نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال نهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1403)

Awareness of the environment and better understanding of the climate of each region is very necessary for the future to analyze the current situation of beekeeping in order to advance the goals in this field. In addition to weather factors and climatic variables, the temperature factor plays an essential role in creating a balance between honeybees and the environment. It should be noted that one of the most common problems in the growth of honeybees is unusual changes in environmental conditions, such as a sudden increase or decrease in temperature in mountainous areas, which increases the importance of studying this matter. In this research, due to the high importance of temperature, 20 years of daily temperature statistics of meteorological stations have been used. The dates of occurrence of the first and last temperatures of zero degrees were investigated and used to identify the time of inactive temperatures, to calculate the deviation from the optimal temperature (22 degrees) in the minimum winter consumption of this beneficial insect. The results of station estimates were also zoned using GIS software. The results showed that according to the calendar obtained from the cold months of the year, the thermal conditions in the last four months of the year, based on the occurrence of low temperatures from December to March, are unsuitable for biological activities in the high areas of Sablan, and the colonies should migrate to an altitude of 1000 meters and be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By adapting the temperature thresholds of honeybees to the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping, and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and bring it to the lowest possible level. Migrated to be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By matching the temperature thresholds of honey bees with the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and reduce it to the minimum. as much as possible. Beekeeping has long been one of the important branches of agriculture due to its pollination and valuable products (Allen et al., 1998). The honey bee performs more than 90% of commercial pollination services because it is considered one of the most important pollinators worldwide (Morse and Calderon, 2000). It should be pointed out that Iran's honey bee colonies are a type of common honey bee that are highly dependent on weather conditions . Coordination of beekeeping activities with climatic factors and its temporal and spatial patterns is one of the important issues regarding growth and breeding . Colony health, production efficiency and productivity in beekeeping are all affected by environmental conditions, especially climate. (Haig, 2006). By matching the vital thresholds of this creature with the climatic conditions of different places, it is possible to take advantage of the maximum climatic potential of the regions in the field of bee breeding. The most important aspect of keeping and rearing honey bees is coordinating beekeeping activities with geographical and climatic conditions and its temporal and spatial changes . With the occurrence of frost, many animal activities are affected, and the honey bee, which is a cold-blooded insect, is affected by the surrounding temperature and reacts to this temperature. It should be kept in mind that the development of beekeeping has a close relationship with weather conditions and the time of moving colonies depends on this factor . In the annual climatic calendar of the growth of honey bee colonies, two active and inactive periods have been identified, and in the cold months of the year, the inactive periods start and special care is taken, however, there is a sharp decrease in the population and death of the colony. We are at the end of winter, which is one of the inhibiting factors for using bee pollination services and other products. The loss of the queen due to changes in environmental conditions such as: Temperature, high humidity and prolonged cold in mountainous areas and lack of food in hives are among the most common problems of bee breeding in very low temperatures).Winter deaths and reduction of bee colony population in cold regions, an important part of which is due to environmental and climatic conditions, increase the importance of studying this matter (Pettis et al., 2010). With the climate calendar in hand and the proper location of the apiaries in the cold months of the year by the beekeepers, we will see a significant reduction in losses, business improvement and more productivity. A lot of research has been done in the field of honey bee wintering all over the world, which shows the close relationship between the cold winter weather and the temperature of the investigated environment, and the result shows that the minimum consumption of honey in large colonies is in the temperature range of -10 and 10+ degrees Celsius in temperate regions. ). Researches show that in relation to minimum winter honey consumption of bee colonies, the temperature reaches 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. By examining the effects of climate changes on the population of colonies and their diseases, it was found that considering the climatic conditions plays an essential role in beekeeping management .The research conducted in relation to the effect of climate change on a micro scale and its impact on the migration conditions of colonies in high altitudes were investigated and an advanced monitoring system was proposed ). The effects of different times of the day, temperature, humidity and air pressure on the flight of various types of stingless bees were studied and the results showed that the flight activities of these types of bees are affected by atmospheric conditions and the elements of day length, heat, humidity and pressure.

