage and with three repetitions.

The results of this study showed that the melatonin treatment of bell peppers was more effective in maintaining fresh weight during storage compared to the control group. In the first to the fourth week, the weight loss percentage of the melatonin treatment in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks of storage was reduced by 39, 20 and 26.15%, respectively, compared to the control group. The results showed that there is a significant difference in the percentage of chilling injury in different weeks of storage between the control and the melatonin-treated group. The results showed that there is a significant difference in total phenol and flavonoid content between the control group and the melatonin-treated group during storage, and this increase was in line with the effect on the activity of PAL and Tal enzymes as key enzymes in the propanoid pathway. In both control and treated groups with melatonin, the content of hydrogen peroxide radical and superoxide radical showed a significant increase (p ≥ 0.05) during four weeks of storage at 4 ± 1 °C (Figure 3). However, in the second, third and fourth weeks of storage, the amount of hydrogen peroxide was significantly (p ≥ 0.05) lower in bell peppers treated with melatonin than in the control group. Compared to the control group, in bell peppers treated with melatonin during the second week of storage, the highest percentage decrease in hydrogen peroxide content was observed.The content of H2O2 and superoxide free radicals during the storage period showed a significant decrease compared to the control group, which showed that this result is consistent with the data obtained with the activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD.

The results of this research showed that the treatment of bell pepper with melatonin significantly reduced the effect on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds compared to a control group, and these results confirm the results and the findings of previous studies about exogenous effect of melatonin. Harvested bell peppers during storage are susceptible to freezing stress, which increases the accumulation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, and these compounds induce aging and reduce quality and marketability of agricultural products. The increase in the activity of PAL and TAL enzymes, especially in the first weeks of storage, may be due to the effect of exogenous melatonin on the expression and biosynthesis of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, and as a result, it leads to an increase in the activity of PAL and TAL enzymes. Increased production of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant system and activation of key enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway (PAL and TAL) and increasing the content of total phenol and flavonoid compounds were observed. It seems that the enhanced antioxidant system has maintained the cell stability by reducing the concentration of reactive oxygen species and has increased the tolerance of the fruit to chilling stress. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds make plants resistant to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, the decrease in phenolic and flavonoid content due to storage at cold temperature in control group; was significantly increased in the pericarp of pepper treated with melatonin treatment. Based on the results obtained in this research, it can be said that melatonin treatment is beneficial on the post harvesting life of bell peppers and maintaining the appearance as well as the quality and levels of nutrients. Of course, for the final confirmation of this result, we need more studies on this or other fruits.

Despite its great impact on economic progress, the cement industry produces a variety of environmental pollutants, including NOx, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, the release of which can cause serious damage to the environment. In the meantime, the biggest impact of this industry on the environment is related to its burners, and the present research was written with the aim of investigating the effect of the location of calciner burners on reducing the emission of environmental pollutants in Qaen Cement Factory. The research method in the current research is quantitative, and in order to numerically investigate the effect of two positions for calciner burners in the lower part (main position) and in the upper part on the emission of pollutants, was used Ansys Fluent 2022 software. The findings of the research show that the Qaen cement factory in the calciner section is facing the problem of incomplete combustion, which has led to the production of carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide. In addition to reducing temperature and increasing fuel consumption, this incomplete combustion causes the production of significant carbon monoxide, which destroys the environment. Also, the results indicate that in the upper burner mode, due to the reduction in the chance of fuel and air mixing, the combustion becomes incomplete and the emission of carbon monoxide increases, but the production of Nox decreases due to the decrease in the combustion temperature.

The purpose of this research is to estimate and evaluate the future climate change of Iran using climatic elements (minimum temperature, maximum temperature and precipitation) until the year 2100 in Iran. For this purpose, in the current research, the innovative method and tools of the algorithm and coding and NASA data to evaluate and predict the aforementioned climate elements based on two intermediate scenario (RCP 4.5) and worst-case scenario (RCP 8.5) of the Canadian CanESM2 model from the system Google Earth Engine was used under the web. In order to better analyze, investigate and compare Iran's future climate changes, the studied period of 80 years, was divided into the first 40-year period (2021-2060) and the second 40-year period (2061-2100). The results of the current research based on the intermediate scenario (RCP 4.5) indicate that the minimum and maximum; minimum temperature of the second 40-year period compared to the first 40-year period is 2.69 and 0.62 degrees Celsius, respectively, and the minimum and maximum; maximum temperature The second 40-year period compared to the first 40-year period was 3.37 and 0.91 degrees Celsius respectively; Also, based on the worst-case scenario (RCP 8.5), the minimum and maximum; minimum temperature of the second 40-year period compared to the first 40-year period is 0.54 and 3.32 degrees Celsius, respectively, and the minimum and maximum; maximum temperature of the second 40-year period compared to the period An increasing trend was predicted for the first 40 years of 2.47 and 3.46 degrees Celsius respectively. Based on the results obtained from the present research, in the studied area, the frequency of rainfall decreases in the first 40-year period and increases in the second 40-year period.

Mining and extraction of mineral resources, in addition to being a global industry, it also plays an important role in the economy and destiny of any country. Due to the fact that mining operations are carried out in remote and environmentally sensitive or less developed areas, we cannot ignore the important point that it causes many problems such as surface water and ground water pollution and aquatic mortality. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, in addition to creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In the case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, so creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. Green mining is a modern type of mining model whose main goal is to extract resources optimally and in sufficient quantity, reduce environmental impacts, create balance and optimize the benefits of investment and society based on sustainable development indicators introduced by the United Nations (SDG). Mining is one of the oldest human activities that has been responsible for the economic, cultural and technical development of societies and countries throughout history. The goal of the indicators introduced by the United Nations is to achieve sustainable development in mining and to take into account all aspects that are effective in the lives of the residents around the mines, including economic, social and environmental aspects. In this descriptive-library research, the compatibility between mining activity and SDGs and the relationship between mining and the surrounding environment are investigated and discussed. First, the dimensions of development are defined and finally, sustainable development indicators are examined.Mining and extraction of mineral resources, in addition to being a global industry, it also plays an important role in the economy and destiny of any country. Due to the fact that mining operations are carried out in remote and environmentally sensitive or less developed areas, we cannot ignore the important point that it causes many problems such as surface water and ground water pollution and aquatic mortality. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, in addition to creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In the case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, so creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. Green mining is a modern type of mining model whose main goal is to extract resources optimally and in sufficient quantity, reduce environmental impacts, create balance and optimize the benefits of investment and society based on sustainable development indicators introduced by the United Nations (SDG). Mining is one of the oldest human activities that has been responsible for the economic, cultural and technical development of societies and countries throughout history. The goal of the indicators introduced by the United Nations is to achieve sustainable development in mining and to take into account all aspects that are effective in the lives of the residents around the mines, including economic, social and environmental aspects. In this descriptive-library research, the compatibility between mining activity and SDGs and the relationship between mining and the surrounding environment are investigated and discussed. First, the dimensions of development are defined and finally, sustainable development indicators are examined.Mining and extraction of mineral resources, in addition to being a global industry, it also plays an important role in the economy and destiny of any country. Due to the fact that mining operations are carried out in remote and environmentally sensitive or less developed areas, we cannot ignore the important point that it causes many problems such as surface water and ground water pollution and aquatic mortality. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, in addition to creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In the case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, so creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. Green mining is a modern type of mining model whose main goal is to extract resources optimally and in sufficient quantity, reduce environmental impacts, create balance and optimize the benefits of investment and society based on sustainable development indicators introduced by the United Nations (SDG). Mining is one of the oldest human activities that has been responsible for the economic, cultural and technical development of societies and countries throughout history. The goal of the indicators introduced by the United Nations is to achieve sustainable development in mining and to take into account all aspects that are effective in the lives of the residents around the mines, including economic, social and environmental aspects. In this descriptive-library research, the compatibility between mining activity and SDGs and the relationship between mining and the surrounding environment are investigated and discussed. First, the dimensions of development are defined and finally, sustainable development indicators are examined.Mining and extraction of mineral resources, in addition to being a global industry, it also plays an important role in the economy and destiny of any country. Due to the fact that mining operations are carried out in remote and environmentally sensitive or less developed areas, we cannot ignore the important point that it causes many problems such as surface water and ground water pollution and aquatic mortality. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, in addition to creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In the case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. If mining is managed in a sustainable manner, so creating jobs, innovation and encouraging investment, it will strengthen the critical infrastructure of any country. In case of poor management, mining leads to environmental destruction, population displacement, inequality and increased conflict and other challenges. Green mining is a modern type of mining model whose main goal is to extract resources optimally and in sufficient quantity, reduce environmental impacts, create balance and optimize the benefits of investment and society based on sustainable development indicators introduced by the United Nations (SDG). Mining is one of the oldest human activities that has been responsible for the economic, cultural and technical development of societies and countries throughout history. The goal of the indicators introduced by the United Nations is to achieve sustainable development in mining and to take into account all aspects that are effective in the lives of the residents around the mines, including economic, social and environmental aspects. In this descriptive-library research, the compatibility between mining activity and SDGs and the relationship between mining and the surrounding environment are investigated and discussed. First, the dimensions of development are defined and finally, sustainable development indicators are examined.

Base flow is one of the most important criteria which is used for assessment, utilization and management of river flow in drought periods. The base flow amount and its variations depends on several factors. Base flow modeling and estimation can be used in assessment of river health as well as planning of surface water utilization. Base flow refers to the flow of the river in times without rainfall. The base flow of the river is the infiltration of groundwater to the river banks or the river bed. The base flow may be significant and flow continuously throughout the year in the permanent rivers. The base flow has reached the underground water table with its deep penetration, and with the increase in the level of the aquifers, it can be connected with the drainage network, they create their own excess water during a long period of time, which sometimes takes several months. Determining the amount of river flow in dry periods, and the proportion of total runoff is one of the important topics in river hydrology. The base flow plays an important role in the river ecosystem, and is critical to human communities and ecosystems. This is especially important for watersheds that are not fed by snowmelt. Different ecological processes occur in different parts of the river's hydrograph. During base flow and during low water seasons, river ecosystems and habitats are dependent on river flow. Land change affect hydrologica; processes such as infiltration rates, groundwater recharge, groundwater and runoff levels. Also, climatic factors can affect the water yield of river basins. The most common method for regionalization in hydrology is bivariate or multivariate regression. Regression analysis is a useful approach to develop the desired factors in the regionalization of ungauged basins. Regression analysis is also one of the most common statistical methods in predicting values based on most important influencing factors. In this study, the multiple regression was used to model the base flow amount and determining the effective factors on base flow discharge. Ardabil province is considered one of the cold mountainous areas and the amount of precipitation in Ardabil province fluctuates on average between 250 and 600 mm/year in different parts of the province. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to model the effective factors in the amount of base flow and its estimation in the watersheds of Ardabil province.

The topographic maps were used to extract parameters of slope, area, average height of sub-basin, drainage density, length of main river, area percentage of different land uses in each sub-basin, precipitation, daily discharge (as independent variables) was used to analyze the factors affecting the amount of base flow. The daily discharge data recorded in 22 hydrometric stations were used. The base flow was calculated from the daily flow hydrograph by one-parameter algorithm method and programming in Excel software. The one-parameter algorithm method is one of the reverse numerical filter methods that are used in the flow rate signal processing, and separating the base flow from the fast flows using a recursive digital filter. In the following, the physiographic characteristics of the basins have been considered as independent variables, and base flow amount has been modelled using regression analaysis. The necessary statistical tests were performed in the screening stage, and the logarithm of the variables and the Box-Cox method were used to normalize the data. Then, collinearity between independent variables was tested using Pearson's correlation coefficient at 99% confidence level and the VIF values has been examined in SPSS software. Therefoe, independent variables with significant correlation (Sig<0.01) and (VIF>10) were excluded from the regression analysis due to collinearity. The multivariable regression model is an extended type of the bivariate linear regression model, in which it is tried to estimate the dependent variable based on several independent variables, Then, the stepwise regression approach has been considered for the modelling purpose. Then, considering base flow as dependent variables, and other physiographic parameters as independent variables, the most suitable methods has been chosen according to the efficiency assessment criteria.

The ANOVA table of the modelling showed that there is a significant relationship between independent and dependent variables. The obtained value showed that the rangeland percentage amount had a significant effect on the base flow amount. The degree of linear relationship between independent variables is measured by the tolerance index. Standardized β shows a very important role in predicting the dependent variable, so the daily discharge variable had a much greater contribution compared to other variables in the estimation of the dependent variable (base flow). According to the results, all the mentioned factors were considered in proposed regression model considering the VIF value less than 10. Based on the value (β), the contribution of independent was interpretated. The results revealed that the discharge, area, the percentage of medium to good rangelands, and the percentage of agriculture-residential area-garden are among the effective factors. The main river length, average height, and average slope were removed from the modelling procedure due to collinearity effect, and then the stepwise multiple regression was performed and the produced model accuracy were proved as significant (p-value <0.005). Also, the results indicate the positive and direct impact of vegetation and land use on the amount of base flow amount. The results of base flow modeling nased on presented model can be used in the ungauged areas adjacent to the studied watersheds in Ardabil province.

It should be noted that the hydrological response of the basins will be different on hourly, daily, monthly or yearly scales. Therefore, modeling can be done in different time scales, which will help to better understanding of base flow contribution in river flow regime. It should also be noted that considering the influence of factors such as extraction or river flow diversion can affect the accuracy of the results. In addition, the effect of human modifications on the change of the contribution of the river's base flow is important that is usually not considered in modeling and will be the source of a significant error. Also, the changes of climatic factors can affect the water flow of the river, and therefore, the study of the changes in the river flow over time can determine the effects of changes in climatic factors.

The excessive growth of cities and their expansion over many years has caused a rapid change in the environment, and has turned the living space into an unsuitable, unsafe, crowded and intolerable environment. Also, these changes have caused spiritual, psychological and mental effects and transformations for humans as well. These issues have caused many social, psychological, and biological problems due to the lack of collective spaces in cities and the subsequent reduction in the amount of social interactions and collective activities. A place for social interactions. The tool is a questionnaire, and based on the answers of users and the points they give to the questions, the behavior of the users in facing each of the questions is checked. According to Morgan's table, 186 questionnaires were prepared from the population of 360 people for the design of this collection. The findings of the research showed such things as: the existence of spaces such as seasonal and permanent booths to meet the needs to increase the quality of life, the existence of spaces for conversation and group entertainment, the existence of furniture for sitting and resting, the existence of restaurants and cafes, The use of dynamic, dramatic and functional routes and elements to create excitement and pedestrians on and removing visual pollution, creating a green space to induce a sense of calmness and the presence of beautiful and attractive elements, including color and light, continuity of open and closed space according to functions, a facilitating communication structure to ensure security and comfort and distinctness and separation of spaces .

Maize (Zea mays. L) is one of the most important crops acrossthe world that ranks third in terms of acreage behind wheat and rice. As this crop can adapt to different climatic conditions, it is of great importance and has a large area under cultivation.Therefore, maize is one of the major products of temperate, warm-temperate, subtropical, and humid regions. After wheat, rice, and barley, this plant is the main crop in Iran with the largest cultivated area.There are different types of maizeseeds, so their classification is essential to ensure quality. A key component of sustainable agriculture is quality assurance. On the one hand, techniques such as drying, cooling, and edible coating must be used to maintain the quality of agricultural products. On the other hand, effective and efficient methods should be developed to evaluate and classify their quality, which is used in seed and seedling processing centers, silos, and mechanized warehouses.The detection of various varieties of crop seeds using instrumental methods has been the subject of extensive research. As a non-destructive and rapid inspection method for the recognition and classification of cereal seed varieties, the visual machine is available. Machine vision-based automated methods can have a positive impact on food processing. In other words, this tool is the process of preparing and analyzing images of a real scene using a computer to obtain information or control a process. The features of images can be extracted using this machine to recognize and identify the quality of different types of products. To identify the types of plants, their growth patterns, and the effects of the environment on them to obtain more and superior products, machine vision occupies a special place and is one of the most important research areas. Inspection and quality control of factory output products is an important application of machine vision.Advances in image processing technology have opened up a wide range of machine vision applications in agriculture. The development of powerful microcomputers and specialized software has led to the use of image processing for the inspection of fruits and agricultural products, especially for quality control and sorting. Many agricultural products sorting systems used to separate fruits or crops based on color, shape, size, the extent of damage, crushing, bursting, spotting, etc., now rely on visual machines and image processing functions.Images of products moving on the conveyor system are taken by a CCD camera, transmitted to a computer for processing, and in these systems, the necessary data are extracted from them. Depending on the information obtained, commands are then issued to activate or deactivate a mechanical part so that the product can be removed from or allowed to cross the main path. Sorting is a common practice in many industries. Compared to mechanical systems, machine vision technology offers the highest accuracy and quality at the lowest cost and with the lowest error rate, so it can be considered the most effective solution to this problem. The agricultural industry is one of the areas where sorting and grading systems based on machine vision are urgently needed.The core elements of machine vision are image processing and analysis used together with new methods and classifiers such as neural networks, backup vector machines, fuzzy logic, etc. to perform classifications and required measurements. This study aimed to identify seeds of three maize varieties using macroscopic imaging techniques, evaluate the morphological and chromatic features in maize grains, and discriminate varieties using a stepwise method and remove some variables using LDA and ANN.