Today, gas industries mainly include extraction, processing, transmission and consumption. After extraction, natural gas is directed to the gas treatment unit by the collection network. Gas pressure drop is done in gas pressure reduction stations, so pressure reduction station, feeding network and gas distribution network play an important role as process units of gas supply companies. The use of risk assessment techniques in this area to identify high risk cases will allow optimal control of the system. The analysis of major accidents in these stations shows that a large part of the damage and damages of the accidents and the possibility of their occurrence are not only preventable but also predictable, of course, if measures such as identifying the root causes and final consequences and controlling them are carried out in time. Analysis and risk studies are one of the most necessary steps to increase the level of safety in these stations. The complexity and expansion of chemical and process industries lead to high safety risks and disasters in the world. Some of these tragic events are Fizin, Mexico City, Bhopal (India), Piper Alpha (UK), liquid fuel explosion (North Sea) or Chernobyl (Russia). Transportation of hazardous materials is a major source of hazards that threaten many industries as well as the public. These networks of hazardous material transmission lines are distributed among many industries and their customers, including the general population. Although the transportation of hazardous materials by pipelines seems safe, it still involves safety issues. Although the frequency of pipeline accidents is low, their high potential for consequences can affect the low frequency. Accident databases show that pipelines carrying hazardous materials are just as dangerous as refinery facilities. Pipeline industry It has experienced at least 8 major explosions and more than 55 deaths in 2014 alone. Pipelines are placed in areas that are not normally controlled. In addition, pipelines passing through high-risk areas such as congested areas make the situation even more dangerous. Therefore, high potential consequences, lack of control and passing through high-risk areas have made pipelines a serious source of destructive risks. Risk management should be measured according to the organization's policy and risk evaluation approved by the senior management and carried out through the method approved by the organization. According to the process safety management system, it is suggested to identify and evaluate process risks in the stages of installation, pre-commissioning, commissioning and operation, and in case of making any changes in the process, technology and equipment, document the changes in order to prevent the risks. Prepared from the changes. Some of the risks caused by changes are very small and have no harmful effects, so some others leave harmful effects and irreparable damages, for which it is necessary to take the necessary measures. By comparing the scenarios of accidents in different countries without considering their development status, it shows the existence of some common factors between the accidents that took place. The analysis of these incidents has factors such as human error, too much trust in equipment, design problems in operational units and lack of safety, health and environment units. The most important factor in system safety and risk management is the identification and reduction of risk potentials. In order to successfully control and control the risks, you must have a proper understanding of the risks and how to deal with them and how to identify them. In recent years, the lack of safety has become one of the most important issues and problems in the design and operation of operational units. First, due to the complexity of most processes in modern operating units, there are fundamental changes in control strategies and numerous improvements in process capabilities, all of which lead to an increase in operational problems, and second, due to the accidents that we witness every year around the world and cause loss of life, problems Environmental and loss are produced. It is possible to improve the safety of operational units in the stages of design and operation, if the necessary attention is paid to the analysis and identification of process risks. Risk of injury is the risk that occurs to specific individuals or groups exposed to it in any system or process. Accident analysis points to various factors, including human errors, over-reliance on machine safety, plant design problems, lack of preparation to face and deal with critical situations, and non-compliance with HSE rules.The method used in this research is evaluation-analytical. In the current research, in order to compile the theoretical literature, the background of the research and to identify some research criteria, reliable books and researches conducted inside and outside the country, such as reliable domestic and foreign magazines and articles related to the research topic, were used. Some of the domestic publications used can be referred to as articles indexed in Elsevier scientific database, domestic research journals, and Sulica scientific database. By using the fuzzy-Delphi approach, by preparing a questionnaire and interviewing experts, these factors were screened and reduced to the main factors, and at the end, another questionnaire was prepared for pairwise comparisons of the identified factors, whose values were analyzed using the HAZOP method, and the influencing factors. and were identified as effective. HAZOP is a qualitative, systematic, creative and group method that is very easy to learn and is an effective way to identify hazards and system performance problems by determining their effects. The implementation of HAZOP is as follows:1. Knowledge and general understanding of the system2. Dividing the system into functional nodes3. Identify deviations in each node using the keyword4. Determine the main keywords: pressure, temperature, flow, etc5. Use of secondary keywords: not, more than, less than, as well as etc6. Estimating the probability and consequences of deviations7. Determining the risk level of risks using the risk matrix8. Define controls to reduce risksTo perform the HAZOP method, a team of specialists who have sufficient knowledge of the conditions and risks of the gas station must first be formed. The first step is to fully understand the system and process of the gas station, what equipment the station includes, with what features and functions. In the next step, this system is divided into nodes based on the function of each equipment. These nodes include scrubber filter, separator filter, dry filter, regulator and safety valve. After identifying the deviations in each of the nodes, the risks of each node are determined using the main keywords and secondary keywords. Using the severity of incidents in Table No. 1, the probability of incidents in Table No. 2 of the risk matrix is determined according to Table No. 3. Finally, based on the level of risk and risks of deviations in each of the nodes, controls have been recommended.Out of 12 identified risks, 9 risks were in the acceptable risk group and 3 risks were in the undesirable risk group. This result indicates the favorable situation for the existing protections of Bampur gas station. The risk number of 8 for 2 deviations of separator filter and dry filter nodes is due to the structure of these two nodes, which has a filter valve in addition to the flange. Despite the favorable conditions of the station, due to the harmful consequences of deviations, all safety requirements must be met, therefore, safety recommendations including periodic inspection, personnel training, and timely replacement of gaskets and fasteners have been emphasized. From similar researches, we can refer to the research of Donjo and his colleagues in 2010. This article is entitled to collect the literature related to the HAZOP method. In this research, Donjo collected the literature related to the HAZOP method from books, guidelines, standards, large magazines and conferences with the purpose of classification and conducted research over the years to use this method. In the industries discussed, the method and results of the current research are somewhat in line with the reviewed article. In another research in the field, Alfredo improved the conventional HAZOP analysis through the fuzzy multi-attribute HAZOP technique. The results of the research indicate the identification of critical risks in the subsystem, which showed the sensitivity analysis of the reliability and strength of the final rating. The results of this analysis support preventive maintenance by identifying critical monitored points when scaling up biological biogas upgrading processes, which the results of Donjo's research partially overlap with the results obtained in the present study.

Natural disasters are disastrous events in the atmosphere, land and water, which include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods and droughts. Natural disasters can start suddenly or gradually and have serious health, social and economic consequences. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The required information was collected by document-library method, questionnaire and direct observation, which includes the information of the damaged rural areas of Khoi city in the earthquake of 1401 and the information collected by completing the questionnaire by the residents. In order to spatially analyze the damaged rural areas of Khoi city, the kernel technique, the average nearest neighbor distance model and the spatial analysis of hot spots were used in the ArcGIS software environment. Also, for the questionnaire analysis, the single-sample T test was used in the SPSS software environment. has been taken Based on the output of the spatial analysis of damaged rural areas using hot spots analysis and kernel technique in ArcGIS software environment, the central part and Firourq contain the highest percentage of damaged rural areas. Based on the results of the investigation of the role of the army forces in reducing the effects of the earthquake after the disaster from the residents' point of view, a large part of the residents believe the role of the army forces in the field of creating order and security, creating psychological peace and operations construction projects and the establishment of field hospitals agree to reduce the effects of earthquakes after the disaster.