Three seed varieties of single cross 703,single cross 704, and single cross 705 were provided by the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre of Ardabil Province in Pars Abad Moghan. The seeds were then taken to the Biophysical Properties Laboratory of the Department of Biosystems and Mechanical Engineering, MohagheghArdabili University.Three samples (20 g) of each variety were stored in a laboratory oven at 105 °C for 24 h to determine the initial moisture content of maize grains. According to the dry weight of grains, the initial moisture content of them was calculated by 10.50%. To distinguish 3 maize varieties, 180 samples were analyzed as single seeds (30 replicates in the anterior direction and 30 replicates in the posterior direction) for each variety with 60 replicates. In addition, 9 more samples were used in bulk with 3 replicates for each variety.Thus, we imaged a total of 189 samples. In addition, a digital scale with an accuracy of 0.001 g was used to measure the weight of the grains. Computer vision systems consist of five main components: lighting chamber, camera, analogue-digital card (for digitization), computer, and computer software. Images were taken using a Canon IXY DIGITAL 510 IS digital camera. A dome-shaped chamber was used to reduce noise and control ambient light. The system was illuminated with four fluorescent lamps and two rows of LED lamps, one white and one yellow. While the camera was pointed perpendicular to the imaging surface, it provided images with a resolution of 12.1 megapixels.In this case, the images were processed using MATLAB software. First, 10 maize seeds were randomly sampled from the first variety (single cross 703) and weighed using a digital balance. Then, parameters such as the large and small diameters and thickness of each grain were measured using a caliper of 0.02 mm. Then, these grains were placed at appropriate distances from each other on a plate of red cardboard in the opposite direction to be imaged. Finally, 30 maizeseeds were imaged in both directions and 60 images were taken as single seed. In total, we obtained 180 images of all three varieties as single seeds. To prepare the mass, first, some seeds of the first variety were placed in a cylindrical container (1.5 cm high, 4.2 cm in basal diameter, and 70.62174 cm2 in volume) so that the container was filled. After weighing, the mass of grains with a certain volume was poured onto the red plate in a circular pattern. In the end, the camera was placed on the bulk sample and the image was taken, just like the single grain image.The same procedure was repeated twice more on two more bulk samples of the first variety. Similarly, three bulk samples of two more varieties were imaged. In this way, a total of nine images were obtained. After each imaging, we measured and recorded the dimensions and weight of 10 randomly selected seeds from the imaged bulk. In the end, 189 images were obtained, including 180 single-grain and 9 bulk images.In the single sample feature extraction step using the bwlabel function, all samples were labeled and the grain morphological features were extracted. Then, the set of Regionprop functions was used to determine eight parameters, including area, perimeter, major principal axis, minor principal axis, integrity, irregularity, convex area, and equivalent diameter. An artificial neural network (NAA) and a statistical linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method were used to identify maize varieties based on their morphological and color characteristics. The data were normalized before analysis. LDA is a statistical method for classifying objects based on independent variables. The analysis was carried out using SPSS software. The diagnostic analysis includes stepwise analysis, principal component analysis, and elimination of recursive features. In this study, the stepwise method was used. In the usual method, all variables are included in the analysis. However, in the stepwise method, some variables were removed and only the variables with the greatest influence on the model were included. To classify the maize varieties, a network consisting of three layers: input, output, and hidden layers was used.

We performed image processing to classify three maize varieties based on the results obtained. A linear diagnostic analysis method was used in this study. A total of 16 predictor variables were used with an accuracy of 70.6%. Some variables were eliminated by a stepwise method. In addition, eight other predictor variables were analyzed with the same accuracy of 70.6%. Thus, although the number of predictor variables was reduced, the detection accuracy remained constant. Moreover, the highest accuracy of diagnosis (80%) was associated with the first variety (single cross 703). Additionally, the accuracy of the methods of ANN with 16 and 8 predictor variables was 75.6% and 72.2%, respectively. These values were higher than that of LDA.Predictive variables included areas, perimeter, major principal diameters, minor principal diameters, irregularities, concave areas, equivalent diameters, color indices (red, green, and blue) resulting from maize grain sample processing, weight, and grain size. The following factors were the most important predictors of varietal discrimination: thickness, major principal axis, minor principal axis, irregularity, equivalent diameter, integrity, red color index, and green color index. According to the results, the length and width of individual grains had no significant effect on variety classification.Our finding demonstrated thatmachine vision technology can be used in seed and seedling processing centers, silos, mechanized warehouses, and other places where maize seed crops need to be identified and separated in a non-destructive manner.

The development of sustainable rural tourism is known as a desirable goal in the development of sustainable tourism due to the addition of the concept of sustainability to rural tourism. But this sustainable development can have negative effects on the environment. For this reason, it is necessary to look at this category with a comprehensive and inclusive perspective. The development of rural tourism is very important for rural areas, because it can help solve economic and social problems, which in turn helps to maintain the local population in permanent places of residence and, as a result, improve. For a long time, rural tourism has been considered to have unique advantages in helping rural areas to get rid of poverty, attracting surplus rural labor, inheriting the culture of rural characteristics, optimizing the rural industrial structure and improving facilities, etc. This category is because rural tourism and related concepts have a wide perspective and scope. In recent years, the rapid development of rural tourism has caused researchers to pay more attention to it and conduct a large number of scientific studies and researches in this field. The increase in tourism activities in rural areas causes the weather, the land to be increasingly at risk of pollution due to the creation of tourism infrastructure and facilities, as well as the damage caused by tourism business activities that meet the needs of tourists. The development of rural tourism inevitably has negative effects on the destination's environment and resources, such as overcrowding, water pollution, waste production, and vegetation destruction. The question of how to reduce the conflict between environmental sustainability and local economic interests has become an important issue in the development of rural tourism. However, the environment and natural resources are essential for the development of rural tourism. In fact, both ignorance and obvious disregard for environmental protection seriously weaken the attractiveness of destinations. Improving and preserving the natural environment and ecosystem is useful for maintaining the competitiveness of rural tourism destinations and achieving sustainable development of rural tourism. It must rely on the joint efforts of residents and tourists. Many studies have investigated how to encourage residents to show environmentally responsible behaviors and green consumption of tourists. In rural tourism, local residents play an essential role in preserving the environment because their behavior and daily activities directly affect the ecological integrity of the destination. The main goal of this research is to investigate the factors influencing the development of sustainable and environmentally preserver rural tourism.

In terms of the basical purpose and the research method used in this research, the qualitative method is the foundational data theory. This type of research is in search of discovering facts and realities and knowledge of phenomena and objects, which expand the boundaries of general human knowledge and discover scientific laws and explain the characteristics and attributes of a reality. In the system of elements of sustainable development of rural tourism, the factors are interdependent, mutual and corresponding. Thematic research of sustainable development not only requires the good performance of one factor, but also the compatibility between factors. In addition, disruption in any factor may lead to weakening or even failure of the entire rural tourism system. Only by explaining the logical relationship and hierarchical context between the factors can one understand the working mechanism of the rural tourism system and have a deeper understanding of the various problems facing sustainable development. As a result, the coordination and corresponding relationship between the factors can be adjusted to achieve the goal of sustainable rural tourism development. Therefore, it is necessary to use qualitative methods such as foundational data theory to examine the conceptual link of these elements. In this research, using purposive sampling, experts in the field of rural management and planning, tourism, environmental management have been used as participants in semi-structured interviews.

According to the findings of the research, the codings were done using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin, and finally, 122 preliminary propositions were extracted. Following an inductive approach (moving from part to whole), the statements extracted were categorized into 83 open codes, 49 axial codes, and 20 selective codes. From the results of the present research, it can be pointed out the effective role of each of the influential factors in the development of sustainable rural tourism and environmental protection, which are presented in the form of the concept of green rural tourism. In fact, green rural tourism can protect the environment while developing sustainable rural tourism, and it is expected that the components of this type of tourism can include sustainable and responsible tourism approaches and create an effective discourse strategy.According to the findings of the research, the codings were done using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin, and finally, 122 preliminary propositions were extracted. Following an inductive approach (moving from part to whole), the statements extracted were categorized into 83 open codes, 49 axial codes, and 20 selective codes. From the results of the present research, it can be pointed out the effective role of each of the influential factors in the development of sustainable rural tourism and environmental protection, which are presented in the form of the concept of green rural tourism. In fact, green rural tourism can protect the environment while developing sustainable rural tourism, and it is expected that the components of this type of tourism can include sustainable and responsible tourism approaches and create an effective discourse strategy.According to the findings of the research, the codings were done using the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin, and finally, 122 preliminary propositions were extracted. Following an inductive approach (moving from part to whole), the statements extracted were categorized into 83 open codes, 49 axial codes, and 20 selective codes. From the results of the present research, it can be pointed out the effective role of each of the influential factors in the development of sustainable rural tourism and environmental protection, which are presented in the form of the concept of green rural tourism. In fact, green rural tourism can protect the environment while developing sustainable rural tourism, and it is expected that the components of this type of tourism can include sustainable and responsible tourism approaches and create an effective discourse strategy.

The ever-increasing global demand for energy is associated with the more consumption of fossil fuels, which has caused the widespread release of CO2 gas into the earth's atmosphere. The process of carbonation in geological formations is one of the safest and most promising approaches for CO2 storage. Majdar area is located in the northwest of Iran on the Alborz-Azerbaijan magmatic belt. Eocene volcanic units consisting of andesite, basaltic andesite, basalt, agglomerate and tuff form the thickest and widest rock units in the study area. Basalt and basaltic andesite rocks have been studied in this area. Petrographic studies showed that plagioclase, pyroxene and some olivine minerals are the main phenocrysts of host rock placed in a glassy to microcrystalline matrix. The XRF results showed that Majder basalt samples contain adequate amounts of Ca oxides (10.29–12.27 wt%), Fe (9.83–12.66 wt%) and Mg (5.75–7.45 wt% ) that can react with fluids containing CO2 to form stable carbonate minerals. According to the XRD results, three carbonate minerals including calcite, manganocalcite and ankrite are formed along with secondary alteration minerals clinochlore, clinoptilolite, illite, montmorillonite, glauconite and quartz. The study of microscopic sections showed that the alteration of calcium and magnesium minerals such as augite and anorthite by CO2-rich fluids has caused the release of cations needed for the formation of carbonate minerals. The value of δ18O isotopes in the studied samples ranges from -10.14 to -12.54. The calculations based on the results of δ18Ocalcite show the temperature range of 71.35–88.35 °C for the formation of calcite, which corresponds to a depth of 2.4-3 km. According to the measured average porosity of rocks, the possibility of storing 154,000 tons of CO2 in a block measuring 1000 meters long, 1000 meters wide and 70 meters high in the studied area can be estimated.

Environmental education is one of the major concerns of environmental activists. Education is therefore important because it encourages desirable behaviors and increases the awareness of people in society. In the meantime, environmental education refers to the creation of harmonious and compatible behavior patterns with nature and understanding the relationship between man and his environment. In environmental education, it is necessary to bring children to a level where they can think well, see problems and issues and find solutions for them. In order to reach such a position, it is necessary to consider four important principles: 1) sensitizing children to the issues around them, 2) creating motivation to solve problems, 3) teaching critical thinking, 4) finding solutions in the education process. On the other hand, environmental education is considered a way to create and acquire environmental literacy. Environmental literacy means knowing environmental patterns and processes. In this context, there is a codified environmental education program under the title "Children's Place in the Environment" (ACPE) curriculum, which has six units. This program provides basic elements about the environment for teachers to teach students. The first unit includes respect for living organisms, the second unit is to preserve the soil, the third unit is to protect and renew the ecosystem, the fourth unit is to protect aquatic animals and plants, the fifth unit is to preserve natural resources, and the sixth unit is to achieve a sustainable society. The review of theoretical literature and previous research shows that the studies conducted so far did not analyze the content of the first and second year textbooks on a case-by-case basis, and each from a specific perspective with the aim of promoting biological literacy and paying attention to the environmental patterns of teaching. Examined the general this research, by examining previous studies and analyzing them, tries to examine and analyze the contents of the first and second year primary school textbooks from the perspective of environmental education.

In this research, the books of the first and second year of primary school have been examined based on the approach of environmental education and with the method of content analysis. The first year of primary school has five textbooks; let’s write Farsi, read Farsi, experimental sciences, mathematics and teaching Quran, which is also added in the second year of elementary school. In this research, the analyzed society is the textbooks of the first and second year of elementary school, compiled in 2010, which are all counted. The unit of analysis is images and written text. The reason for choosing textbooks is that textbooks are the most important and widely used educational media used in the education system. This educational medium has a more fundamental role in countries with a more centralized system and facilitates the learning process.

In order to answer the research question, all the books were analyzed and pictures and texts related to the environment were recorded. Surveys showed that topics related to the environment are mainly limited to introducing animals, elements of nature, introducing plants, referring to the beauty of nature, expressing feelings towards nature, referring to natural foods and enjoying nature. be On the other hand, educational sentences are very few and do not stand out significantly. The findings of the research show that in the textbooks of the first year, the names and images of animals are the most frequent, so that 239 cases in the three books "Let's write Persian", "Read Persian" and "Experimental science" were about animals. 95 items were dedicated to the names and images of plants, and the sky and its elements and water, river and sea were also discussed from the aspect of introduction. In the math book, there are 31 pictures of animals for teaching addition or subtraction, 30 pictures of flowers and plants, 18 pictures of fruits and 3 pictures of life in the village. In the books of the second grade of primary school, the situation is somewhat different. Because unlike the books of the first year, which mostly introduce animals, plants or single words, in the books of the second year, the child is faced with coherent texts that intend to convey a message. Names and images of animals, names of fruits, introducing elements of nature, referring to the beauty of nature and giving importance to green spaces are such. The general content of the second Farsi book, read and write, is similar to writing. Enjoying nature, pictures of nature, animal life in the forest, pictures of butterflies, ants or the relationship between flowers and butterflies, learning words related to nature such as mountain, sea and forest, taking care of trees, branches and flowers, helping Animals, description of water and its sound, description of rainbow and presenting an image of happiness of parents in the heart of nature next to a river are the general concepts presented in the book. Key sentences are mainly mentioned in the science book of the second year of primary school. At the beginning of the book, the introduction of animals and their habitats is illustrated, and in one section, the topics of land and soil are mentioned. The contents related to land and soil are somewhat compatible with the objectives of the "Children's Place in the Environment" curriculum. In the second grade book of Heavenly Gifts, nature is mentioned as a heavenly gift that children are happy to have. In this book, there are beautiful pictures of flowers and plants, trees, forests, insects, clouds, and the sky, which give students a good feeling.

In the reviewed books, the creation and strengthening of a supportive attitude towards the environment has been brought up in an emotional way, and the beauty of nature has been mentioned in several cases. While not much attention has been paid to how to deal with the environment, and environmental issues, how to deal with them, creating sensitivity towards the surrounding environment, increasing the skill of recognizing issues and participating in solving environmental issues are at a very low level. are located In general, it can be said that the goals of environmental education, such as creating sensitivity towards the environment, creating participation in the improvement and preservation of the environment, the ability to identify and solve environmental problems, have not been realized in these books, and only superficial content has been presented. Enough of the environment and its issues. However, awareness of the elements of the environment and nature has been addressed to some extent. But it seems that the introduction of elements of nature does not necessarily lead to correct behavior and dealing with nature, and the analyzed books do not have the ability to motivate and think critically among students.

Environmental hazards, both natural and human, are threatening and capable of harming the human physical and social environment. This damage not only occurs during the occurrence, but is also likely in the long term Environmental hazards are caused by three factors: nature, human and technology The increase in the world's population from three billion people in 1960 to 7.6 billion people a year and the possibility of its increase to 11 billion people in 2050 is one of the reasons for the pressure on nature and the occurrence of hazards Every year many natural hazards and disasters occur in our country, therefore, today it is time for the planners and policy makers of the society to accept that there are always strange events in nature and to predict the possibility of their occurrence in their plans and programs so that when they occur with the volume to face less problems. In other words, knowing the risks is important to reduce them, more important is that people and societies accept the reality of the existence of risks. The frequency and spread of calamities caused by natural hazards has increased In most cases, natural disasters cause severe financial and human losses and disrupt economic and social activities.

Virmoni catchment area is located between 48°43° to 48°50° east longitude and 38°21° to 38° north latitude. This basin is one of the large sub-basins of Talash and rivers in the northwest of Gilan, which originates from the western heights of Astara city (Mount Espinas) at an altitude of 1300 meters and passes through the village of Laton and after passing through the villages of Laton , Turk Mahalle, Awad Ler, Sayadler, Jibreel Mahalle, Sheikh Mahalle, Amir Mahalle and Bijarbin closes at zero altitude near the village of Virmoni, and the branch continues past the middle of Astara city and finally empties its water flow into the Caspian Sea. do The studied basin is limited to Lundville basin from the south, Bezoune basin from the southeast, Caspian sea from the east, Astrachai and Azerbaijan Republic in the north, and Astrachai basin in the west. Its direction is first southwest-northeast and after the exit of the basin in the mountain (the place where the basin closes) it has a general west-east direction. The area of its small water basin at the point of entering the plain is 45 square kilometers, the length of its main branch is 13 kilometers and its shape is elongated, and the average annual volume of the river flow at the point of entering the plain is 28 and 47 million square meters at the Astara station. The water flow of this river has been under investigation and control since 1364, and its power source is the annual rainfall of the area in the rainy season and the melting of the snow in the highlands in the hot season. In (Figure 1) the geographical location of Virmoni watershed is presented.