Millet fodder plant is one of the important plants in Iran and the world, and due to its abundance of nutrients and its resistance to drought, it has a special advantage over other forages.The purpose of this research is to identify the areas prone to millet fodder cultivation in Ardabil province with multi-criteria methods and using the data of climatic elements and factors; Rainfall, average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, altitude, slope and soil depth.AHP, ANP, DEMATEL, Shannon Antropy and WLC methods were used to determine the weights of criteria and options.By using the weighted linear combination method in the GIS environment, information layers were integrated and the final map of millet fodder cultivation was prepared.The results showed that about 25% are very suitable, 36% are suitable, 30% are slightly suitable and 4.05% are unsuitable for millet fodder cultivation in Ardabil province.The results of AHP, ANP, DEMATE models showed that rainfall and temperature criteria, and in the Shannon Antropy model, height and slope have the most influence during the growth period of millet fodder.The output classification of two WLC and Antropy Shanon models about options showed that millet fodder cultivation areas overlap in both methods and the northern and central regions of the province have suitable conditions for millet fodder cultivation.

Rangeland ecosystems provide diverse services to human societies and have the highest income and profit when they are planned and managed for several types of appropriate exploitation (multipurpose use). rangelands, in addition to their role as conservation value, resort, fodder production, environment, genetic resource, etc., have a special place in terms of production of medicinal and industrial plants. These plants have a special value and are exploited directly (main products) or indirectly (by-products). For the comprehensive and correct study and management of any phenomenon, we must have a complete knowledge of its components and a correct understanding of their relationships with each other. The ecosystem and especially the grassland ecosystems are not exempted from this rule. The growth and performance of plants in pasture ecosystems are influenced by various factors such as species, regional climate, soil environment, altitude above sea level, and geographical location. These factors also affect the quantity and quality of plant products. Considering the influence of climate and soil parameters on the quantity and quality of medicinal plant essential oil, in this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of environmental factors on the quantity and quality of essential oil of Stachys lavandulifolia species in two directions, north and south, in the Gardane-Sar Swadkoh pasture area.

Area of study Gardnesar rangeland habitat located in Sawadkuh city is one of Mazandaran province apart from summer rangeland and is located in geographical coordinates 66◦26´31⸗ to 65◦91´32⸗ east longitude and 39◦95´74⸗ to 39◦94´47⸗ north latitude. According to the data received from the closest meteorological station to the region (Alasht), the total annual precipitation is 377.89 mm and the average annual temperature is around 12.35 degrees Celsius.

Plant and soil sampling:

In order to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the desired plant in the region, the aerial organs of the adult plant were collected in full flowering season. According to the patchy distribution of the plant in the field, random sampling was done in three selected spots with three repetitions in the north and south directions in the region. Also, to determine soil characteristics, soil samples were taken from the depth of 0 to 30 cm at the base of the plant. Finally, all the plant and soil samples were transferred to the medicinal plant laboratory and the soil science laboratory of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources to perform the desired tests. The physical and chemical properties of soil were measured based on existing recipes.

Extraction and decomposition of essential oil:

After cleaning, the plant samples were dried in the open air in the shade environment. 100 grams of each dried sample was extracted by the clevenger Apparatusin in the central laboratory of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources by distillation with water for 3 hours. Then it was dehydrated by sodium sulfate anhydride and it was stored in a glass container with a lid in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius until injection into the chromatography devices. The resulting essential oil was obtained by injecting into a gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS).Also, the percentage of essential compounds of each compound was calculated. In this research, the most important compounds in the essential oil were reported with a probability of more than 95%.

Statistical Analysis:

In order to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data of soil and essential oil, the normality of the data was first checked with the Kolmograph-Smirnov test. Then the comparison of plant chemical compounds and soil quality indicators in the two northern and southern slopes was done using the independent T-student test by Spss version 22 software. Finally, in order to analyze the relationship between plant chemical composition data, soil quality indicators and climate data, principal component analysis (PCA) method was used in PC ord5 software.

Conclution:

The result of measuring the yield of essential oil in Gardne Sar rangeland showed that the southern slope had a higher percentage of efficiency in the amount of essential oil than the northern slope. The data obtained from the determination of essential oil compounds indicate that a total of 35 important compounds were found with a probability of more than 95% in the essential oil obtained from plant samples in two domains. among the extracted compounds, compounds of Caryophyllene, α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Myrcene, Linalool, α.-Terpineol, Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl, Stigmasterol Limonene, Fenchene, α-phellandrene, 7-(1-methyl-ethyl) azulene , Cyclofenchene, Terpinene -4-acetate, p-cymene, Bicyclo, 2-isopropyl, Cis-farnesol, β,-Bisabolene, cis-sabinene hydrate, 1-8-Cineole and Camphene showed a significant difference at the level of one percent in two domains They showed themselves.On the other hand, Spathulenol (CAS), β phellandrene, Phytol and bicycle germacrene compounds had a significant difference at the 5% level. While the compounds α.-Copaene, α-Thujene, Germacrene D, Comphene, Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-meth..., γ-cadinene, Hexadecanoic acid, Sabinene, beta.-Myrcene and Heptacosane with differences in The average value did not show a significant difference.The measurement of the physical characteristics of the soil in the region showed that the northern slope and the southern slope are not the same in terms of soil texture, so the texture type in the northern slope is loamy and in the southern slope sandy-loamy, and the two slopes are significantly different in terms of the amount of sand and clay. (p≤0.01). Also, the northern slope showed a higher humidity percentage than the southern slope (p≤0.05). This is while the factors of silt, bulk density and soil stability index have not shown significant differences despite the difference in the average value.The examination of soil chemical factors in the northern and southern slopes indicates that the amount of phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and lime showed a significant difference at the level of 1% and organic matter and nitrogen showed a significant difference at the level of 5%. While soil acidity, electrical conductivity, potassium, and calcium had no significant difference. In general, the results of the analysis of the main components in relation to environmental factors and essential oil compounds showed that the northern and southern ranges are completely different in terms of the measured factors and are placed in two completely separate groups. So that the aforementioned factors justify 82.24% of the total variance changes. Meanwhile, the northern range with the factors of organic matter, rainfall, electrical conductivity, acidity, soil moisture, sodium, silt and compounds α-Pinene, α-Thujene, β-Pinene, Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl., bicycle germacrene, Hexadecanoic acid, Cis-farnesol, cis-sabinene hydrate and the southern domain have established more relationships with nitrogen variables, apparent specific gravity, calcium and compounds α-Copaene, Phytol, Comphene, γ-cadinene, 7-(1-methyl-ethyl) azulene, bicycle germacrene, Heptacosane. In general, according to the obtained data, it can be concluded that the mountain tea plant has a suitable habitat for production in areas with loam texture and suitable rainfall along with soils rich in nutrients. Also, the results obtained from this research compared to the results of other researchers indicate that the quantitative and qualitative performance of the essential oil of Stachys lavandulifolia can be different in different regions.