General Geology of Talash: This mountain range with a north-south (N-S) trend is basically an anticline, which has a north-south axis, the eastern slope has a steep slope and the western slope has a relatively gentle slope. The border of this mountain range with the Caspian sea basin is probably a fault (Astara fault). Talash mountain range is divided into two major parts under the main divisions of Tektunuk: Eastern zone and Western zone. It may be possible to imagine the Noor fault as the boundary of these two zones, as the deposits of the eastern part of the fault are mainly formed from a large amount of clastic sediments along with volcanic activities related to the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene times, and have created anticlines and transgressions in the north-south direction. In its core, in the area of Khutbah Sera, they have found a complex of metamorphosis. Therefore, the oldest rock unit includes metamorphic rocks belonging to the Precambrian, and formations belonging to the Jurassic and Cretaceous, such as limestone, sandy limestone, and pyroclastic rocks of the Cretaceous and Paleogene, including sandstone, conglomerate, gray shales, tuffs, andesitic flows. Agglomerate tuff and basalt and sand and silt sediments along with gypsum and salt layers are outcropped in the west of Astara. There are no limestones that can feed the underground water table of the plain in the region, and only in the headwaters of some rivers, there are Cretaceous limestone formations in the form of silty limestones and sand with many joints and cracks, which play an essential role in the formation of the river's base discharge.

The current research is under the title of zoning the potential of natural hazards in the Virmoni catchment basin, which during the past seasons has investigated the performance of various natural and human factors influencing the occurrence of natural hazards and the effect of these hazards on the environment and finally preparing a zoning map of the potential of occurrence. According to the results obtained in the topographic section, the area under study is located in the extreme north-west of Talash mountains, and it consists of two parts, the foothills and the plains, and the topographical factors that are effective in the mass movements of this area are the slope, direction and height. According to the studies conducted in the climate section, based on the climate coefficient calculated by Dumarten and Amberget methods for the selected station, this region is located in a very humid climate. In terms of rainfall, it is one of the regions that benefit from the highest rainfall in the country. The effects caused by this type of weather due to excessive rainfall have caused the soil of this region to increase the adhesion and adhesion of its particles and grains to each other, and the penetration of water due to heavy rainfall and increased water pressure has caused Slope movements, especially landslides in the slopes, and the occurrence of heavy rainfall for several days also cause floods. According to the vegetation department studies, the majority of the area is of dense forest vegetation type. This factor prevents landslides to a large extent despite the availability of other natural conditions, but in case of land use change, the conditions for landslides occur. Landslides occur after heavy and continuous rains. The geomorphological studies of the region show that, after the stabilization of the structural geomorphology of the region and the creation of the current complications at the beginning of the Quaternary, the dominant phenomenon in the region, apart from the change of the Caspian Sea bed level during the glacial and interglacial periods, is probably chemical weathering with great intensity. has been high Because considering the current climate (Astara synoptic station) where the rainfall is more than 1368 mm, the average annual temperature is 15.9 degrees Celsius, good conditions are provided for chemical weathering; Especially since the number of frosty days in the region is very few. The evidence in the region indicates that the region follows the Caspian system. According to the climatic information of Astara, based on Peltier's morphogenic model, the weathering system will be of medium chemical type with weak ice performance. In such a system, river morphogenesis is intense, mass movement is moderate, and wind morphogenesis is very weak. However, human intervention in changing the environment and manipulating the unevenness has accelerated the occurrence of the normal phenomena of geomorphology, i.e. the process of morphogenesis. In general, the most important results obtained in understanding the risk factors are as follows: The most important factor in the creation of fine surface materials and clays and silts is chemical erosion caused by rain on rocks. The rocks in which the most landslides have occurred are mostly volcanic igneous rocks with volcanic lava, cataglomera and shale with their surface materials such as clay, marl and silt. The lack of proper drainage of the underground waters that are located on the upper level and the infiltration of sewage water on top of some slopes, which increase the water pressure between the holes of the rocks and the surface materials of the slopes, cause an increase in the number of landslides and damages caused by it Will be Another cause of mass movements is the abandonment of agricultural terraces on the slopes in the foothills of the region. The lack of agricultural activity on them blocks the spaces between the stones and drainage is not done well, and in fact, heavy and consecutive rains, water accumulates and cannot penetrate, brings the range to the limit of plasticity and flow. Investigating issues related to the geomorphology and geology of the region revealed that most of the slopes of the basin slope towards the east. Mainly in the slopes between 15-30 degrees due to chemical erosion, abundance of water and fine and soft surface materials (thick-layered soils), the ground for potential and actual slope movements is high.

Potato is considered one of the most important food sources in the world (4th rank) and studying its various aspects is very important to ensure that the produced product has the necessary qualifications and can satisfy the customer. In the food industry, this product is transformed into various products such as baked potatoes, fried potatoes, potato chips, potato starch, dry fried potatoes, etc.The complexity of food odours makes it difficult to analyze them with conventional analytical techniques such as gas chromatography. However, expert sensory analysis is costly and requires trained people who can only work for a relatively short period. Problems such as the human subjectivity of the response to smell and the variation between people should also be considered. Hence, there is a need for a tool such as an electronic nose with high sensitivity and correlation with human sensory panel data for specific applications in food control. Due to its easy construction, cheapness and the need for little time for analysis, the electronic nose is becoming an automatic non-destructive method to describe the smell of food.An olfactory machine can recognize the fragrance composition by estimating its concentration or determining some of its intrinsic properties, which the human nose is hardly able to do. In general, the human olfactory system is a five-step process including smelling, receiving the scent, evaluating, detecting and erasing the effect of the scent. The olfactory phenomenon begins with inhaling the intended smell and ends with breathing fresh air to remove the effect of the scent. The human olfactory system, with all its unique capabilities, also has disadvantages that limit its use in quality control processes, including subjectivity, low reproducibility (for example, results depending on time, people's health, analysis before the presence of odour and fatigue is variable), time-consuming, high labour cost, adaptation of people (less sensitivity when exposed to odour for a long time). In addition, it cannot be used to evaluate dangerous odours.Meanwhile, the electronic nose can detect the volatile compounds of potatoes. The electronic nose has been used in extensive research to identify and classify food and agricultural products.
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of the electronic nose using one of the chemometrics methods to detect 5 different potato cultivars.

First, 5 varieties of potato were prepared from the agricultural research centre of Ardabil city. These 5 varieties included Colombo, Milwa, Agria, Esprit and Sante.After preparing the cultivars, first, the samples were placed in a closed container (sample compartment) for 1 day to saturate the space of the container with the aroma and smell of potatoes, and then the sample compartments were used for data collection with the electronic nose.In this research, the electronic nose made in the Biosystems Engineering Department of Mohaghegh Ardabili University was used. In this device, 9 metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors with low power consumption are used, which are listed in Table 1.The sample chamber was connected to the electronic nose device and data collection was done. This data collection was done in such a way that first, clean air was passed through the sensor chamber for 150 seconds to clean the sensors from the presence of odours and other gases. Then, the smell of the sample was sucked from the sample chamber by the pump for 150 seconds and directed to the sensors, and finally, clean air was injected into the sensor chamber for 150 seconds to prepare the device for repetition and subsequent tests. 15 repetitions were considered for each sample.Through the mentioned steps, the output voltage of the sensors was changed due to exposure to gases emitted from the sample (potato smell) and their olfactory responses were collected and recorded by data collection cards, the sensor signals were recorded and stored at 1-second intervals. . A fractional method was used to correct the baseline, in which noise or possible deviations were removed and the responses of the sensors were normalized and dimensionless.
By chemometrics method in this research, it started with principal component analysis (PCA) to discover the output response of the sensors and reduce the dimension of the data.Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the simplest multivariatemethods and is known as an unsupervised technique for clustering data according to groups. It is usually used to reduce the dimensionality of the data and the best results are obtained when the data are positively or negatively correlated. Another advantage of PCA is that this technique reduces the volume of multidimensional data while removing redundant data without losing important information.

The scores chart (Figure 1) showed that the variance of the total data is equal to PC-1 (94%) and PC-2 (3%), respectively, and the first two principal components account for 97% of the variance of the total normalized data. When the total variance is higher than 90%, it means that the first two PCs are sufficient to explain the total variance of the data set. So it can be concluded that the electronic nose has a good response to the smell of potatoes and its cultivars can be distinguished, which shows the high accuracy of the electronic nose in identifying the smell of different products.With the correlation loadings plot, the relationships between all variables can be shown. The loading diagram (Figure 2) shows the relative role of sensors for each main component. The inner oval represents 50% and the outer oval represents 100% of the total variance of the data. The higher the loading coefficient of a sensor is, the greater the role of that sensor in identification and classification. Therefore, the sensors that are located on the outer circle have a greater role in data classification. According to the figure, it is clear that all the sensors have an important role in identifying the rice variety, including the role of sensors number 1 and 9, which are respectively the same sensors as MQ9 (to detect carbon dioxide and combustible gases) and MQ3 (to detect alcohol, methane, natural gases), it was less than the rest of the sensors, and by removing these two sensors, the cost of making an olfactory device (to distinguish genuine and fake rice) can be reduced and costs can be saved. In this research, an electronic nose with 9 metal oxide sensors was used to identify and distinguish potato cultivars. The Chemometrics PCA method was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex data from the electronic sensor array. PCA was used to reduce the data and with two main components PC1 and PC2, it described 97% of the variance of the data set and provided an initial classification. The electronic nose has the ability to be used as a fast and non-destructive method to identify potato varieties. Using this method will be very useful for consumers, especially restaurants and processing units, in order to choose high-quality cultivars.

Potato with the scientific name (Solanum tuberosum. L.) is a plant that is cultivated as an important crop in all countries and is known as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins in the human diet. This is a native product of South America and its origin is from Peru. In the food industry, this product is transformed into various products such as baked potatoes, fried potatoes, potato chips, potato starch, dry fried potatoes, etc.Due to the increase in expectations for food products with high quality and safety standards, accurate, fast and targeted determination of the characteristics of food products is necessary. In the apple-potato product, quality assessment after the harvest stage is necessary to provide a reliable and uniform product to the market, because potatoes, like many other products, have uneven quality and processing during the harvest stage. - Be At the same time, the safety and desirability of food play an important role in the food industry and are directly related to people's health. In addition, a huge part of potatoes used in the processing industry is stored, so considering the importance of this food item and the demand of the people throughout the year, it is possible to meet the needs of the applicants only through long-term storage with optimal conditions was responsible. Potatoes for the processing industry must have some requirements such as low sugar content, high dry matter and specific weight, high antioxidants, light skin colour and no sprouting.The complexity of the reflectance spectrum of food makes it difficult to analyze them with conventional analytical techniques such as gas chromatography. However, sensory analysis by experts is a costly process and requires trained people who can only work for a relatively short period. A near-infrared spectrometer can detect the spectrum of reflected light by estimating its concentration or determining some of its inherent properties.The quality assessment of agricultural products includes two main methods, quality grading systems based on the external characteristics of agricultural products and quality grading systems based on internal quality assessment, which has gained outstanding points in recent years. In the meantime, several methods have been invented so far for the qualitative grading of agricultural products based on the assessment of their internal properties in a non-destructive way, and only some of them havebeen able to meet the above conditions and have been justified in terms of technical and industrial aspects.Meanwhile, spectrometry can be highly efficient in determining the quality of cultivars. Spectroscopy is a type of system that has a different structure and approach from other methods (image processing, neural network, etc.) and can perform classification and determination of digit quality.With increasing expectations for food products with high quality and safety standards, the need for accurate, fast and targeted determination of the characteristics of food products is now necessary. Because manual methods do not have automatic control, they are very tiring, difficult and expensive, and they are easily affected by environmental factors. Today, spectroscopic systems are non-destructive and cost-effective and are ideally used for routine inspections and quality assurance in the food industry and related products. This technology allows inspection works to be carried out using wavelength data analysis techniques and is a non-destructive method for measuring quality parameters. In this research, using spectrometry and chemometrics methods, changes in acidity and SSC of potato were investigated over time.

In each treatment period (in total 5 periods were considered and the intervals of periods were determined as one week), unripe walnut samples in addition to ripe samples (in the last period) were taken from one of the orchards around Ardabil (located in Shahrivar village) was prepared, tested and data collected.A spectroradiometer model PS-100 (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, UT, USA) was used to acquire the spectrum of the samples. This spectroradiometer is very small, light, portable, has a single-wavelength sputtering type with a resolution of 1 nm and a linear silicon CCD array detector with 2048 pixels that covers the spectral range of 250-1150 nm (Vis/NIR) well. Also, there is the ability to connect the optical fibre to the PS-100 spectroradiometer and transfer the data to the computer to display and store the acquired spectra in the Spectra Wiz software through the USB port. To create optimal light in contrast mode measurements, an OPTC (Halogen Light Source) model halogen-tungsten light source, which can be connected to an optical fibre, was used. This light source has three output powers of 10, 20, and 30 watts, which were used in this research. Also, a two-branch optical fibre probe model (Apogee Instruments, INC., Logan, Utah, USA), which includes 7 parallel optical fibres with a diameter of 400 micrometres, was used in counter-mode measurements. After providing the necessary equipment, the optimal spectroscopic arrangement was designed and implemented to facilitate the experiments and minimize the effect of environmental factors during the spectroscopic process.To measure SSC, liquid refractometer model BPTR100 (Middle East System Control Company, brand name Prisma Tech, made in Iran) available at Mohaghegh Ardabili University is used. For this, first, some water is taken from the samples and after pouring it into the microtube, we allow it to reach the ambient temperature, and then it is placed on the refractometer and the amount of sugar is read in terms of Brix.For this purpose, a laboratory pH meter, which is also called a pH meter, was used. The pH meter is actually a potentiometer consisting of an ion-selective glass electrode that selectively responds to the activity of hydrogen ions in the solution and measures the potential difference between the external solution (sample) and the internal solution (reference electrode solution). The pH-sensitive part is made of a special thin glass membrane that is at the bottom of the electrode.

In this research, in order to estimate the amount of acidity and SSC of potato-potato and the amount of wavelength absorption in 5 different periods of storage (two-week periods), reflectance spectroscopy was performed in the wavelength range of 400 to 1100 nm. After removing the noises by PCA analysis, to improve the spectrum, different pre-processings were applied and their effects were investigated. The appropriate model was determined using the partial least squares (PLS) method. Important wavelengths were selected based on the regression coefficient of the best model. Based on PLS analysis, the best results were obtained with Savitzky-Golay smoothing preprocessing. As a result, it seems that the non-destructive method of ultraspectral imaging was able to detect the amount of SSC in potatoes, but no acceptable result was obtained in the case of acidity.

Industries play an important role in the development of societies. The generation of large volumes of industrial waste with complex characteristics makes their management a challenge. In addition to occupying the land, the accumulation of these wastes causes environmental pollution. The main purpose of this study is to identify industrial wastes in the industrial zone of Gilan province and to investigate their management system. In this study, 11 industrial zones in Gilan province were investigated in 15 industrial groups. Astara industrial zone has the lowest number of units with six active units, and the largest number of active units under investigation is Sepidroud industrial zone (41 units) and then Rasht industrial zone (37 units). The food industry group with 50 active units (24%) has contributed the most in investigating the type and amount of industrial waste in Gilan province. Based on the data of the study, the total amount of industrial waste is 45926 tons per year. In addition, the main special genaration wastes are 60314 liters of used oils and 16707 tons of different types of wastes per year. The metal industrial group generated the largest amount of industrial waste with the genaration of 32917 tons per year. Also, the cellulose and synthetic oil industrial group units have the highest amount of hazardous waste genaration per year with the genaration of 29,600 liters and 6,300 tons, respectively. Based on the data obtained from the industrial units, the total sales and recycling methods accounted for 54.1% and disposal for 45.9% of cases. Obtaining information on industrial waste flow in Gilan province provides the opportunity to recover and save identified resources. In addition, many economic and environmental benefits are obtained by making a decision and implementing proper waste management.

Metropolises are emerging phenomena that affect a wide range of surrounding space. This effect over time leads to the expansion of the metropolitan area. The current research has been compiled with a general descriptive-analytical approach and using available documentary data and statistical data. Excel and Spss statistical software and ArcGis spatial processing and description software were used in database preparation and data analysis, and ANN nearest neighbor index was used to determine the activity distribution pattern, and Moran's Spatial Autocorrelation Model was used to check the distribution rate. Is. Based on the results of the research and investigations of the Qazvin metropolitan area in terms of activity, it can be said that the Qazvin metropolitan area has a dominant linear structure with a trend and development towards the formation of a radial-annular structure in its southern half. Also, the spatial structure of the metropolitan area of Qazvin has been made in connection with the expansion of relations and economic connections with cities and rural areas, especially in the southern part of the area.