Climate change has a direct impact on hydrological components and water resources and plays an important role in aggravating possible risks such as drought and floods. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of climate change on water components such as runoff. This study evaluates the effect of climate change on climatic parameters (temperature and precipitation) and the amount of runoff in Kiwi Chai basin from an environmental point of view. The hydrological model of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to analyze the effects of climate change on the water resources of the Kiwi Chai basin, which is one of the Sefidroud sub-basins. Runoff simulation by applying climate change conditions for models (EC-EARTH, HadGEM2-ES, MIROC5, MPI-ESM) under two scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) in three periods (2040-2021), (2041-2060), ( 2061-2080) and statistical analysis was performed to identify which climate model is more consistent with the changes in the mean and standard deviation of the historical series. An increasing trend in precipitation and a significant increase in average annual temperature were predicted in the early, middle, and late 21st century. The results of simulation of basin runoff with SWAT model also showed a significant decrease in basin runoff in future periods compared to the base period. These findings provide local water management authorities with useful information to aid decision-making in the face of climate change.

Horizontal vision is the maximum horizontal distance that a person with the naked eye can clearly detect features on the ground.The location of Khuzestan provinc at the top of the basin of dusty winds known as the north wind, which spread dust from the deserts of Syria and Iraq to southwestern Iran, frequently reduces the horizontal visibility in these areas The aim of the present study is to study the trend of horizontal vision changes using horizontal vision data and mean values of aerosol optical depth. The data used in the present study include daily horizontal vision data of synoptic stations in Khuzestan province in the period 1998 to 2020. Ridit statistical method was used to analyze the horizontal vision data. Horizon of view in the studied stations was grouped into five categories and the frequency of each category was determined and the value of Ridit was calculated for each category. Then the relevant diagrams and maps were drawn. Also, the fluctuations of the average monthly AOD in the statistical period under study in the geographical location of meteorological stations were calculated and their values were extracted. Comparison of the graphs of the studied stations shows that in all stations except Masjed Soleiman station, the horizontal visibility has a decreasing trend.

One of the most important factors in the formation of karst forms is the type of lithology. The existence of limestone is one of the necessary conditions for the formation of these shapes, but the different quality of different types of limestone has a great effect on the formation and development of these shapes. The process of karstization causes the creation of certain geomorphological forms, which are usually associated with the formation of cracks, channels and large dissolution holes. One of the most important types of formations in the southeast region of Iran are limestones. In the studied area, two-layer limestones belonging to the Oligomiocene period (equivalent to the Qom Formation) are outcropped. This karst mass has many springs and geomorphological forms, such as dolines, lapia, rain pits and dry valleys. The main goal of this research was to identify the karst forms of the region and the role of karst landscapes in the drainage of water and waste water into the hydrological system. For this purpose, fractures and lines have been extracted and analyzed using satellite images. According to the field visits, the carbonate units in the studied area have expanded a lot, many tectonic structures (fractures and faults) and karst geomorphological phenomena are clearly visible.

Awareness of the environment and better understanding of the climate of each region is very necessary for the future to analyze the current situation of beekeeping in order to advance the goals in this field. In addition to weather factors and climatic variables, the temperature factor plays an essential role in creating a balance between honeybees and the environment. It should be noted that one of the most common problems in the growth of honeybees is unusual changes in environmental conditions, such as a sudden increase or decrease in temperature in mountainous areas, which increases the importance of studying this matter. In this research, due to the high importance of temperature, 20 years of daily temperature statistics of meteorological stations have been used. The dates of occurrence of the first and last temperatures of zero degrees were investigated and used to identify the time of inactive temperatures, to calculate the deviation from the optimal temperature (22 degrees) in the minimum winter consumption of this beneficial insect. The results of station estimates were also zoned using GIS software. The results showed that according to the calendar obtained from the cold months of the year, the thermal conditions in the last four months of the year, based on the occurrence of low temperatures from December to March, are unsuitable for biological activities in the high areas of Sablan, and the colonies should migrate to an altitude of 1000 meters and be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By adapting the temperature thresholds of honeybees to the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping, and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and bring it to the lowest possible level. Migrated to be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By matching the temperature thresholds of honey bees with the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and reduce it to the minimum. as much as possible. Beekeeping has long been one of the important branches of agriculture due to its pollination and valuable products (Allen et al., 1998). The honey bee performs more than 90% of commercial pollination services because it is considered one of the most important pollinators worldwide (Morse and Calderon, 2000). It should be pointed out that Iran's honey bee colonies are a type of common honey bee that are highly dependent on weather conditions . Coordination of beekeeping activities with climatic factors and its temporal and spatial patterns is one of the important issues regarding growth and breeding . Colony health, production efficiency and productivity in beekeeping are all affected by environmental conditions, especially climate. (Haig, 2006). By matching the vital thresholds of this creature with the climatic conditions of different places, it is possible to take advantage of the maximum climatic potential of the regions in the field of bee breeding. The most important aspect of keeping and rearing honey bees is coordinating beekeeping activities with geographical and climatic conditions and its temporal and spatial changes . With the occurrence of frost, many animal activities are affected, and the honey bee, which is a cold-blooded insect, is affected by the surrounding temperature and reacts to this temperature. It should be kept in mind that the development of beekeeping has a close relationship with weather conditions and the time of moving colonies depends on this factor . In the annual climatic calendar of the growth of honey bee colonies, two active and inactive periods have been identified, and in the cold months of the year, the inactive periods start and special care is taken, however, there is a sharp decrease in the population and death of the colony. We are at the end of winter, which is one of the inhibiting factors for using bee pollination services and other products. The loss of the queen due to changes in environmental conditions such as: Temperature, high humidity and prolonged cold in mountainous areas and lack of food in hives are among the most common problems of bee breeding in very low temperatures).Winter deaths and reduction of bee colony population in cold regions, an important part of which is due to environmental and climatic conditions, increase the importance of studying this matter (Pettis et al., 2010). With the climate calendar in hand and the proper location of the apiaries in the cold months of the year by the beekeepers, we will see a significant reduction in losses, business improvement and more productivity. A lot of research has been done in the field of honey bee wintering all over the world, which shows the close relationship between the cold winter weather and the temperature of the investigated environment, and the result shows that the minimum consumption of honey in large colonies is in the temperature range of -10 and 10+ degrees Celsius in temperate regions. ). Researches show that in relation to minimum winter honey consumption of bee colonies, the temperature reaches 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. By examining the effects of climate changes on the population of colonies and their diseases, it was found that considering the climatic conditions plays an essential role in beekeeping management .The research conducted in relation to the effect of climate change on a micro scale and its impact on the migration conditions of colonies in high altitudes were investigated and an advanced monitoring system was proposed ). The effects of different times of the day, temperature, humidity and air pressure on the flight of various types of stingless bees were studied and the results showed that the flight activities of these types of bees are affected by atmospheric conditions and the elements of day length, heat, humidity and pressure.