In the coming decades, feeding the world's expanding population nutritiously and sustainably will require major improvements in the global food system worldwide. In this research, as a sustainable agricultural and food system, the topic of agricultural added value and sustainable agricultural export and import is mentioned, and these indicators are considered to be a function of temperature, precipitation, inflation and exchange rate. The Midas model was used for fitting and it was concluded that the variables of exchange rate and inflation have a significant effect in all equations and temperature has a significant effect on added value and exports and the amount of precipitation in none of The investigated equations have no significant effect. The reason for the non-significance of the amount of precipitation is due to the small amount of precipitation in Iran as a whole, only the northern provinces and a small part of the western provinces of the country can produce rain due to the influence of the amount of precipitation and in the rest In the regions of the country, regardless of the amount of rainfall in the studied years, agricultural crops are cultivated with successive irrigations. In the field of global food security, the main challenge will be how to produce more food with the same or less resources and waste less. Food security has four dimensions: food availability, food access, food utilization and quality, and food stability. Among several other food sources, the potato crop can meet all these constraints due to its highly diverse distribution pattern, cultivation and current demand, especially in developing countries with high levels of poverty, hunger and malnutrition. Help around the world. The increase in land population and the increase in demand for food puts an unprecedented pressure on agriculture and natural resources. Today's food systems do not provide enough nutritious food to the world's population in an environmentally sustainable way. About 822 million people are undernourished, while 1.2 billion are overweight or obese. At the same time, food production, processing and waste puts unsustainable pressure on environmental resources. By 2050, the global population of 9.7 billion people will demand 70% more food than what is consumed today. According to the report of the International Institute for Food Policy Research on the Global Hunger Index, significant progress has been made in reducing hunger for developing countries. While the score of the World Hunger Index in 2000 was 29.9 for developing countries, the score of the World Hunger Index in 2019 is 20%, which shows a decrease of 31%. As shown in the GHI reports, hunger and inequality are inextricably linked. Perhaps most closely linked to hunger is poverty, the most obvious manifestation of social inequality. Both are rooted in unequal power relations that are often perpetuated and exacerbated by laws, policies, attitudes and practices. Nevertheless, the intersection of poverty with gender, age, and ethnic background among the most salient social determinants can create critical gaps of food insecurity and extreme poverty even among relatively disadvantaged populations. According to FAO (2002), "food security exists when all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and dietary preferences for an active and healthy life." " Food security has four key dimensions: (1) “food availability,” which refers to supply; (2) “access to food,” which refers to the ability to produce one's own food or purchase it; (3) "food quality and utilization", referring to the level of nutrition achieved and (4) "food stability", which includes the idea of availability at all times. Therefore, increasing food security requires policies that improve households' ability to obtain food through better production and income. Since potato is one of the global crops with the most diverse distribution pattern and is cultivated in areas with high levels of poverty, inequality, hunger and malnutrition, it can be an effective product for empowering smallholder families. achieve food security and get out of poverty. Hence, innovations based on potato science can be a significant means of targeting the poor and hungry as part of a broader set of research and development activities. In the field of global food security, the main challenge will be how to produce more food with the same or less resources and waste less. Food security has four dimensions: food availability, food access, food utilization and quality, and food stability. Among several other food sources, the potato crop can meet all these constraints due to its highly diverse distribution pattern, cultivation and current demand, especially in developing countries with high levels of poverty, hunger and malnutrition. Help around the world. The increase in land population and the increase in demand for food puts an unprecedented pressure on agriculture and natural resources. Today's food systems do not provide enough nutritious food to the world's population in an environmentally sustainable way. About 822 million people are undernourished, while 1.2 billion are overweight or obese. At the same time, food production, processing and waste puts unsustainable pressure on environmental resources. By 2050, the global population of 9.7 billion people will demand 70% more food than what is consumed today. According to the report of the International Institute for Food Policy Research on the Global Hunger Index, significant progress has been made in reducing hunger for developing countries. While the score of the World Hunger Index in 2000 was 29.9 for developing countries, the score of the World Hunger Index in 2019 is 20%, which shows a decrease of 31%. As shown in the GHI reports, hunger and inequality are inextricably linked. Perhaps most closely linked to hunger is poverty, the most obvious manifestation of social inequality. Both are rooted in unequal power relations that are often perpetuated and exacerbated by laws, policies, attitudes and practices. Nevertheless, the intersection of poverty with gender, age, and ethnic background among the most salient social determinants can create critical gaps of food insecurity and extreme poverty even among relatively disadvantaged populations. According to FAO (2002), "food security exists when all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and dietary preferences for an active and healthy life." " Food security has four key dimensions: (1) “food availability,” which refers to supply; (2) “access to food,” which refers to the ability to produce one's own food or purchase it; (3) "food quality and utilization", referring to the level of nutrition achieved and (4) "food stability", which includes the idea of availability at all times. Therefore, increasing food security requires policies that improve households' ability to obtain food through better production and income. Since potato is one of the global crops with the most diverse distribution pattern and is cultivated in areas with high levels of poverty, inequality, hunger and malnutrition, it can be an effective product for empowering smallholder families. achieve food security and get out of poverty. Hence, innovations based on potato science can be a significant means of targeting the poor and hungry as part of a broader set of research and development activities.

As a dynamic system, the river always changes its location and morphological characteristics according to time, geomorphic, geological, hydrological factors and sometimes due to human intervention. Masuleh Rudkhan is one of the most important rivers in Iran that the formation of bed geometry in different periods is very different from each other. This river has a dynamic morphological behavior under the influence of various factors such as the geology of the region, the characteristics of the alluvial structure, the hydrological characteristics of its upstream basin, the structures in it and the hydraulic conditions of the flow. The purpose of this paper was to identify and extract the changes of Masouleh Rudkhan in Guilan province in the period 2000 to 2020 using satellite image processing. The images used were the images of Landsat 5 satellite on 06/06/2000 and Landsat 8 on 13/06/2020. SVM classification method and NDWI, MNDWI, AWEI and WRI indices were used for image processing. Changes in the SVM classification method showed that the river area has decreased by 314.26 hectares from 2000 to 2020. These changes mean an increase in construction on the riverbed and a decrease in the amount of water in the river. Comparing kappa coefficient and overall image processing accuracy, it was observed that AWEI index with kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of 0.93 and 0.95 in 2000 and kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of 0.94 and 0.96 in 2020 had the highest accuracy and Masouleh Rudkhan route in this index to Google earth moved. By examining the river route in a period of 20 years, it was observed that at 5 km from the beginning of the basin, the river route is 100 meters to the south, at 7.5 km, the river route is 50 meters to the south, at 29.3 km, it is 45 meters to On the south side, at km 48, it is 38 meters to the north and at km 50 to 56, it has changed continuously and the reason for this change is the high erosion in this part of Masouleh River.

The sun is known as the source of energy, the beginning of life and the source of all other energies. The global radiation of the sun is considered one of the fundamental structures of every climate. Therefore, knowing the characteristics and predicting these basic structures has a great impact on energy-related planning. The use of satellite images and remote sensing models as a suitable and low-cost tool for estimating solar radiation has been in recent years. In order to carry out this research, the images of 2020 Landsat 8 satellite, OLI sensor, TIRS sensor and Sabal algorithm were used. ENVI software was used for geometrical, atmospheric and radiometric corrections of satellite images, as well as the execution of calculations related to the Sabal model, and ArcGIS software was used for creating a database, spatial analysis, cartographic operations and finally implementing the model. The results show that the average of the highest incoming shortwave radiation was 904 watts per square meter on 09/08/2020 and the lowest value was 500 watts per square meter on 10/9/2020. Meanwhile, the highest amount of net radiation on 09/08/2020 was calculated as 320 km and the lowest amount on 10/09/2020 as 39 km. The difference in the amount of net radiation reaching the ground in the studied area, It is caused by the difference in the angle of the sun and the number of sunny hours in different months of the year. Finally, it can be concluded that the solar radiation in the region has the necessary potential for the implementation of solar photovoltaic projects in the year under review.

Potato with the scientific name (Solanum tuberosum. L.) is a plant that is cultivated as an important product in all countries and is known as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins in the human diet. This is a native product of South America and its origin is from Peru. After wheat, rice and corn, potato is the fourth product in people's food basket, which in Iran sometimes takes the place of rice and takes second place, which shows its importance in meeting people's food needs. According to the reports of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the area under potato cultivation in Iran in 2019 was more than 164 thousand hectares and the harvested product from this area was about 32.5 million tons. In the food industry, this product is transformed into various products such as baked potatoes, fried potatoes, potato chips, potato starch, dry fried potatoes, etc.Since the expectations for food products with appropriate quality and safety standards have increased, it seems necessary to determine the characteristics of food products. In the meantime, in the potato product, quality evaluation after the harvest stage is necessary to provide a reliable and uniform product to the market, because potatoes, like many other products, have uneven quality and handling in It is the harvesting stage. At the same time, the safety and desirability of food play an important role in the food industry and are directly related to people's health. Potatoes for the processing industry must have some requirements such as low sugar content, high dry matter and specific weight, high antioxidants, light skin color and no sprouting. Stored potatoes may suffer from sweetening, rotting, water loss and sprout growth during storage. Storage conditions after harvesting can cause changes in the chemical composition and quality of the product. Therefore, the management of potato tubers in all stages of production and storage is very important.The quality of this product and its processed products depends on the variety and environmental conditions (both during the growing season and during the storage period). By analyzing the relationship between chips color, dry solids, sucrose, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, protein and storage temperature data, Meza showed that dry solids, reducing sugar and sucrose in determining the color of fresh potato chips and reducing sugar, tuber temperature and sucrose content are very important in determining the color of stored tuber chips and the relative importance of each of these parameters changes with the type of tuber variety and storage.The amount of potato sugar significantly depends on the variety and storage temperature and it happens quickly in cold weather. In potato tubers during the storage period, starch is gradually hydrolyzed and turned into sugar (glucose). In unripe tubers and potatoes that are stored for a long time at low temperatures, there are more amounts of glucose, this feature is considered an anti-quality feature for the potato product in the industry, why? The increase of regenerating sugars causes the produced chips to turn brown and bitter. Storing potatoes for more than 7 months can cause ageing or old sweetness, and storage at a temperature of fewer than 10 degrees Celsius can cause sweetness caused by cold. Although potato storage at low temperatures can have beneficial results such as reducing respiration rate, reducing physiological ageing, inhibiting germination, reducing evaporative water loss and reducing microbial pathogens. But sugars accumulate when the balance between starch degradation and breakdown is not established and there is carbohydrate respiration. Therefore, potatoes that are kept at a lower temperature have a lot of sugar. Researchers reported that when potatoes are stored at zero degrees Celsius, there will be a complete stop in th accumulation of sugar.

First, 5 different varieties of fresh potatoes (Spirit, Agria, Sante, Jelli and Marfona) were prepared from Ardabil Agricultural Research Center (Arallo District). It should be noted that these potatoes were prepared immediately after harvesting so that there are no changes in the amount of sugar due to the time interval after harvesting.The amount of sugar in each sample was measured in three replicates using a liquid refractometer model BPTR100 (Middle East Control System Company, brand name Prisma Tech, made in Iran) available at Mohaghegh Ardabili University (Figure 1). For this, first, some water was taken from the samples and after pouring it into a microtube, it was placed inside a refrigerated centrifuge (top speed) of the LISA France model, and after rotating at a speed of 1800 rpm for 2 minutes, the impurities at the bottom settled and separated the pure liquid (pure potato juice). After reaching the ambient temperature, the said liquid was placed on the refractometer and its sugar content was read in terms of Brix.

The results of the analysis of the variance of cultivar effect on potato sugar content are shown in Table 1. According to the analysis of the variance table, the effect of variety on potato sugar level was significant at 1% probability level. You can see the changes in the amount of sugar of different potato cultivars in Figure 2. The difference in the amount of sugar in different cultivars is due to the difference in their starch hydrolysis (the main compound of potato-potato tubers) which occurs as a result of the respiration of the product, and it is in this way that the higher the amount of starch in If one variety is less, that variety has less sugar, and it is important to note that the chemical composition depends on the potato variety, soil, climate, and agricultural factors. In general, it can be said that potatoes with more sugar are suitable for the chips industry, and potatoes with medium sugar are suitable for frying. According to Figure 2, the highest amount of sugar is related to the Esprit variety and the lowest amount is related to the Jelly variety. The reason for the difference in the amount of sugar between different cultivars is mainly related to the type of soil, fertilizer and poison used. According to the data and the results of the research, it was observed that the amount of sugar in different varieties of potato is different, in the meantime, the jelly variety generally has a lower amount of sugar at the time of harvesting, and the variety of Esprit has the highest amount of sugar at the time of harvesting. Was. It is recommended to choose a more suitable variety according to the conditions according to the type of consumption and the importance of quality characteristics for consumption and processing, of course, physical characteristics are also involved in this relationship, which should be taken into consideration.

Urbanization changes natural landscapes to human-made spaces and uses. With the expansion of cities, many of these spaces give way to roads, buildings and urban facilities and cause changes in different levels of the city, and these changes have very important effects on weather conditions (Shamsipour et al. 2013: 59). )The development of urbanization is one of the effective factors in increasing the air temperature in urban areas, which causes the creation of thermal islands in these places compared to the surrounding environment. This factor can have a negative effect on air quality and endanger the general health of society. (Mousavi Baighi et al., 2010. 190). What is considered as a fundamental defect in monitoring the temperature of the earth's surface is the lack of sufficient meteorological stations to know the temperature values. Today, this shortcoming has been solved by remote sensing and it can cover a large area of the earth's surface.

The study area is Amol city. The city of Amol is located in the Mazandaran province and the sides of the Heraz River with a height of 76 meters above sea level at 52 degrees and 21 minutes east longitude and 36 degrees and 25 minutes north latitude and at a distance of 70 kilometers west of Sari, the capital of the province, 18 kilometers south of the Caspian Sea and 6 It is located one kilometer north of Alborz mountain and 180 kilometers northeast of Tehran.In this research, Landsat 8 satellite images and Landsat 5 satellite images were used for 1990 in order to extract the land use map and surface temperature of 2020. In order to remove the effect of cloud cover from the images as well as the high intensity of sunlight, the desired images were taken from the summer season. Google Earth software was used for better accuracy of images, ENVI 5.3 software was used for atmospheric and radiometric corrections, and finally ARC GIS 10.8 software was used to prepare relevant maps.Using the atmospheric correction model (FLAASH), the data were qualitatively controlled and the radiometric error of the satellite images was corrected. In order to obtain a statistical set that represents the spectral pattern of land cover, training data must be selected before supervised classification of images. At this stage, information from the uses and topographical maps of the region were prepared using the visual interpretation of the images for all five floors, to prepare educational data for use in supervised classification operations. Maximum likelihood classification method was used for land use classification. This method is considered a part of the supervised methods for classification and for this purpose it uses a set of training data. In this method, after evaluating the probabilities in each class, the pixels are assigned to the classes that have the most similarity, and if the probability values are lower than the introduced threshold, they are considered as unclassified pixels.After that, the brightness temperature of the sensor is done by converting the digital values of band 6 in Landsat 4 and 5 and also band 10 in Landsat 8 to spectral radiance and converting the spectral radiance to the brightness temperature of the sensor in terms of Kelvin.Then, red and near-infrared bands were used to calculate NDVI to obtain the normalized vegetation difference index. After calculating NDVI we need to get Emissivity. Emissivity is the amount of reflection of a phenomenon relative to the black body. Then the land surface temperature (LST) is calculated. By using LST, it is possible to calculate the temperatures near the surface of the earth. In order to know and evaluate the correctness and accuracy of the classification, the user's accuracy, overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were calculated in 1990 and 2020.

In this research, in the first step, the classification and the resulting changes were done in a specific time frame in Amol city and its surroundings. The classification results indicate that the classification in both periods, especially in 2020, was highly accurate, and its kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were at their highest coefficient, i.e. 100.After classification, the changes obtained in the area were examined for a period of 30 years and the changes were extracted for each land use in terms of hectares. The change of use from agriculture to the city and also from the city to roads and streets have the most changes. These changes indicate that the increase in urban use has caused a decrease in agricultural use and the size of urban areas has increased.Using Landsat satellite images, the temperature of the earth's surface has been studied in relation to land use and the results showed that the temperature is different in different uses. The highest temperature recorded for the years 1990 and 2020 in Amol city is related to urban use, the recorded temperature of which is 32.6 and 40.5, respectively, which shows the concentration of heat in urban areas. Urban use has the highest temperature due to the presence of man-made factors and heat absorbers such as asphalt, concrete and the presence of machinery. Also, the presence of tall buildings acts as a barrier to the heat escaping to the surroundings and in some way traps the heat inside the cityWith the development of urbanization in Amel city, a significant part of the area of natural and forest areas has been replaced by industrial areas, buildings and other infrastructures. The lowest temperature recorded in Amol city is related to forest use with 23.8 and 28.4 degrees Celsius. In forest areas, due to high albedo, high humidity and more open space, the temperature is lower and heat absorption is low there.The relevant researchers and experts in the region can use the results of this research to obtain information about the temperature of the earth's surface, land use, and also the changes that have occurred in the region, In order to predict the future situation of the region, they will take appropriate and correct policies.

Risks in various industries including oil, gas, petrochemical and power plants can have irreparable consequences. Power plants are always exposed to many risks due to the use of flammable materials as fuel and various activities, therefore identifying risks is necessary to prevent accidents. The purpose of this research is to investigate the most important potential risks in the activities of Bampur Gas Power Plant. In this research, by using the FMEA method, the risk assessment of site visit activities, loading and repairs, cutting and working with millstones has been done. After that, hierarchical analysis of criteria and options was done using Waspas software, and finally, the obtained options were prioritized. The obtained results indicated the identification of 16 risk cases, and the hierarchical analysis of the options with the Waspas software showed that the highest preference was given to the option of working with a grinding stone and then visiting the site with a weight of 0.411 and 0.388, and the lowest weight was given to the activity Repairs amount to 0.340.The failure of a system or the occurrence of accidents due to the use of complex systems in today's society can cause disturbances at different levels and even be considered as a threat to society and the environment. That's why everyone is looking for a secure system with low risk probability. This is where the term risk appears to indicate the probability of occurrence and its severity. It is the risk outcome that determines what damage will be caused to the system by the occurrence of each hazard and what environmental consequences it will have afterwards. Based on the definition, risk is defined as the degree of probability and severity of the occurrence of the risk and its consequences. The World Standard Organization's definition of risk includes the possibility of an accident and its consequences. According to the report of the International Organization (ILO), 2 million occupational accidents leading to death and 266 million non-fatal accidents occur every year, the economic consequences of which are equal to 4% of the gross national product. Risk assessment and management is one of the important pillars of HSE management. Organizations must constantly evaluate risks related to HSE. In order to identify specific risks, assess and control risks to an acceptable level, activities must be evaluated. The use of risk assessment as a systematic and organized method to identify risks and risk assessment for risk ranking is to reduce the risk to an acceptable level. Risk assessment has different methods with a range of quantitative and qualitative methods. Due to the importance of identifying and prioritizing the main risks, there are many methods to perform these tasks, and the failure mode and effect analysis method (FMEA) is one of these methods. The FMEA method is one of the main techniques used to identify and analyze relevant risks that are effective in improving safety. In this method, the indicators of a given system are basically used for qualitative analysis. Systems or subsystems of an assembly are examined to assess the effects of potential faults on other system components to identify potential faults. In addition to determining the risk levels of various processes, risk assessment enables us to make appropriate decisions to take the necessary measures to protect people. Safety, because of its general and universal value, all cultures should do their best to maintain and implement it. Risk, safety and its strategies are necessary to implement comprehensive risk and safety management among other countries and organizations. The information obtained from the risk assessment has three basic applications, including determining the points that need to be optimized in terms of occupational safety and health in order to reduce their risk to an acceptable risk, prioritizing the degree of importance of risks to allocate various limited resources, including financial, technical and human resources, it is in removing defects and improving conditions and finally determining the content of on-the-job training in the field of occupational health and safety. Among the existing methods, the method of analysis of failure modes and its effects (FMEA) is a method that has recently been widely used in order to investigate the potential of defects in various products, processes, designs and services. This method analyzes the components of the system and relates the conditions of the components to the conditions of the system and tracks the defects of the components in order to determine its effect on the system. The WASPAS method was proposed by Zavadskas in 2012. This method is one of the relatively new methods of multi-criteria estimation with very high accuracy, which is actually a combination of two methods, the weighted addition model and the weighted multiplication model (WPS3). The accuracy of the WASPAS method is higher than any of the two mentioned methods. The purpose of FMEA is to determine the causes of defects in systems and provide solutions to reduce or eliminate identified defects in order to increase process reliability.The present research is of the type of present research based on evaluation-analytical method; And it is survey type. In this research, using the FMEA method, the most important potential risks of the power plant were analyzed based on pseudo-accidents and power plant accidents. For each potential risk, risk probability, risk severity, risk discovery probability and finally risk rating were determined according to table (1). The focus of the FMEA method is prevention-based and completely subjective. This method requires predicting errors and providing a solution to prevent errors. After determining the risk rating of each activity, using WASPAS software, hierarchical analysis of criteria and options was done, and finally, the prioritization of options was determined. One of the parameters that can be considered in choosing a multi-criteria decision-making method is the accuracy of these models. Also, these researchers suggest that the combination of two models can increase the accuracy of the results of the models. The accuracy of the results of multi-indicator decision making models (WSM) (weighted summation model) and WPS (weighted production model) is relatively well known. Also, the accuracy of composite models has been analyzed by researchers. The results of researchers' studies have confirmed that the accuracy of the combined model is much higher compared to the accuracy of these models before being combined. One of these combined models is the cumulative weight production evaluation model (Wasps). This model can be highly effective in complex decision-making problems, and the results obtained from this model are highly accurate. The model process is as follows:First step: obtaining and standardizing the decision matrix;The second step: calculating the variance of the values of the initial normalized criteriaThird step: calculation of variancesFourth step: Calculate Qi and to rank the optionsThe purpose of this research was to identify and analyze potential risks in the power plant using the combination of FMEA and Waspas methods. In total, site visit activities, repairs, loading, cutting and using grinding stones; A total of 16 risks were identified, and among the 16 identified risks, noise pollution and vibration in the power plant were assigned the highest degree of risk probability with the number 7 and 5, respectively. The highest risk intensity number is number 9, which includes the activities of visiting the combustion chamber, air cutting, repairs and loading. The most important control measures proposed to reduce the risk of loading activity are periodic inspection of equipment and use of rigger. For the site visit activity, the proposed measures include rotating visits of the personnel to the site and placing a camera and an emergency way in the place of the combustion chamber. Suitable control measures for repair activities are the use of personal protective equipment and periodic inspection of the used equipment. Considering the preference of working with a grinding stone due to the possibility of breaking the grinding plate and other things, safety glasses and helmets should be used when working with it. Bahrami et al. (2017) conducted a research titled environmental risk assessment of Kermanshah Petrochemical Complex using FMEA method. that the result of the research was the expression of more fuzzy noise pollution, which is in line with some of the results of the present research.

Sainfoin fodder plant is one of the fodder legumes, which is considered among fodder plants in terms of producing good, high-quality and acceptable fodder and competing with alfalfa fodder. Cultivation of this plant is not only compatible with cold regions, it is also established and cultivated well in tropical regions. A study of the morphological stages and evolution of Sainfoin fodder yield in spring season in (first China) showed that Sainfoin fodder has many species in 9 growth periods and is considered one of the most important pasture and crop fodder plants, and the place of its cultivation is the Iranian-Turanian region. In recent years, the development of Sainfoin fodder cultivation has been promoted with the combination of alfalfa fodder, which was effective in increasing the weight of livestock. Also, in Saskatchewan, Canada, in order to provide safe food for livestock, evaluation of Sainfoin and alfalfa fodder cultivation was carried out using rainfall and temperature, and the results showed that temperature and rainfall play an effective role during the growth period from germination to harvest of these fodder plants. The main goal of this research is the zoning of Sainfoin fodder cultivation in Ardabil province using effective criteria during the Sainfoin growth period. The difference between the present research and the studies conducted in this field is that more criteria and new data were used, as well as the efficiency of four methods during the growth period of Sainfoin fodder.

Ardabil province is located in the northwest of Iran, between latitude 37 degrees 45 minutes to 39 degrees 42 minutes and longitude 47 degrees 3 minutes to 48 degrees 55 minutes (Figure 1). This province with an area equal to 17953 square kilometers, the minimum and maximum altitude of the province is 32 meters in Parsabad and 4811 meters in Sablan, respectively. In this research, the data of precipitation, average temperature, minimum temperature and maximum temperature during the statistical period (1990 to 2020) and altitude, land slope and soil depth were used, as well as ARC GIS and Export Choice software for data analysis and analysis process methods. Hierarchy (AHP), TOPSIS model, Shannon entropy and weighted linear combination (WLC) method were used for weighting and zoning. Hierarchical analysis process method The first step in the hierarchical analysis process is to determine the importance coefficient of the criteria, sub-criteria and options in Sainfoin fodder cultivation. Export Choice software was used to analyze the criteria in the hierarchical process. After determining the relative weight of the criteria, the inconsistency coefficient is calculated. If this coefficient is less than or equal to 0.1, the consistency in the judgments is acceptable. Topsis method The TOPSIS multi-criteria analysis process is as follows. Formation of data matrix: It is calculated based on m criteria and n options. Shannon entropy method The main idea of this method is that the greater the dispersion in the values of an index, the more important that index is. The steps of this method are as follows. Forming the data matrix: First, a two-dimensional matrix of options and indicators is formed, and the value of each indicator in each option is estimated using official statistics and field studies. And the closer the value of dj is to zero, it indicates of Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method This method is the most common technique in multi-criteria analysis based on the concept of weighted average, where the final value of each specific option and the options that have the highest weight will be the target. Equation (12) is used to evaluate each option or Ai: where Xij represents the i-th option in relation to the j-th criterion and Wj is the standardized weight of the j-th criterion, so that the sum of Wj is equal to one. The relative importance weight of each criterion is displayed. By determining the maximum value of Ai, the most priority option is selected. In addition to combining all parameters or layers, the WLC method also considers the importance of each parameter based on the weight given to that parameter. Table (2) shows the optimal climatic requirement of spruce fodder cultivation.

In this research, to locate Sainfoin fodder cultivation from the studied methods and also from the criteria; Precipitation, average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, altitude, slope and soil depth were used. The results showed that in all methods; Precipitation has the most important effect during the growth period of Sainfoin; Therefore, precipitation is the most limiting criterion in the cultivation of Sainfoin fodder in Ardabil province. The results of the weight criteria with AHP, TOPSIS, and Shannon's Antropy methods showed that precipitation, average temperature and minimum temperature with the highest weight are respectively the most important influencing parameters in Sainfoin fodder cultivation. Also, the results of combining the criteria with the WLC method in the GIS environment showed that the lands of Ardabil province have very suitable (29%), suitable (40%), slightly suitable (26%) and unsuitable (5%) for growing Sainfoin fodder(Fig,5). The results of the weighted value by AHP method showed that precipitation with a weighted criterion of 0.143, maximum temperature of 0.126 and average temperature of 0.089 among the studied parameters have the greatest effect on the growth stages of Sainfoin Finally, with the use of TOPSIS methods, about 5% and Shannon's entropy about 12% of the area of the province is very suitable for cultivating Sainfoin fodder; Therefore, compared to the studied methods in this research, the results showed that the weighted linear combination (WLC) method is the most suitable method for the zoning of Sainfoin in Ardabil province compared to the current situation. Therefore, the suitable areas for growing spruce fodder are located in the north and center of Ardabil province, which is due to the suitable climatic and topographical conditions. Therefore, the suitable areas

Today, climate issues threaten the security of the world, security which is considered necessary and vital in all fields and for all people. The phenomenon of climate change can affect the water requirement of crops by changing the amount of evaporation and transpiration of plants and the duration, intensity and time of rainfall. The studies related to climate change that have been conducted in Iran in recent years have focused more on climatic indicators and the effects of these changes on agricultural production have been given less attention. Therefore, assessing the effects of climate change on agriculture is an essential need. Due to the fact that Ardabil province is one of the poles of agriculture and animal husbandry and any change in the climate will endanger the lives of most of the residents of this region and will cause a change in the use of farms, pastures and the loss of agricultural production.kkkT Therefore, assessing the effects of climate

The study area is located on the slopes of Sabalan Mountain in Ardabil and East Azerbaijan provinces. Its geographical location is located at latitudes of 37 degrees and 44 minutes to 38 degrees 25 minutes and longitude 46 degrees and 22 minutes to 48 degrees 41 minutes. The minimum height of the area is 371 meters and its maximum is 4811 meters above sea level (Fig, 1). This study was conducted to influence climate change in wheat cultivation on slopes of Sabalan mountain. The important part of this research is based on statistics and information about meshkinshahr and sarab synoptic stations. In order to investigate the climate change conditions, a basic statistical period and a period as climate change should be determined. Therefore, statistical periods in this study from 1995 to 2015 and climate change period from 2016 to 2045 and 2046 were selected. Statistics about the studied stations were obtained from the Statistics and Information Bank of the National Meteorological Organization. The data taken from these statistics include: maximum and minimum temperature,daily rainfall and sunshine. to work with the LARS-WG model; First, the studied data should be sorted as Julius days. After collecting data in the Excel environment, it should be noted that there is no missing data, in case of missing, it must be encoded with -99. Aggregated data must be stored in a folder in nodpad with st extension.The address of folders stored in the N environment should be provided to the model from the option series, and the output data address should be given to the model. How to choose a scenario. First, in Excel environment, statistical data is placed in a column and in the next step, the generated data for each scenario is placed in the columns in front of each column of observational statistics, after preparing this step, the data is taken to the spss environment and correlation is taken between observational and production data. Production scenarios that are highly correlated with observational statistics are accepted as the studied scenario. CROPWAT software was used to estimate water requirement and effective precipitation. By entering minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and number of sunshine hours related to the plant, as well as the environment and region and its cultivation time, you can calculate the water requirement of the plant at different growth stages. Figure 2 shows the steps of data analysis in CROPWAT software.

In this study, first, the power of LARS-WG model for the basic statistical period of the years (1995-2015) was measured. The purpose of this assessment is whether the model has the ability to simulate for future periods. To do this, the tst file containing the results of comparing the statistical characteristics of the observed data with the simulated data was plotted as a diagram (Shapes, 2 and 3). The results showed that in Meshkinshahr station, the model has better efficiency for simulating maximum temperature and minimum temperature. The observed temperature and simulated temperature for 1995-2015 are similar and the diagrams are overlapping. Also, the deviation of production criteria is in the range of number one. This model is not effective in simulating the sunshine hour because it simulates the amount of sunshine hours in the first half of the year less than the actual size. In the case of rainfall, the model is better than April and May in other months. In Sarab station, the data were performed based on LARS-WG model by comparing the statistical period data and the produced data. To ensure the ability of computational data model, they were compared by model and observational data in the studied stations. Comparative results show the data of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation and sunshine in mirage synoptic stations for the base period. The capability of LARS-WG model in modeling minimum temperature, maximum temperature and radiation in these stations is completely in accordance with the observed data. The standard deviation rate is between 0.5 and 1. The results of this study show that in Meshkinshahr station, precipitation and temperature in the period 2016 to 2045 are -3.9 and +1.73, respectively, and these two variables in the period 2046 to 2065 are -6.67 and +1.80, respectively. In Sarab station, precipitation and temperature in the period 2016 to 2045 were +6.17 and -0.69, respectively, and in the statistical period of 2046 to 2065 were -12.91 and +0.37, respectively. As a result, rainfall in the coming periods is associated with a decrease in Sarab and Meshkinshahr stations, respectively. Temperatures are also rising at about 2 °C in Meshkinshahr station and the temperature increase is low in Sarab station. In comparison, Sarab plain has a wonderful state because by the period 2046 to 2065 the rainfall in this plain will decrease about 13% compared to the base period, in the same time period, wheat evapotranspiration will reach from 530 mm in the base period to 887 mm in the period 2046 to 2065. Wheat water requirement also increases from 422 mm in the base period to 810 mm, i.e. about 92%. Also, modeling shows that the average minimum temperature of this region decreases from -3 in the base period to -9.67 °C in January and from -4.3 to -8.23 in February. According to the modeling and with the decrease in rainfall in this region, wheat cultivation in this plain will face limitations in the future. However, the results of the models indicate that meshkinshahr plain is better in future periods than Sarab plain.

The globalization of business, which is an irreversible process, has posed a threat to humanity. Human production and consumption have caused environmental pollution such as climate pollution, global warming and rising sea levels due to industrialization of countries. These pollutions have often been recognized by environmental organizations as a threat to humanity, and various activities to protect the environment have become very important. For this reason, banks have moved to green banking to increase customer satisfaction with their social responsibility. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of green banking on brand resonance and consumer satisfaction with the performance of corporate social responsibility. The statistical population includes all real customers of Keshavarzi Bank in Ardabil. Due to the infinity of the statistical population, the sample size was 384 based on Cochran's formula and the respondents were selected based on the available non-random sampling method and finally 312 completed questionnaires were collected. In order to measure green banking, Limpros et al. (2012) questionnaire, and the brand resonance variable and consumer satisfaction with social responsibility performance, Tsu et al. (2014) questionnaire were used. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by content and structure methods and its reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Structural equation modeling and LISREL software were used to analyze the data. The results show that green banking has a positive effect on brand resonance in banks and consumer satisfaction with the performance of social responsibility in banks. The positive effect of brand resonance on consumer satisfaction with the performance of social responsibility in banks was also confirmed. In addition, the mediating role of brand resonance in the relationship between green banking and consumer satisfaction with the performance of social responsibility in banks was confirmed. One of the industries that tries to pay attention to its environmental responsibility is banking. Banks, as one of the main and important components in the economic system, must use environmentally friendly strategies on the whole industrial development and finally Affect economic growth. It is essential that banks move towards greening and play an active role in incorporating environmental aspects as a fundamental principle in their business. Green banking can be defined as a type of banking that considers environmental risks such as climate change that may affect the stability and development of the financial sector and the macroeconomy of society. Green banking is in fact an effort to grow green industries and processes to restore the natural environment with a view to green security and sustainable environmental balance. The United Nations Environment Program recognizes green banking as a result of increasing human welfare and social rights while significantly reducing environmental risks and deficiencies. Brand resonance refers to the nature of intensified brand-based relationships that go beyond the mere dimensions of the product or service and involve deep psychological attachments and active supportive behaviors that are directed toward the focal brand. Brand resonance is an indicator that describes the relationship between the customer and the brand and shows the intensity or depth of customers' psychological closeness to a brand and the amount of activities that are formed under the influence of this sense of loyalty in customer behavior. In the brand resonance model, customers with high brand resonance have high loyalty and are actively looking for a tool to interact with the brand and share their experiences with others. The brand resonance model, which is a customer-based brand equity model, believes that building a strong brand involves a set of logical steps that include creating a brand identity, creating the right brand meaning, extracting the right brand response, and building the right brand relationships. With customers. Green banking can have many benefits. These benefits include free electronic bill payment services, reduction of paper consumption and no need for people to be present in the bank to perform all kinds of transactions and perform any banking operations through mobile banking, internet banking or telephone banking. All of the above can create a competitive advantage for banks and make customers loyal. The statistical population of this research includes all real customers of Keshavarzi Bank in Ardabil. The reason for choosing Keshavarzi Bank is the specialized activities of this bank in the field of activities related to agriculture and environment. The purpose of this bank is to provide facilities to farmers for the development of agricultural lands and the development of the natural environment, and to support tree planting and environmental protection. Keshavarzi Bank has 13 bank branches in Ardabil and approximately 100,000 real customers. Due to the fact that the size of the population was not known exactly, it was considered unlimited and based on this, 384 people were selected as the sample using the Cochran's formula using the available non-random sampling method. This number of questionnaires was distributed in person and in three stages. Finally, considering the incomplete and incomplete questionnaires, 312 completed questionnaires were used. Data collection tool The data collection tool in this study is a questionnaire. The questionnaire was organized into three sections: accompanying questionnaire, demographic information and specialized questions. In the first part, entitled the accompanying questionnaire, in addition to stating the title of the research, the purpose of collecting information through the questionnaire and the need for sincere cooperation of the respondents in completing the questionnaire were explained. The demographic section includes questions about respondents' general characteristics such as gender, age, education, and household income. The last part of the questionnaire includes specific questions about research variables. Green banking questions (12 questions) were obtained from Limprose et al.'s (2012) research, variable brand resonance questions (12 questions) and consumer satisfaction with social responsibility performance in banks (4 questions) were obtained from Tsu et al.'s (2014) research. The scale used is a five-point Likert scale. In this scale, in particular, the basis of completely disagree, disagree, disagree, agree and strongly agree has been used. Accordingly, respondents were asked to answer the questionnaire questions on a five-point Likert scale. In this study, in order to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, content and structural methods were used and the reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In order to determine the content validity of the questionnaire, the initial design of the questionnaire is prepared and provided to several experts to express their views on possible improvements in the questionnaire, and after applying the desired amendments, the questionnaire نهایی The final letter is compiled. Structural validity is the degree of accuracy of the scale in measuring the desired theoretical structure or feature, and confirmatory factor analysis is used to examine it. Finally, Cronbach's alpha coefficient is a suitable indicator for assessing internal stability. Internal stability indicates the degree of correlation of a structure and its related index.