Awareness of the environment and better understanding of the climate of each region is very necessary for the future to analyze the current situation of beekeeping in order to advance the goals in this field. In addition to weather factors and climatic variables, the temperature factor plays an essential role in creating a balance between honeybees and the environment. It should be noted that one of the most common problems in the growth of honeybees is unusual changes in environmental conditions, such as a sudden increase or decrease in temperature in mountainous areas, which increases the importance of studying this matter. In this research, due to the high importance of temperature, 20 years of daily temperature statistics of meteorological stations have been used. The dates of occurrence of the first and last temperatures of zero degrees were investigated and used to identify the time of inactive temperatures, to calculate the deviation from the optimal temperature (22 degrees) in the minimum winter consumption of this beneficial insect. The results of station estimates were also zoned using GIS software. The results showed that according to the calendar obtained from the cold months of the year, the thermal conditions in the last four months of the year, based on the occurrence of low temperatures from December to March, are unsuitable for biological activities in the high areas of Sablan, and the colonies should migrate to an altitude of 1000 meters and be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By adapting the temperature thresholds of honeybees to the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping, and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and bring it to the lowest possible level. Migrated to be monitored. The most optimal months of the year for the activity of bees in the highlands with the results obtained start from May because a huge source of flowering plants grow in these areas. By matching the temperature thresholds of honey bees with the weather conditions of each region, it is possible to help move the colonies at the right times for the development of beekeeping and also prevent the significant reduction of the colony population due to the death of bees in cold areas and reduce it to the minimum. as much as possible. Beekeeping has long been one of the important branches of agriculture due to its pollination and valuable products (Allen et al., 1998). The honey bee performs more than 90% of commercial pollination services because it is considered one of the most important pollinators worldwide (Morse and Calderon, 2000). It should be pointed out that Iran's honey bee colonies are a type of common honey bee that are highly dependent on weather conditions . Coordination of beekeeping activities with climatic factors and its temporal and spatial patterns is one of the important issues regarding growth and breeding . Colony health, production efficiency and productivity in beekeeping are all affected by environmental conditions, especially climate. (Haig, 2006). By matching the vital thresholds of this creature with the climatic conditions of different places, it is possible to take advantage of the maximum climatic potential of the regions in the field of bee breeding. The most important aspect of keeping and rearing honey bees is coordinating beekeeping activities with geographical and climatic conditions and its temporal and spatial changes . With the occurrence of frost, many animal activities are affected, and the honey bee, which is a cold-blooded insect, is affected by the surrounding temperature and reacts to this temperature. It should be kept in mind that the development of beekeeping has a close relationship with weather conditions and the time of moving colonies depends on this factor . In the annual climatic calendar of the growth of honey bee colonies, two active and inactive periods have been identified, and in the cold months of the year, the inactive periods start and special care is taken, however, there is a sharp decrease in the population and death of the colony. We are at the end of winter, which is one of the inhibiting factors for using bee pollination services and other products. The loss of the queen due to changes in environmental conditions such as: Temperature, high humidity and prolonged cold in mountainous areas and lack of food in hives are among the most common problems of bee breeding in very low temperatures).Winter deaths and reduction of bee colony population in cold regions, an important part of which is due to environmental and climatic conditions, increase the importance of studying this matter (Pettis et al., 2010). With the climate calendar in hand and the proper location of the apiaries in the cold months of the year by the beekeepers, we will see a significant reduction in losses, business improvement and more productivity. A lot of research has been done in the field of honey bee wintering all over the world, which shows the close relationship between the cold winter weather and the temperature of the investigated environment, and the result shows that the minimum consumption of honey in large colonies is in the temperature range of -10 and 10+ degrees Celsius in temperate regions. ). Researches show that in relation to minimum winter honey consumption of bee colonies, the temperature reaches 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. By examining the effects of climate changes on the population of colonies and their diseases, it was found that considering the climatic conditions plays an essential role in beekeeping management .The research conducted in relation to the effect of climate change on a micro scale and its impact on the migration conditions of colonies in high altitudes were investigated and an advanced monitoring system was proposed ). The effects of different times of the day, temperature, humidity and air pressure on the flight of various types of stingless bees were studied and the results showed that the flight activities of these types of bees are affected by atmospheric conditions and the elements of day length, heat, humidity and pressure.