Drought is one of the natural hazards whose consequences and effects on social, economic, water resources and agriculture can be significantly revealed. Although the occurrence of drought is inevitable, it can be planned by anticipating a reduction in its devastating effects on the economy, society and the environment. The purpose of this study was to explain the types of drought indicators and introducing the important and widely used indicators in assessing and quantifying meteorological and hydrological droughts. Meteorological drought is usually defined by the degree of dryness (compared to the normal or average value) and the duration of the dry period. Meteorological drought definitions should be considered separately for each specific region; Because the weather conditions that lead to deficit of rainfall vary from one region to another. Drought, in its meteorological sense, means a decrease in rainfall for a certain period of time on a specific area compared to the long-term average of the same area's rainfall in the same period of time.

While introducing the benefits, limitations and scope of different drought classes, the relationships used by droughts are presented. Standardized precipitation indices (SPI), percentage of normal rainfall index (PNPI), rainfall anomaly index (RAI), Bhalme and Mooly drought index (BMDI), decile index (DI), evapotranspiration deficit index (ETDI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), reclamation drought index (RDI) and Soil Moisture Drought Index (SMDI) were introduced in the category of meteorological drought. In the category of hydrological drought, surface water supply indices (SWSI) were also examined.

Various drought indicators along with variables, time scales and their concepts are presented in the results section. The results showed that the SPI index has a high comparative advantage for monitoring meteorological drought. Also, RDI index is more sensitive to climatic variables than SPI index and PNPI index is not recommended for drought assessment due to high error. The standard precipitation index (SPI) is known as the most suitable index for drought analysis, especially spatial analysis, due to the simplicity of calculations, the use of available rainfall data, the ability to calculate for any desired time scale, and the very high ability to compare results spatially. Due to its simplicity and practicality, Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) has been often used in drought estimation to deal with drought in different stages for different climatic regions. The time scale for calculating this index is monthly and yearly. The calculation method of BMDI drought index is similar to Palmer's drought severity index and the index works recursively; That is, in calculating the drought intensity of a given month, a coefficient of the previous month's drought intensity is also considered. The DI index is defined as a rating of the amount of precipitation in a specific period of time and is presented in order to solve the deficiencies in the percentage of normal method. The Decimal Index provides a statistically accurate measure of precipitation, provided long-term climate data are available. The need for low input variables, including all components of water balance in index calculations, and comparability in different times and places are considered strengths of the PDSI index. This index is able to monitor drought in short-term and long-term periods (one to 48 months). This index is increasing due to the need for low data, high sensitivity and high flexibility of its use; Due to the fact that the RDI index is calculated based on rainfall and potential evaporation and transpiration, it is more sensitive to climate variables and changes than drought indicators that are based only on rainfall (such as the standardized precipitation index). The purpose of the SWSI index is to obtain a standard for determining the amount of water available in mountainous areas and the possibility of comparing different areas with each other. The SWSI index determines the severity of ongoing droughts in the region and the future situation can be predicted with the help of this index. SMDI drought index is an index that is based on the total soil moisture daily for one year and the only climatic factor used in it is soil moisture data.

A major part of Iran is located in dry and semi-arid areas, and the drought phenomenon is an inseparable part and is considered one of the characteristics of dry and semi-arid areas. Based on this, a two- to three-year drought period is experienced in the country almost every five years. These droughts have reduced surface and underground water sources and reduced usable water. The occurrence of drought and its continuation also affects the quantity and quality of ground water resources. The reduction of precipitation, which is one of the most important parameters of feeding the underground water aquifers, can cause the destruction and loss of the ground water aquifers. There are different drought indicators, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. Meanwhile, the Comprehensive Drought Index (RDI) is more sensitive to climate variables and changes compared to the SPI index. In this regard, it can be said that the RDI index is calculated based on rainfall and potential evaporation and transpiration, but the SPI index is only calculated based on rainfall. RAI index has the ability to evaluate drought in short-term and long-term time periods (one to 48 months). Overall, a review of the indicators provided can help determine the appropriate indicator to assess drought. An appropriate indicator to provide information on drought management challenges. In addition, it quantifies the practical aspects of drought, such as the severity, duration, and frequency of drought, along with possible, and statistical characteristics. Among the studied indices, the PNPI index is not recommended for drought evaluation due to its high error; Also, the DI index is not suitable for areas having stations with a short-term data period because it requires long-term data to evaluate drought. The PDSI index is calculated from the data of precipitation, temperature and soil moisture and considers any type of precipitation as precipitation. In PDSI index, the average precipitation is not the same as the median, which is one of the disadvantages of this index.

Metal particles polluting the air cause damage to living things and plants. Plants grown in a dusty environment show signs of damage. Plants are very efficient at trapping atmospheric particles. Depending on the dust load and duration and tolerance of plants to particles, damage and negative changes may occur in leaf surface, leaf structure and plant growth inhibition, reduction of leaf surface and therefore reduction of total biomass. Investigating the pattern of changes and adaptation of plant species for resistance and survival in the conditions of stress caused by environmental pollutants is useful and efficient in knowing the performance of species and effective exploitation of species, especially in industrial and urban environments. The elements available to plants in the environment are classified into two general categories: essential elements for survival and toxic and non-essential elements. Metals Ni, Co, Zn, MoMn, Fe, Cu are among the low consumption and essential elements for the survival of plants, and metals Al, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb are toxic and non-essential elements. The presence of the lowest concentration of unnecessary elements in the environment around plants causes complications and the occurrence of biological reactions in order to deal with and adapt to stressful factors in the plant.

Today global population growth has led to the rapid development of urbanization and the growth of informal settlements. These settlements are often developed in areas that are exposed to hazards such as earthquakes. Although technical models of earthquake management have been identified, but in third world countries due to social, economic and ... complexity, these measures are often associated with many problems (Smith et al. 2020: 67). Addressing vulnerability in informal settlements where severe natural disasters pose multiple risks to millions of people is critical. Understanding the effects of adjustment and adaptation strategies in the housing sector helps decision makers to choose options that improve the quality of life and reduce development and equality gaps in cities. Adaptation measures such as hazard mapping, development of early warning systems (EWS), preparedness plans and preventive risk strategies, especially in informal settlements, can support decision makers and stakeholders in reducing exposure and vulnerability to potential earthquakes. Kend (2018, Emma Purio et al) Catastrophic natural hazards, such as earthquakes, are serious threats to human life in informal settlements. Therefore, assessing the degree of probability and vulnerability in disaster management is necessary in order to manage the city and help decision makers to recognize the impact of various factors and understand the deficiencies in each area, appropriate guides are necessary. The critical condition of buildings and their zoning in terms of vulnerability should be included in government observations and risk reduction programs should be improved. The lack of distribution of suitable space inside the city and improper planning of urban development can be dangerous factors in the future (2020, Ratiranjan et al).

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its purpose is applied. The data used in the research are: statistical block, geological map, topographic map of 1.25000, digital elevation points of ten meters, fault map of the area, land use map of the studied area and field studies. Also with the aim of determining the vulnerability of informal settlements in Tabriz due to earthquake risk indicators (width of passage, quality of buildings, material, number of floors, distance from public open space, distance from urban facilities, distance from medical centers Population density, building density, distance from the fault, geological type, plot area, land use) were selected as the final criteria according to the possibility of data access. Also, in order to analyze the data, GIS ARC software and WASPAS model, which is one of the newest and most efficient ranking methods, have been used.WASPAS technique: The Vaspas technique was announced by Zavadskas in 2012 (Zavadskas, 2012). This method is one of the relatively new methods of multi-criteria decision making with very high accuracy, which is actually derived from two models (total weight model) and (weight multiplication model) (Zavadskas, 2012). The calculation steps of the mentioned method are as follows:Forming a decision array according to the current situation. Calibrate and deregulate the decision array. Calculate the weight of each criterion using one of the weighting methods such as Shannon entropy, AHP or ANP Estimation of veriəns values of standardized criteria. Calculate the relative veriəns of the samples and determine the values of the eigenvectors.Perform the final ranking.

In order to form a matrix (options and criteria) in the WASPAS technique, the options must be specified. Therefore, the areas where the informal settlements of Tabriz are located were considered as WASPAS model options. (Option 1 includes informal settlements in Zone 1, option 2 includes informal settlements in Zone 3, option 3 includes informal settlements in Zone 4, option 4 includes informal settlements in Zone 5, option 5 includes informal settlements Located in Area 7, Option 6 includes informal settlements located in Area 10). In the next step, the values of each criterion for each option were determined. Finally, based on the mentioned relations for WASPAS technique, calculations were performed in MATLAB software environment, the results of the mentioned model are presented in Table 2.The weights assigned to each of the criteria are normalized and are presented in Table 2. According to the table above, informal settlements in District 10 are ranked first in terms of vulnerability, and settlements in District 5 are ranked 6th. Therefore, according to the results of the table above, the most vulnerable informal settlements belong to District 10. In the next step, the changes in the weights measured according to the research technique were analyzed on each of the research indicators. Therefore, all research indicators were extracted in terms of vulnerability and maps related to each of the parameters were produced (Figure 2).

Analyzing the situation of informal settlements in Tabriz in the face of a possible crisis will play an important role in proper management during a crisis. Due to the fact that there is a large fault area in the city of Tabriz. Therefore, its informal settlements are always at risk of earthquakes. substandard materials, etc. in the event of an earthquake, the effects of the disaster will be irreparable. As a result, determining the vulnerability of informal settlements in Tabriz to earthquakes is of great importance. Which will play a very important role both in terms of planning for resilience and in terms of crisis management and providing emergency accommodation. The findings of the present study indicate that the WASPAS model and its integration with GIS can integrate layers with different structures. Accordingly, in this study, data analysis was performed using WASPAS and GIS techniques. The results of the WASPAS technique indicate that informal settlements in District 5 will have the lowest vulnerability in the event of an earthquake with a rank of 1, but informal settlements in District 10 with a rank of 6 will have the highest vulnerability. Also, more than 57% of the area of informal settlements in Tabriz is exposed to very high vulnerability and 11.05% is exposed to high vulnerability and 03.27% is exposed to moderate vulnerability and only 4.01% of the informal settlements in Tabriz They are at low vulnerability. Also in terms of vulnerability spectrum of informal settlements located in zones 10 and 1 in the very high range, informal settlements located in zone 7 in the high to medium range, then informal settlements located in zone 3 in the medium range And informal settlements in zone 4 are in the medium to low range and informal settlements in zone 5 are in the low to medium range of vulnerabilities. Due to the location of the study area in the zone with high earthquake risk, to deal with any hazards caused by these hazards, construction must be done in accordance with the 2800 earthquake regulations. Also, the use of durable materials such as steel frame or reinforced concrete will reduce the risks of earthquakes.

Dust is a disastrous weather problem that can cause serious environmental hazards and adverse consequences on agriculture, industry and people's daily life. The intensity of these winds is such that by creating the concentration of dust in the sky and the influx of quicksands on the surface of the earth, they deprive people of any activity and create disturbances in the general situation. To the extent that these strong winds today have covered the fields that were used as wheat storage for several millennia with sand dunes, and the drought has progressed to the extent that it has completely dried up an area of 4,000 square kilometers. Successive droughts caused the Hamon wetland to dry up and the bed of that spring became dusty. As a result of the 120-day winds of Sistan, fine dust particles spread for kilometers and create a basic problem for the residents of Sistan in Iran and parts of Afghanistan. The amount of water that enters the wetland through the Hirmand River every year, if it is spread on its bed, it can stabilize the soil particles to some extent and cause plants to grow in the Hamon bed, which is very effective in stabilizing the soil and preventing the spread of dust. However, the spread of floods in the Hamon bed is in conflict with the interests of some wetland beneficiaries such as nomads, fishermen, boatmen and farmers of the Hamon bed. Their interests will be secured if the small amount of water entered into the wetland is concentrated in some places and not spread over a wide area. for this reason The movement of quicksand caused by sandstorms in Sistan region irreparable damage to the economic life of cities and especially villages, including communication roads, agricultural fields, aqueducts and irrigation canals and houses. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of estimating the economic losses of the effects of dust on the beneficiaries of the Hamon wetland.

The statistical population of this research is all the beneficiaries of the wetland (fishermen, boatmen, farmers of the wetland bed and nomads) and residents of Sistan region, of which 292 people were randomly selected. In this research, two library-documentary and field methods were used to collect information. To determine the model to measure the willingness to pay, it is assumed that the person accepts the proposed cost for the green and prosperous Hamon wetland based on maximizing his utility under conditions or rejects the proposed cost. The dual questionnaire form in cv survey has a dependent variable with a double choice, which requires a selective qualitative model. Usually, logit and probit models are used for qualitative selection methods, due to the abundant and common use of logit model in calculation, this model was used in this research. The average method of partial willingness to pay is better for calculating the amount of willingness to pay because this method preserves the stability and consistency of the limits with the theory, statistical efficiency and the ability to accumulate; Therefore, the average willingness to pay was used in this research. The parameters of the logit model are estimated using the maximum likelihood method, which is the only technique for estimating the logit model (Hanemann, 1984). Then, the expected value of the willingness to pay is calculated by numerical integration in the range of zero to the highest offer (A) in the form of the following equation. Research data was collected using designed questionnaires that were prepared separately for each department. Users were interviewed in person and in different parts of the lagoon. The willingness to pay method was used to calculate the average willingness to pay of Hamon lagoon users and it was used to calculate the expected value of willingness to pay by numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum offer. Also, Excel software was used to analyze the variables and mathematical calculations, and SPSS software was used to estimate the parameters of the logit model.

The results of surveying the education level of the respondents showed that 28.1% of people had less than middle school literacy and 20.5% of them were illiterate. Examining the results of people's income status showed that 49.3 percent of users had monthly income between 1-3 million tomans, 26 percent of them had income less than 1 million tomans. The values of Cox and Nel and Nigel Kirk statistics are equal to 0.095 and 0.133, which means that six independent variables (gender, income, education, number of children and occupation) have been able to account for between 10 and 13 percent of the changes in the damage variable Explain the cause of dust. After estimating the parameters of the logit model using the maximum likelihood method, by means of numerical integration in the range of zero to the maximum damage amount (15000000 Rials), the expected value of WTP was calculated, and the average dust damage to the users was 11237600 Rials per year. According to the total population of users (11172 people) of Hamon lagoon, the total value of dust damage to users is 125546467200 rials per year. The average amount of users' willingness to pay is 286,950 rials per year. Considering the total population of users and tourists of Hamon Wetland, the total value of the proposed amount for the restoration of Hamon Wetland is 45,354,350,800 Rials per year, which can be used to preserve and restore natural resources or to invest in the direct values of the wetland in terms of tourism, etc. .

Since the recent droughts in the Sistan region have endangered the life of the Hamoun wetland and led to the employment of a large part of the residents of rural areas who used to earn a living in this way, it is necessary to develop effective strategies for the establishment of non-agricultural industries in order to create employment. We are the residents of the region that if this is not fulfilled, we will witness the depopulation of a huge part of the rural and border areas in the Sistan region.

In order to achieve the objectives of this study and according to the statistics of existing stations, for research about the phenomenon of climate change in the plains of Haraz watershed of Mazandaran province have been used LARS-WG5 model and three scenarios A1B, A2, B1 and each in three series 2011, 2065-2046 and 2099-2080. By determining the 30-year base year from the statistics of the nearest synoptic station to this study area, the average monthly precipitation and temperature were simulated.According to the results of this study, very irregularly increasing changes in rainfall in October, November and January and decreasing changes in August in the period of 2095-2080 are expected in the area. In the case of temperature changes in the watershed of Haraz plains area in the period 2095-2080 for scenarios A1B, A2 and B1, the trend of increasing the average monthly temperature shows even more than the two previously studied periods, so that the average temperature of July and August in the next period 2099-2080 by scenario A1B with 30/44 and 31/03, respectively, that it will reach 30 higher degrees Celsius and the average temperature in January and December will increase to 11.08 and 12.55 with an increase compared to the base period. The increase in temperature in the summer months, which coincides with the decrease in rainfall, has a significant role in the agriculture of this region, which is one of the important rice production areas of the country, and affects the downstream hydrological cycle of Haraz watershed. On the other hand, winter temperature changes can affect the time of snow melting in the basin, which has a significant effect on the peak flood discharge downstream of the watershed.

The study aimed at investigating the groundwater quality for drinking, agricultural and industrial uses by Wilcox and Schuller diagrams using Chemistry Software, Langelier Saturation Index (Is) and evaluating hazards caused by physical-chemical compounds using the health hazard parameters such as chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) in EPA formulas in some parts of the Shiraz Plain, Central Fars Province. First, the data of 10 quality parameters affecting above-mentioned uses, including EC, Ca2+, K+, PH, SO42-, Cl-, Na+, TH, Mg2+ and TDS were collected corresponding to the study area’s 22 wells and their normal distribution was ensured. Regarding Wilcox and Schuller quality indices, the groundwater is classified as average for agricultural uses and as acceptable for drinking use. According to the Langelier Saturation Index, the existing water resources were reported corrosive to scale forming. During the sampling period, the average HQ index values for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO32-, SO42- were 0.005, 0.011, 0.002, 0.11, 1.765, 0.111, 0.207, respectively. Thus, the programs such as water resources management and announcement of banned situation for the plain should be applied to improve the water quality over time.This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The studied area is a part of the Shiraz plain with an area of 278 hectares, where the wells supplying the city's water are located. There are 22 active drinking water wells in this area, which are mostly located in the urban context. In this study, the parameters of sodium, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, hardness, total dissolved solids and pH were investigated as parameters of resource quality indicators listed in the guidelines book of the World Health Organization. These parameters can affect the taste, smell, and appearance and generally acceptability of water.

During the sampling period, the average HQ index values for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO32-, SO42- were 0.005, 0.011, 0.002, 0.11, 1.765, 0.111, 0.207, respectively. To investigate the spatial variations of groundwater quality in respect of drinking, agricultural and industrial water uses, various studies have been done across Iran based on the Schuller and the Wilcox diagrams and the Langelier Saturation Index. The results of the present study were in good agreement with the studies carried out by Jafari and Bakhshandehro (2014) in Isfahan Province, Rostamzadeh et al. (2015) in the Hastijan Plain, Mohammadyari and Basiri (2017) in the arid areas of Mehran and Dehloran, and Rafi Sharif et al. (2017) in the Yazd-Ardakan Plain. Therefore, considering the low quality of the groundwater, especially in the around wells, it is suggested that, in addition to prohibition of drilling new wells, the amount of water discharge from the aquifers is managed. Regarding the reduction of surface water input to the region in the recent years and the increase of pressure on the plain’s aquifer, the farming type must be changed based on detailed studies and the salt resistant crops needing less water should be developed. To manage the water resources, the qualitative and quantitative maps of the region’s water should be prepared and analyzed using the modern and precise geo-statistical methods once every couple of years. The capability of increasing the efficiency of water use in agriculture was not fully implemented. It is recommended to carry out applied and basic studies for producing aridity-tolerant and salt resistant crops and inventing irrigation methods and technics compatible with the region’s current conditions. It must be cared that the application of new irrigation technologies is consistent with the climatic and agricultural conditions. The data of this study showed that one of the issues of the available water resources in Shiraz plain was the high amount of their salt and soluble materials indicating the significant impact of the geological formations (evaporates, shales, carbonates) and the salt domes on the groundwater resources and reduction of their quality. Thus, the ongoing programs such as announcement of banned plains must be continued to improve the water quality over time.

The results of the study indicated that the water resources of the study area were within the range of waters with completely hard origin. Generally, the increase of salts and soluble materials in water results in the reduction of groundwater quality. The chemical quality type of the aquifer’s water samples was of bicarbonate and sulfate type and their facies was calcic.According to the Schuller diagram, 11 wells of the region (37%) classified as good and acceptable in respect of drinking and were potable. Only two wells (7%) classified in the average group and the remaining 16 wells (55%) were in inappropriate, completely inappropriate and non-potable groups. Considering agriculture, the Wilcox diagram showed that 24% of the Plain’s wells classified as good to permissible and 14% were in the permissible to doubtful group (farming salt resistant crops).Meanwhile, most of the region’s wells (62%) classified as unsuitable for agriculture. Considering the Langelier Saturation Index, 76% of the aquifer’s wells were in the scale-forming category and the remaining ones were in the corrosive category in the industrial respect. Although, the government has made some efforts to constrain groundwater level drop in the context of various projects, but they were not sufficient. Most of the works carried out in the banned plains, were physical, structural and supply management actions, while it might be addressed by the demand management. Since the available water resources are limited and the final cost of water discharge increases, it is necessary to encourage the users to allocate water to the plans with the maximum efficiency per one unit of water. Analysis of the all-over cost of the user’s plans is critical for their comparison and prioritization. Considering the above discussions, some recommendations are given in the following sections to reduce excessive discharge of groundwater.

Rivers are one of the most important water sources that play an important role in providing water needed for various activities such as agriculture, industry, drinking and electricity production. Many of the water resources planning in the countries are based on the potential of surface water resources. Therefore, knowledge of the quality of water resources is one of the important requirements in planning and developing water resources and their protection and control. Used water considering the importance of the Shurbarik River for the use of the people of the surrounding villages, in this study, the water quality of the Shurbarik River was determined using water quality parameters. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the parameters of dissolved oxygen, pH, biologically required oxygen, chemically required oxygen, temperature, phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity were investigated in four seasons. Based on the average NSFWQI index, the water quality of Shobarik River is in the bad quality category. The range of this index is between 29.9 to 35.4 in all seasons. The average of this index is the lowest in summer and the highest in winter. Based on the average IRWQISC index, the water quality of Shobarik River is in the bad quality category. The results related to the value of the Liou index also show that the numerical value of this index is in the range of 3.25-4.25, which indicates the relatively polluted quality of water from the point of view of this index in all seasons. Contrary to the differences in the parameters and methods used to calculate the indicators, the results of all methods are consistent and are very useful for evaluating water quality.

The relationship between human and nature has become one of the most important topics of the world community because it seems that natural resources are consumed and destroyed by humans faster than the time they need to recover, and due to unethical behavior with nature, many environmental problems have been arisen. Agricultural extension experts play a key role in informing and influencing farmers through education and development efforts. Understanding their attitude, behavior and ethics towards the environment can be effective on their practical strategy behaviors to change the attitude and environmental ethics of people including farmers. Considering the importance of the subject, this research aimed to investigate the environmental ethics of agricultural experts. The current research was carried out as a descriptive-cross-sectional census survey. The statistical population of interest included the agricultural experts worked at Dezful’s Agricultural Jihad Administration in 2023 (N=70). . The data collection instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by consulting with a panel of experts and its reliability was approved by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, composite reliability, homogeneity composite reliability and average variance extracted. Findings showed that the level of environmental ethics of agricultural experts is at an optimal level in termsof Anthropocentrism, Ecocentrism, and Theocentrism dimensions.The results of the Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were significant relationships between different dimensions of environmental ethics and the variables of use of informational resources and satisfaction of working in agricultural jihad extension and services centers. Also, there is a direct relationship between human-centered and eco-centered ethical dimension with the God-centered ethical dimension of experts.Therefore, the main focus of planners and policymakers on the human-centered and ecological-centered dimension improves the God-centered moral dimension of the studied experts in the field of ecology.

A healthy forest ecosystem is essential to provide a wide range of environmental, social, and economic services. To evaluate forest health level, it is necessary to quantify ecosystem conditions using a variety of indicators. In this study, a combination of six indices: NDVI, EVI, SAVI, NDWI, ARI1, and CRI1 were used to derive the forest health condition map around Shenroud watershed, Siahkal using Landsat 8 OLI image of 2021 and ENVI Forest Health Tool. We evaluated the forest health with five grades (A; very good to E; very poor). Forest health data validation in various forest types in the study area is conducted via field crosscheck and assessment regarding the forest health level using 40 sample plots and FHM (Forest Health Monitoring) method. In this work, based on the multiple linear regression model of the effect of vegetation indices in forest health assessment, the NDVI vegetation index with an R2 value of 0.77 has the highest effect on the forest health level in the watershed, which shows the greenness level and the density level of forest stands. The results of the analysis show that most of the forests in the study area were moderately healthy. 19.4% of the forest areas were classified as “Healthy”, 56.8% as “Moderately healthy”, and 23.8% as “Unhealthy”. Furthermore, different forest types in the study area have different percentages of healthy forests. Plantations, especially broadleaf plantation, has the largest forest area in unhealthy conditions (weak and very weak) (approximately 33%). In contrast, natural forests, including mixed broadleaf forest and beech forest, have the largest forest area in healthy conditions (very good and good) (approximately 21%). In general, the current state of the ecosystem in the study area is mainly in middle health, which is a result of long-term deforestation, soil erosion, and inappropriate human exploitation. Our RS-based health diagnosis of the area was consistent with field survey results. The process could be very useful in mapping the health conditions of the forests of the country accurately. It is suggested to study the spatial and temporal variation of forest health in the watershed under future climate change.

The complexities of multiple channel marketing, contrary to traditional approaches (lack of monitoring and inadequate evaluation in traditional approaches) led to the formation of effectiveness metrics movement in the form of channel alignment, resource input, goal achievement and value creation by each channel at the end of the operational period. Companies operating in a single-channel environment, to some extent, it is possible to define and determine the effectiveness criteria, so with the expansion of the variety of channels used by the company, it is no longer easy to ensure transparency in determining and evaluating the effectiveness of operations, even businesses that seem The distribution channel structure is smooth and hassle-free, customers are moving from one channel to another, and measuring channel performance based on a cost-effective sales model is not a comprehensive measure in this situation. The situation with multiple distribution channels is quite different from measuring the effectiveness of traditional channels. The buying process is based and there is no clear boundary between the performance and effort of the sales team and the benefits of sales on the website, so traditional benchmarks for Catal effectiveness are not appropriate in this situation. Therefore, accurate and useful measurement criteria are necessary and essential.If more systematic and rational decisions are made about the channel, the effectiveness evaluation model will play a vital role. Most companies today base their evaluations on individual and independent channel-based effectiveness metrics. Therefore, with the emergence and expansion of multiple distribution catalysts, it is necessary to review these single-channel evaluation criteria. Therefore, according to the old English proverb, instead of using the ship's light to guide it at night, the starlight should be used to guide the organization's ship.Research purposes 1. Identify the factors and preconditions for shaping the effectiveness of multiple distribution channels.2. Investigate the position of each of these factors in the effectiveness of multiple distribution channels.3. Investigate and identify how the relationship between the components in the pattern of effectiveness of distribution channels.Research MethodsThe main purpose of the current research is to design a model of the effectiveness of distribution channels from the perspective of experts. In order to answer this goal, the following questions were asked:1. What are the factors and preconditions for shaping the effectiveness of multiple distribution channels?2. What is the position of each of these factors in the effectiveness of multiple distribution channels?3. What is the relationship between the components in the expressed pattern?This research has been done qualitatively using data-theory theory approach. Data theory Foundation enables researchers in a variety of subject areas to formulate their own theory and proposition instead of relying on existing theories. These theories and propositions are dealt with systematically and based on real data. Every theory and proposition that is formulated based on this method is based on a documented context of real data. In fact, data theory is a way to gain insight into the subject matter, and the subject matter or subjects that have not been thoroughly researched before and our knowledge in that field is limited.Step 1: Research Problem: Conceptualization Shaping the distribution channel composition and identifying the components of this concept and the relationships between these components.Second stage: Review of the theoretical literature of the research: Review of the theoretical foundations of the research showed that in the subject of this research, there is no model that explains this concept.Step 3: Data collection: The statistical population of this study is the executive managers involved in the issue of distribution and sales channels in the field of construction equipment, home appliances, sanitary ware and equipment. In this study, 18 experts were interviewed. Then the data were repeated and reached theoretical adequacy. In this study, purposive theoretical sampling method was used. The interview began with questions about the reasons, factors and signs influencing the formation of the distribution channel composition, and according to the answers of the interviewees, other questions were also designed and raised.Step 4: Data Analysis and Template Design:Data analysis is at the heart of the foundation data theory approach and requires the creativity, patience, acumen and punctuation of the researcher. Data Analysis In the data theory method, the foundation has three main steps: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The first step in data analysis and coding is open coding. Open coding, the researcher names categories with an open mind and does not limit the number of codes and categories. During this coding process, 174 open source code, 36 concepts and 13 categories were extracted. In axial coding, the primary codes and categories created in open coding are compared and the same codes are merged. At this stage, the coding paradigm is formed and falls into six categories: causal conditions, central categories, intervening conditions, contextual factors, strategy and consequences. Was determined. The following figure shows the axial coding paradigm model.Step 5: Research Audit: Corbin and Strauss (2008) proposed an acceptance criterion for evaluating research using data-based methods. Acceptability means how credible and credible the findings are in reflecting the experiences of participants, researchers, and readers about the phenomenon. Audit strategies also included researcher sensitivity, methodological coherence, sample appropriateness, reproducibility, and the use of informed feedback. In this study, to increase the validity and capability of the member review strategy in the sense of ensuring compliance with the model with the opinions of interviewed experts and pluralism strategy means interviewing managers in the field of distribution and sales in different areas was used.This study was able to identify these factors as well as other facilitators and moderators, to help managers make better decisions. In other words, managers can make timely diagnoses and make accurate and systematic decisions to combine distribution channels and align them with the dynamics of the environment, market, needs and wants of customers. The output of this research is a vaccine that can cure any Prevent problems and shortcomings due to the possible disproportionate combination of distribution channels in companies and help managers in the heat of competition storms, technological developments, environmental changes and the dynamics of customer wants and needs by presenting the findings.

Tourism, with its self-sustainable development features, plays an essential role in the economy of the countries of the world (Munavari and Feridouni, 2008). Tourism is referred to as one of the most essential development factors in human and scientific societies (Hossam, 2015). In other words, geotourism is a nascent phenomenon that is expressed in the form of two characters of geology and geography (Mokhtari, 2014). In the last decade, tourism has stepped forward and entered much more serious and new fields, such as using and benefiting from the capabilities of geotourism (Zandmoghadam, 2018). Meanwhile, the relationship between tourism destination and geotourism is also important (Paskov, 2015). Also, in order to plan and manage geotourism areas, it is an inevitable necessity to know the criteria and values of geosite and geotourism and to combine them in the framework of geotourism evaluation methods and models. These methods determine the location of a geotourism area, its use and its future management by examining and combining the types of geotourism values and examining the relationship between them. Sarein city is one of the tourist cities of Ardabil province, and identifying the tourist areas of this region is essential and essential to attract tourism.In this regard, several studies have been conducted inside and outside of Iran, which are briefly mentioned. Safari et al. (2018) investigated geotourism capabilities using evaluation and zoning methods (case study: Divandre and Saqez cities). They came to the conclusion that Karftu Cave, Shahid Kazemi Dam Lake, Saral Plain, Saqoz River and the slopes of Khan Mountain are the most suitable areas for the intended purposes. In fact, these areas, along with the high score they have obtained in the evaluation methods, in terms of the criteria that have been considered in the zoning, are located in the prone areas for the development of geotourism. Asghari Saraskanroud and Nezafat Tekle (2019) evaluated the geotourism potential and analyzed the competitiveness of the geotourist areas of Sarayin city (case study: Bileh Dargh, Darband Vargesaran, Alvares) using the Paulova and Hadzik model. They came to the conclusion that Alvares tourism region has appropriate potentials to attract tourists to Sarein city in terms of competitiveness compared to other studied tourism regions. Taherkhani et al. (2019), in order to prioritize land potentials - tourism in Alamut Qazvin with different combined models. These researchers came to the conclusion that the combined results of the three methods show that the geosites of Avan, Alamut and Moalem Kalaye have the most favorable conditions that can be marketed as tourism products, and in contrast to the three geosites of Qalal Sirki Ovank - Dineh Rood and Kochnan - Etan and also the Atan Valley are in unfavorable conditions, and the necessity of planning for the management of these geosites seems essential. Esfandiari Darabad and colleagues (1401) evaluated and analyzed the tourism potential and competitiveness of Ardabil province using the Paulova model and Hadzik's dynamic model (case study: Heer, Khalkhal, Sarein). These researchers came to the conclusion that Sareen tourism region has appropriate potentials for attracting tourists in terms of competitiveness compared to other studied tourism regions. The aim of the current research is to evaluate the geotourism and zoomorphological capability of Sarein city using Kobalikova and Fiolet model.

This research is an applied type of research in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the nature of the data, it is a quantitative and qualitative method. Research data has been collected through field and library-document studies.Kubalikova model: In this model, the criteria are placed in five groups. It covers almost all features of geotourism. The foundation of the first group of criteria (scientific and inherent values) is based on the geological principles, the integrity and virginity of the place and the definitions of geotourism with a geomorphological and geological perspective. The second group of criteria (educational values) is based on the fact that all definitions of geotourism emphasize educational issues and the educational content of environmental issues, protection and honoring of host communities, and active evaluation and interpretation of its principles. The basis of the third category of criteria (economic values) is based on principles such as tourist satisfaction, benefit to local communities, and diversity and marketing. Sustainability, land preparation and preservation of natural resources and some conservation principles constitute the combination of the principles of the fourth group of criteria (conservation values). The last set of criteria originates from the fact that geotourism, along with considering natural issues in evaluations, also considers aesthetic and cultural aspects.Fiolet model (national park method): This method was first created by Fiolet in 2011 to investigate geotourism in national parks in France. In this method, geomorphosite and landforms were selected from this national park for study and evaluation according to the four criteria of origin of formation, geographical distribution, tourism and the general state of access (Aroji, 2013). Therefore, the overall evaluation of geotourism and geomorphosites in this method is based on two main rates. Management rate is a decision support. which can include things such as programs, plans and scientific measures (such as control process, scheduling, etc.), special environmental protection plans and projects, data management and visual information, etc. Tourism rates are generally used to promote, develop and spread tourism. To calculate this rate, complementary values must be considered. Complementary values in this method include use value and cultural value (Fiolt and Sorb, 2011). Management and tourism rate criteria receive a score from 0 to 1 according to the scope of their impact in the region.