Using new solutions to convert biological waste into valuable products can prevent wastage of capital while managing waste. Wheat straw is one of these biological wastes. In this research, with this aim, wheat straw was investigated as a raw material for the simultaneous production of paper and bioethanol as valuable products. First, the test was performed by applying hot water pre-extractions at 70 degrees Celsius for 45 minutes with the ratio of cooking liquid to wheat straw, and alkaline pre-extractions at 70 degrees Celsius for 30 and 45 minutes with Alkalinity of 8 and 12 took place, these conditions were selected from among the various experimental tests that were investigated. Bioethanol production was done using anaerobic fermentation method, so that inside the 2 liter reactor, liquor obtained from 50 grams of wheat straw was added, and then in order to carry out the fermentation process properly, the amount of sugar inside the reactor was added to Vsuger/Vtotal 62. 15.0%, Vp/Vsuger 2.33% of the amount of peptone sugar, Vm/Vsuger 1.5% of the sugar amount of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast was added. In the next step, HPLC test, flame test and calorific value were checked for different conditions in order to report the suitable conditions for bioethanol production. According to the results of the pre-extraction method with hot water compared to alkali under the same test conditions, it has more favorable results in terms of ethanol production due to the maintenance of suitable conditions for the activity of microorganisms. According to the results for all samples, the quality of produced paper was in favorable conditions. On the other hand, pre-extraction with hot water is more favorable compared to the two samples of pre-extraction with hot water and because it has a high flame height, high calorific value and high quality ethanol; that this sample can be indicative of suitable conditions for use. In this research, the objectives of the experiment were investigated based on experimental tests, and then the results were analyzed based on different methods.

In this research, in order to maximize the use of wheat straw, the possibility of simultaneous production of ethanol and paper from it was investigated in different conditions of treatment with hot water and alkali, and according to the results of the experiment presented in chapter four, it was observed that using hot water In addition to paper production, it is possible to produce ethanol from straw, and this study showed that ethanol production with hot water can only be produced by destroying the tissues of straw, considering the preservation of the activity conditions of microorganisms, especially the pH. It is desirable that ethanol helps and this method is better in comparison with the pre-extraction method with alkali. Among the different methods of pre-extraction with hot water, 1.10 and 1.12 treatments had more suitable results, and the use of these methods is recommended. However, more strictly if a comparison is made between these two treatments.

According to the results of Hplc, calorific value test and flame test, it can be seen that due to the relatively high calorific value and flame height in the hot water treatment sample of 1.10, the use of this compound in cases that are more for combustion in Fuel compounds (both engine and...) are of higher quality and more suitable; But with a quantitative perspective and the use of ethanol for various uses (such as: dyeing and chemical industries, etc.) where the high yield of ethanol production is more desirable, the use of hot water treatment solution 1/12 is also recommended. Today, instead of using fossil energy sources, attention is paid to the use of lignocellulosic materials as the most important sources of biomass in the world, which have a huge potential to produce value-added products such as biofuels. This can be achieved with the biological establishment of bio-refinery units in various industrial sectors, including pulp and paper factories. Biomass includes the synthetic function of nature and has a different proportion of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen compared to oil. Biomass conversion by biotechnological methods along with chemical conversion will play a big role in the future. Plant biomass always includes basic carbohydrate products, lignin, fat protein and a variety of substances such as vitamins, color, taste, aromatic essences with very different chemical structures. A bio-refinery is a place that, through a process using mechanical, thermal, chemical and biochemical methods, converts biomass into products with high added value or key intermediate products for the production of chemicals and other materials. Today, many pulp and paper factories in the world have suffered a decrease in profitability due to factors such as increased competition, the high cost of supplying raw materials and the energy consumption of the factory. One of the solutions to overcome this problem is to diversify the products of the factory, in this direction, hemicelluloses and dissolved lignin can play an important role and move the pulp and paper factory towards the production of green fuels and Conduct biological materials. Biofuel of the new generation creates changes in weather conditions. This action is done by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. For example, bioethanol produced from wheat straw releases only 20 grams per kilogram during its life cycle, while 163 grams per kilogram is released for gasoline on average. Reducing the pressure on food products, which is done by developing other fuels from non-food raw materials and the rest of agricultural products, in addition, they can use waste products as raw materials. Therefore, it causes the reduction of agricultural waste buried in the ground or exposed to other mechanisms. Unlike fossil fuels, biofuels are produced from renewable sources. They emit less pollutants than fossil fuels because ethanol burns completely, reducing carbon monoxide emissions. Due to the release of carbon dioxide and the absorption of raw materials, they do not contribute to the warming of the earth, and they are more economical compared to fossil fuels.One of the most important fuels produced by biological methods is bioethanol. The production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is known as the second generation of production, and compared to its production from sugars and starch (the first generation of production), it has more energy, economic, environmental, and even social political benefits, and considering the significant benefits Lignocellulosic materials, the focus of researchers and companies is directed towards the use of lignocellulosic biomass.