Results of Kubalikova model Based on the results of table (3), in order to evaluate the importance of indicators in the geotourist areas of Sareen city, the average score of the indicators was calculated. According to the obtained results and examination of the questionnaires, the value of each criterion for the studied tourist areas was determined and calculated. Based on the results obtained, Alvares ski resort has the highest score of (10) compared to other geotourist areas. Also, Alvares ski resort has the highest score in terms of scientific, economic, protection and added value index. Being in the category of high economic value due to the attraction of tourists during the year has been the turning point of Alvares tourist area in Sarein city. From this point of view, the development of Alvarez ski resort is the most important priority.The results of Fiolet model (National Park method) Table (4), investigations were done through expert group and through field visits of documents, in two ways. According to the results obtained in the evaluation method of national parks, the value of geotourism has been evaluated in two parts: management rate and tourism rate. Based on the results of the management rate, the Alvares ski area has a variety of capabilities compared to other geotourist areas with a total score of 5.10. Also, the lahars of the tourist village of Viladargh have earned a score of 8.25. As can be seen in the table (4),

Therefore, based on the above results, the results were obtained that two geotourism methods have been used in the evaluation of geotourism areas, and although these two methods had commonalities in the field of geotourism values, their calculation method was different, therefore sometimes different results were obtained. . However, by combining the results, the following three tourist areas had the most favorable conditions for the development of geotourism, and these three tourist areas include the Alvarez ski resort, Viladragh and Gorgor waterfall. These tourist areas, in addition to having attractions and geological values, have suitable tourism services and infrastructure.

Introduction, context and expression of the problem:

The city has always faced numerous issues since its inception, including acute and fundamental issues that have been regarded as the major challenge of the Third Millennium, the issue of unstable development and out of urban rule as settlements. It is informal. Such areas with a reflection of urban poverty and the lack of equipment for residents in the area, both in developed and retarded countries, especially in developing and retarded countries, which are somehow facing severe spatial inequality. They do. Unofficial settlements are the result of rapid urbanization and economic problems of developing countries and developing countries. This unreadable urban phenomenon has caused many problems for cities, which is one of the biggest urban problems. However, there have been various methods and perspectives to solve the problems and problems caused by these settlements. These methods can be separated in two groups of physical engineering and social engineering. Of course, the second methods, especially the empowerment strategy, are today in the world of marginalization and informal accommodation literature. Therefore, in this study, while introducing the strategies and perspectives of the problem of informal settlements, the feasibility of applying the empowerment strategy, which is a social method, has been investigated to solve the problems of informal settlements in Ardabil.

The type of applied -development research and the method of studying it has been a descriptive -analytical, as well as the fruit of information and data, libraries and fields. The narrative test used in this study is formal and content narrative. The questionnaires were given to the masters of urban geography to test formal and content testing. Also, the opinions and suggestions of students and researchers in various disciplines related to official and urban planning have been used. Since the study is one of the sample of inferential descriptive studies, it is necessary to consider the reliability of the questionnaire to choose the ability to be used in the environment and other space. Cronbach's alpha method was used to achieve this result. The questionnaire used at 77% alpha shows an acceptable amount compared to the minimum reliability of 67%.The statistical population in this study includes residents of informal settlements in Ardebil (84732). In this study, the Cochran method was used to obtain the sample size and eventually 349 people were selected as the sample size. Statistical methods were used to analyze the collected information. In this study, because of qualitative traits and data used, inferential statistics were obtained by the use of the CHI-Square test with a meaningful level of 0.05. SPSS and Excel software has been used to analyze the data collected. The numerical average analysis has also been used to rank each of the indicators in the empowerment process.

According to field studies, the descriptive results of the study show that out of 349 family supervisors who were questioned, 312 were 89.4 percent of men and 37 were 10.6 percent female. In the case of a household dimension of 349 respondents in the study range 8 households equivalent to 2.3 % with 1 person, 65 households equivalent to 12.62 % with 2 people, 71 households equivalent to 34.34 % with 3 people, 95 households equivalent to 22// 27 % have 4 people and finally 110 households equivalent to 31.52 % have 5 and more. Studies on household origin show that the results show that out of 349 family supervisors who answered the author's questions 223 people equivalent to 63.9 % of Ardabil villages, 67 people equivalent to 2. /19 % of the villages of Moshginshahr, 55 people equivalent to 15.8 % of Moghan and 4 households have cited their demands from other areas of the province, equivalent to 1.1. The percentage is that 113 household supervisors equivalent to 32.4 % of their migration reasons to find work, 32 people were 9.2 % lack of welfare facilities, 78 people equivalent to 22.3 % of kinship and 7 equivalent The percentage of natural disasters and 92 household supervisors, equivalent to 26.4 percent of the land, and finally 27 %, equivalent to 7.7 %, cited the other reason for their migration. Therefore, it can be said that finding the right work and then the cheapness of land has been the most important reasons for migrating to the area. Also, the job status of household supervisors within the study scope indicates that workers and freelance jobs have a significant share. Also, the inferential results of the study indicate that there is a significant relationship between all independent variables on the research and the dependent variable empowering informal settlements. The numerical mean analysis was used to rank each of the indicators in the empowerment process. As shown in Table 4-4, according to Friedman's test, there is a significant difference between the mean empowerment indices at the alpha level of 0.01. In the meantime, the highest average of 4.59 physical indexes), economic indexes (4.56) and the lowest to macro indexes (3.58) and environmental and environmental health indicators ( 65/3) dedicated. Investigating the average data from the quantitative analysis of existing capacity existing capacity indicators of informal accommodation

One of the issues that neglect or lack of attention in the long run can have many negative consequences for people and city managers is informal accommodation. Using the wrong methods of dealing with this phenomenon is not less than neglect and neglect. In Third World countries, including Iran, the method of dealing with this phenomenon, namely, has been the use of physical methods, while today the negative consequences of using this method have become clear to all urban managers and planners. The use of community -based methods is quite clear and tangible. Accordingly, it is necessary to arrange the appropriate programs to empower these places in order to enable social empowerment. So far, many methods have been used to eliminate the problem of informal accommodation, but in practice they have not had the necessary and acceptable acceptance, and these methods have faced many problems. The reasons for this dilemma (lack of responsibility, spatial lack, social cohesion, lack of social participation, lack of awareness, etc.) may be that factors such as citizens' lack of awareness of their citizenship rights, lack of confidence in government agencies because Failure to fulfill demands, lack of citizens' belonging to their place of residence, existence of government -run standards, bureaucratic dealing with urban problems, lack of transparency of urban management activities and city councils for citizens, government -governing councils And the sovereignty of the central culture of the central culture should be returned to the local level rather than the central demand for the people and the government and the lack of attention to the real needs of citizens. Investigating the average data from the quantitative analysis of existing capacity existing capacities of informal accommodation indicators of Ardebil city indicates high level of high level, which brings more attention to relevant authorities and institutions in the field of urban management to the range. The purpose of the study requires.

Determining the runoff coefficient in a distributed way can be used to identify the runoff producing areas. The runoff coefficient represents the ratio of runoff to total precipitation in different areas, where the previous soil moisture is not taken into account. The runoff coefficient without considering the effect of soil moisture is called the potential runoff coefficient, which is determined based on different parameters in hydrological studies. The changes in the watershed runoff coefficient depend on the topographic characteristics and especially the slope. Assessing the spatial changes of runoff coefficient at the watershed scale is very important for understanding the hydrological cycle under natural and disturbed condition. The location of homogeneous and similar units in terms of hydrological behavior in the watershed is determined and identified by determining the spatial map of runoff production. Meanwhile, determining the watershed response is important in the production of flood runoff volume. It should be noted that the similar units based on hydrological response are usually defined based on runoff production using field measurements. In this regard, the spatial data mapping provides the possibility of preparing a map of the runoff coefficient in a short time and will increase the accuracy of the work. Anthropogenic intervention in the natural water cycle through the destruction of vegetation in watershed areas, land use change, development of impervious surfaces lead to increasing the possibility of flooding in various areas. Various factors affect the occurrence of floods, which can be mentioned the intensity of rainfall, the slope of the land permeability, relief, characteristics of vegetation and different soil conditions. The runoff coefficient is one of the important parameters for estimating the peak flood of hydrological models and identifying important areas of sediment production and pollutants in runoff producing areas. Several factors have been used in determining homogeneous hydrological units with similar runoff coefficient, e.g., rainfall distribution, soil moisture, bedrock depth, evaporation, geology, land use, soil and slope.

The purpose of this research is to surface runoff potential mapping using combined table and the soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) method in the Mohammadabad Katul watershed in Golestan province. The area of study area watershed is 404 square kilometers and a main river length is 30.5 kilometers. The minimum and maximum elevation of the study watershed is 455 and 3671 meters above sea level, respectively. The average annual precipitation of the study watershed is 530 mm, and the average annual temperature is 16.5 centigrade degrees. Also, the average slope of the study area is 41.6%. The land use map of the study area was obtained from the General Office of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Golestan province and the land use types were modified during the field surveys, then the land use map was digitized in the GIS environment. The soil map of the study watershed was also prepared based on previous studies and then digitized using GIS and the soil map has been prepared. The digital elevation model of the study area with a cell size of 30x30 meters has been obtained from topographic map with a scale of 1:25000. The slope map of the watershed was prepared from the DEM and then classified into four slope classes according to runoff coefficient table. Based on this, the necessary information to determine the runoff coefficient including the land use map, slope and soil texture was prepared. Then, the values of the potential runoff coefficient were determined using the combined table in the study watershed. Also, by incorporating the required layers, the curve number map of the study area has been prepared. The maximum 24-hour precipitation data of the nearest rain gauge station (Fazel abad) has been analyzed. After statistical analysis, the best probability distribution function fitted to the data has been selected for further analysis. Then, the runoff height and the value of the runoff coefficient were determined in 5, 10, 25, 50 years, return periods using the SCS-CN method. In the next step, the results of the combined table method and the SCS method were compared in estimating the amount and spatial distribution of the potential runoff coefficient.

The results of this study showed that the runoff coefficient was 39% according to the combined table method. The maximum coefficient of potential runoff in the study watershed was estimated to be 0.55, corresponding to the steep and agricultural land use of the study areas. Also, the minimum runoff potential value coefficient was 0.13. Based on the results, the combined distributed method incorporating land use, soil texture, and slope layers has the ability to determine the spatial changes of the runoff coefficient. In the following, the fitted frequency distributions were evaluated based on the goodness of fit criteria, and the Combined Laplace frequency distribution was chosen as the best frequency distribution to calculate the rainfall values in different return periods. The value of the runoff coefficient was 0.29 in 50-year return periods.

In the present study, the runoff coefficient map was prepared using the combined table method and SCS-CN method. In this regard, the GIS layers of slope, soil, land use and combined table were used to prepare the potential runoff coefficient map of the watershed. It seems that the calculated runoff coefficient based on the integration of the influencing maps takes into account the main and effective factors on runoff production, and provide an accurate spatial runoff coefficient map. As a concluding remark, it can be said that the combined and SCS-CN methods have provided similar results, but the runoff coefficient numbers provided by the combined method are higher than the SCS method. Considering the effect of several factors, including rainfall characteristics, relief, land permeability, vegetation characteristics and physiography on the flooding of a region, it is necessary to develop a method that can be used to map the runoff coefficient to the flooding map based on the affecting available factors. The integration of different layers in GIS and the use of a combined method is a useful tool for determining the runoff coefficient in ungauged watersheds, which allows the use of the runoff potential map in reducing the possible effects of floods.

Water quality is the process to determine the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water bodies and identifying the source of any possible pollution or contamination which might cause degradation of the water quality. Due to the rapid growth of industries, the disposal of liquid and solid wastes is increasing, thereby polluting soil and water. If the waste is not disposed of properly, then it percolates into the ground and causes problems like groundwater contamination, degradation of vegetation, soil contamination and modification of soil properties, etc. Nevertheless, traditional methods of water quality monitoring are often expensive and time-consuming. This is especially important for large water bodies such as lakes, dams, and rivers where sampling does not cover the entire body of water. Publicly available RS data are collected at regional scales and temporal resolutions (i.e., repeat collection time) that are much more frequent than field sampling campaigns. The physics and chemical characteristics of water can be determined from spectral signatures. Also, extracting water quality measurements directly from satellite imagery can allow rapid identification of impaired waters, potentially leading to faster responses by water agencies. Remote sensing data is an appropriate alternative to monitoring water resources due to its time and cost-effectiveness in a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Currently, there are various types of remote sensing data such as hyperspectral and multispectral data that can be used to monitor and evaluate water quality. Geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) have been used extensively to assess the water quality all over the world. The Euphrates River is one of the most important rivers in Iraq, which has hosted various civilizations in the ancient Mesopotamia region since ancient times and is still of great importance to the urban and rural communities of Iraq. The Hillah River is one of the two main branches of the Euphrates River, which flows eastward by branching off from it. This river is the most important river in the Babylon governorate in Iraq, which passes through a wide area and several small streams flow from it to supply water to agricultural lands in other governorates. The Hillah River passes through several cities and is affected by industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastewater, which has received less attention than other areas of the Euphrates River. For this purpose, in this research, a detailed assessment of the quality and pollution of the Hillah River in the Babylon governorate is carried out using different methods of remote sensing, GIS, and field and laboratory operations to determine the quality of this river.the purpose of its performance is to assessment the quality of water and soil for the area of Hillah river in Babylon governorate in Iraq. The method of collecting data and information needed to perform quantitative and qualitative analyzes in research was based on field, laboratory and library operations, and various software tools were used in data processing. In order to determine and collect water and soil quality samples, field operations have been used. For this purpose, the area of Hillah city is considered as the base point and samples have been collected parallel to the river Hillah in the north and south of the city. Accordingly, in terms of number, distribution and accuracy in field sampling, 10 points were collected from the area by using Garmin handheld GPS device, 7 points were taken from water and 3 points were taken from the soil of the area. The field work to determine the sampling locations was based on several reconnaissance trips and as a result, the locations of the main water sampling stations were identified. Then, they visited the desired places twice a month, and each time they visited, relevant samples were taken. The samples were collected in standard plastic bottles with a capacity of 1.5 liters and their lids were tightly closed. Paying attention to the change in composition, soil samples were taken with a wider spatial distribution and from places with far distances from each other in the Hillah river basin, and the volume of each soil sample varied between 1 and 1.5 kg. Two different laboratories in Babylon governorate have been referred to perform quality tests on the collected samples. The laboratory measures have been carried out in two separate stages. In the first step, the measures of preparing the samples and separating them from each other have been carried out, which includes labeling, determining the date of water and soil samples, and classifying the samples for laboratory analysis. In the second stage, laboratory equipment and operations have been used for the qualitative analysis of the samples, and various devices such as CRISON have been used to test the physical and chemical parameters on the samples. Using laboratory tools and facilities, various physical and chemical variables of water quality have been measured based on the collected samples. For this purpose, 13 parameters have been tested on the samples. Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were measured using an EC meter and pH using a pH meter according to the relevant methods. The capacity of calcium and magnesium ions in water samples has been measured using the weighing method. Soluble sulfate, phosphate and nitrate were measured by a spectrophotometer. Sodium concentration in water was measured by flame photometer. Chloride in water was estimated from the scaling method using silver nitrate standard solution and using potassium chromate solution as the relevant guide and the results were expressed in ppm. Total hardness was measured as calcium and magnesium in water as milligrams per liter or ppm. Turbidimeteror is used to measure water turbidity. Finally, the iodometric method has been used to measure dissolved oxygen in water. In soil quality measurement, in addition to the parameters of electrical conductivity, pH, calcium, magnesium and sodium, which are also evaluated in the measurement of water samples, other parameters were also measured. including sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and calcium carbonate (CaCo). For the measurement of the mentioned two elements, special laboratory tools have been used like other elements. WQI index has been used to evaluate the water quality at the region of the Hillah river. For this purpose, the data related to the stations sampled from the water level were entered into the calculations of the WQI index, and based on this index, the water quality was evaluated on a monthly basis, and water quality maps were prepared for the region. The WQI index equation creates a range between 1 and 100, where 1 means the poorest and 100 the best water quality, and within this range, five classes are set to classify the water quality as very poor or inadequate, poor, moderately good, good and excellent. For satellite images processing, Landsat satellite imagery data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) database archive has been used. In this regard, the image of Landsat 8 satellite OLI sensor for the date 2021/06/27 of the area has been selected as the main satellite data for processing.The research results can be presented in several sections. In the analysis of water quality in terms of quality parameters, it has been determined that, except for several cases in different months, in most cases, the concentration of chemical parameters of water did not exceed the permissible limit, and the physical parameters were appropriate. However, the results of the drinking water quality index have shown that the water of the Hillah River is at a poor and very poor level in terms of quality according to the location of the samples, and the spatial quality map of the Hillah river has also shown that the central to northern areas are of a more suitable quality than The southern regions have it, the main reason of which is the concentration of agricultural lands and the entry of waste and various effluents into the water in those areas. The results of evaluating the physical and chemical quality of soil in the studied area have also shown that soils with sandy texture are richer than mixed clay soils in terms of parameters such as electrical conductivity, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and SAR, and on the other hand, pH and calcium carbonate of Clay soils were more than sandy soils. The evaluation of the correlation of the parameters between the values of the water and soil samples has been done and the coefficient of the orrelation between them has been obtained, and in some cases, there has been a high correlation between the parameters. Finally, by evaluating the correlation between the quality parameters and the Landsat image bands in terms of combinations and band ratios, it has been determined that there was a direct correlation in a few cases, and on the other hand, the linear relationship also indicated the absence of a relationship between the WQI index and the spectral bands.