For the last 50 years, activities like urbanization, industrialization and population growth, make air as a significant inseparable part of our life. Air pollution can be defined as the presence of chemicals or toxic compounds in the air to extent that they pose a health risk. Emissions from cars, plant chemicals, dust, pollen and mold spores are introduced as particulate matter (PM). The World Health Organization reported that ambient air pollution causes 4.2 million deaths from strokes, heart disease, lung cancer and chronic respiratory diseases. Of the various pollutants affecting air quality, particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns is the major air pollution problem (Ścibor et al., 2020). As well, there is growing evidence of the effects of PM10 and PM2.5 on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory disease (DR).Forecasting air pollutants provides an opportunity to determine the intensity of air pollution in different areas and prevent irreversible impacts. In addition, these models also allow decision-makers to make the right decisions and prepare for the prevention or control of the PMs in the future. Some of the models used in air pollution forecasting studies are auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), artificial neural network (ANN), Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ), the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-CHEM), Fuzzy models, grey model and/or hybrid models. ANN has been used extensively by scientists to provide rapid and parsimonious solutions to mitigate the negative impacts of air pollution worldwide. Neural networks, as an alternative, have been successfully used in air pollution forecasting and have produced accurate results in time series data. Different types of noise and nonlinear structure were present in the data. Hybrid modeling approaches have a wide variety of applications in which numerous methods or attributes are merged to create a more sophisticated model with superior performance in certain scenarios.Urmia is one of Iran's most polluted cities, owing to continuous traffic and traffic congestion, growing CO2 and PM levels, and a lack of knowledge on regulating and locating industrial manufacturing units. Dust from Iraq affects the region, as well as inversion, which occurs 90 days a year, are instances of region-specific air pollution. In addition, the drying of Urmia Lake, which can result in salt storms, is one of the critical concerns that will lead to significant pollution in the near future.In this study, ANN-GA with missing data imputation was used to predict PM2.5 in Urmia, Iran, in the short-term to demonstrate how data-gap filling and preprocessing methods could improve hybrid models' performance.

The concentrations of air pollutants (carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide) as well as meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity) were used as inputs in this research to predict PM2.5. Air pollution concentrationsand meteorological data over a two-year period were obtained from Monitoring Station No. 3, Urmia municipality, and Iran's meteorology website (Data.irimo.ir).The data was then preprocessed with the Savitsky-Golay filter before being fed into the ANN and ANN-GA networks. Data gaps and imputed data (KNN/SPLINE method) were used as input in each network, and the results were compared.In this study, a single system contains two hidden layers and one output layer. The time series method was used to introduce the data to the network. The data was divided into three parts. 70% of the data is used for training, 15% for validation, and 15% for testing. Data import scenarios were defined in two ways. The first scenario used no imputation, while the second used SPLINE and KNN to fill in data gaps. As a transfer function, a sigmoid (logsig) layer was used for hidden layers, and a linear layer (Purelin) was used for the output layer. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was chosen as the learning algorithm based on the type of problem and the speed of convergence. To improve the results, the number of neurons, repetition parameters, number of permitted evaluations, Levenberg algorithm parameters, and reliability were all adjusted through a trial-and-error process.New ANN-GA network was used in this study and GA was used as a training function. After introducing the data as a time series and selecting the amount of data for each episode of learning, evaluation, and testing, the structure and number of networklayers were created with the "newff" function. The main difference is that the genetic learning process was used instead of the "train" function. It's worth noting that the network layer characteristics in both methods were the same. To learn how to complete the process, the new learning function requires several side processes, including cost function creation, selection, intersection, and mutation. Three methods of roulette selection, tournament selection and random were used in the selection process. To introduce the cost function, weights were taken from those created by the "newff" function. Different values were assigned to the initial population variables, maximum mutation number, and selection pressure coefficient by trial-and-error method. Moreover, two data import scenarios were defined.

Forecasting methods have been considered an important tool in research on air pollution. Among the various pollutants that influence air quality, particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) are one of the key issues in air pollution control management. In this study, a model for predicting future concentrations of PM2.5 was developed by the Hybrid Network (ANN-GA). Two methods of data imputation (KNN and SPLINE) were used to minimize training issues and improve network accuracy. PM10, PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, oxide, carbon monoxide, and weather data were used for predictions. The results show that multi-line neural networks are relatively efficient for predictive purposes but lack sufficient accuracy to predict. The ANN network produced MSE error of 0.023 and coherence coefficient of R 0.543 only with data gap filling methods. In order to improve R and reduce network errors, a genetic algorithm was used in combination with a multi-layer neural network (ANN-GA). As the results showed, MSE and R for hybrid networks (ANN-GA) were improved (R=0.91 and MSE=0.001). In addition, compared to ANN, the R increased by 40 percent and the MSE improved by 95 percent. Thus, it can be concluded that ANN-GA can be used as a powerful and reliable tool for predicting air pollution.

Reducing environmental pollution and achieving economic growth along with a clean environment have been some of the most important and challenging topics in recent decades and until now (Maghdisi and Golriz Rezaei, 2019). Therefore, it has attracted the attention of many researchers and policy-makers. In this regard, examining the economic dimensions of greenhouse gas emissions and their environmental effects, especially in the current situation where the volume of greenhouse gases is increasing, is important. This is despite the fact that the process of industrialization of societies has led to more and more intensive exploitation of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas in order to be used in the production process of various goods and services. In the last three decades, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide has been one of the most important issues in environmental economics and development. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas and one of the most important causes of global warming and climate change.For this purpose, in the current research, the relationship between economic growth, population, and carbon dioxide emissions in different countries of the world, considering their income levels, was investigated using the panel data method in the period of 1991-2018.This article examines the theoretical foundations and various theories in this field, some of the most important factors affecting carbon emissions, such as gross domestic product, population, and urbanization as a measure of environmental quality. Several studies have examined the direct relationship between energy consumption and economic growth from different aspects. Still, despite the studies conducted, this study analyzed the carbon emission in different countries and the factors affecting it theoretically. Is. In this regard, first, the theory of Kuznets Environmental Curve (EKC) was analyzed in a refined manner, and then the amount of population and urbanization and economic growth and their impact on the emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, were analyzed through perspectives and theory. Various things have been discussed. The information and statistical sources used in this study are written documents, library, and electronic information. The data were extracted from the statistical information published on the World Bank website for all countries during the years 1991-2018. Based on the classification of countries by the World Bank through their income levels, the countries examined in this study are divided into five groups of countries with income levels (high-medium to high-low-medium to low) and according to the availability of all Their information has been determined. The countries of Iran, Pakistan, Philippines, Kenya, and Vietnam in the group of countries with medium to low-income levels; Argentina, Peru, Turkey, and Mexico in the group of middle to high-level countries; Spain, Australia, Italy, Japan, and Norway are in the group of high-income countries and finally, Togo, Chad, Congo, Liberia and Madagascar are in the category of the lowest income level.The sustainable development of any society requires attention to the environment and its protection for future generations. In the meantime, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide gas, has caused concerns about the quality of the environment. From other aspects, economic growth as a stable factor and one of the most basic macroeconomic goals has always been the focus of planners. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the relationship and effect of economic growth on the amount of carbon dioxide gas emissions in 4 groups of selected countries with different per capita income (high, medium to high, low, and medium to low) among 20 countries using data. Combined studies have been carried out during the years 1991-2018. For this purpose, Kao, Westerland, and Pedroni's co-integration test was first performed to confirm the co-integration relationship between the variables. Then Chow's test was used to confirm the panel data method, the test statistic was equal to 1.75 and the null hypothesis of this test showed that the panel data method is applicable. Next, Hausman's test was performed to compare fixed and random effects models. The Hausman test statistic was found to be 25/41 completely significant, so the model was confirmed in the fixed effects model. Finally, to investigate the effects of economic growth on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in selected countries, the general and partial estimation of the regression panel model with fixed effects was used. The results of the regression model showed a positive relationship between carbon emissions and gross domestic product in the studied countries. The coefficient related to the variable of gross domestic production and its square were obtained at a significant level, and the positive and negative signs were evaluated according to Kuznet's theory. Therefore, the environmental hypothesis of Kuznets was confirmed in the mentioned countries and the results showing the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions were estimated as inverted U.Obviously, in this study, the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and population, urbanization rate, and gross domestic product can help policymakers in making the right decisions in dealing with environmental degradation in line with economic growth. Also, the results of the regression analysis showed: that all countries are located on the upward slope of the Kuznets environmental curve, and with the increase in income, the amount of carbon has increased on average for all countries; The slope of this curve has been assessed as increasing at low levels of income and decreasing at higher levels. Also, the results showed that there is a close correlation between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP, population, and urbanization rate. However, due to changing technology and replacing fossil energies with new energy sources, this dependence can be reduced. Also, the partial estimation results of the regression model showed that with population decrease in countries with high and medium to high per capita income, the amount of released pollution has increased by -11-2.10 and -6.46-10-E respectively.Obviously, in this study, the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and population, urbanization rate, and gross domestic product can help policymakers in making the right decisions in dealing with environmental degradation in line with economic growth. Also, the results of the regression analysis showed: that all countries are located on the upward slope of the Kuznets environmental curve, and with the increase in income, the amount of carbon has increased on average for all countries; The slope of this curve has been assessed as increasing at low levels of income and decreasing at higher levels. Also, the results showed that there is a close correlation between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP, population, and urbanization rate. However, due to changing technology and replacing fossil energies with new energy sources, this dependence can be reduced.

Uranium is the main raw material for the production of nuclear energy. The development of nuclear energy significantly increases the extraction of uranium, therefore it is very important to pay attention to this metal and the environmental effects of its mining in our country.Iran's uranium deposits are mostly located in central Iran. Several deposits have been identified in this zone, one of which is the anomaly located 170 kilometers northeast of Yazd city. Chah Juleh area is located in the northeast of Yazd city and in the east of the 1:100,000 map of Ariz. It is bounded from the north by the Saghand desert, from the west by the Khashumi mountains, from the east by the Chadormello iron ore mine, and from the south by the Zarigan region (Figure 1).
The general morphology of the area is rocky and rough. This area was identified for the first time by aerial flights, during which two anomalies were identified in the north and south of the area. The anomaly in the south of the region was not followed due to the lack of surface outcrop.The development of nuclear energy will reach its peak in the next few decades. Since uranium is the main raw material of nuclear energy, the environmental problems caused by mining must be taken seriously by government agencies.

In order to carry out lithology, mineralogy and geochemical studies, about 125 rock samples (35 samples for preparing thin sections, 23 polished sections, 10 samples for X-ray diffraction analysis and about 60 samples for X-ray fluorescence analysis from the Different areas of the region, especially the mineralized points, were collected and studied .Among the alterations in the region, we can mention hematitization, chloritization, epidoteization, silicification, carbonateization, and kaolinization.Zarigan leucogranite in the studied area has been affected by Sodic metasomatism in some parts and has turned into albitite, these parts, which are seen in red color (Figure 2-b, p), have radioactivity and sometimes with a scintillometer device show the radiation intensity of 2500 cps and their radiation is related to the opaque minerals in them. These opaque minerals form a dark red halo around the opaque mineral as a result of the radioactive decay, which can be seen in the hand sample and is one of the evidences of the radioactivity of these minerals (Figure 2-P). Of course, white albitites can also be seen in the region, which do not show any special radioactivity.According to petrographic studies, Zarigan leucogranite has a porphyry to granular texture, and the samples that have been affected by metasomatism have a coarse-grained granular texture. Its main minerals include: quartz, alkaline feldspar andplagioclase. Alkaline feldspar in Zarigan leucogranite includes perthite and microcline. In the samplesaffected by metasomatism, albite mineral was formed as a result of substitution instead of alkaline feldspar and calcic plagioclase. Albit with a checkerboard pattern is one of the specialties of Sodic's metasomatism.According to mineralogical studies, the opaque minerals of albitites include titanomagnetite-dividite (Figure 2-e), which are named as U-Ti oxide phases, and their red color is due to the presence of iron oxide in the microfractures of the albite mineral.Among the secondary minerals found in leucogranite and albitites, we can mention zircon, monazite, sphene and rutile, which sphene and rutile are the result of alteration of opaque minerals.At present, the main methods of remediation of decommissioned uranium mines are to ensure the non-proliferation of pollution (Gasem Shirazi, 1401). Physical methods are used to isolate the contaminated area to prevent further damage to the surrounding environment. Conventional physical removal and chemical washing are usually expensive and can easily cause secondary damage to the environment. Phytoremediation is economical and environmentally friendly, but inefficient and limited inenrichment capacity (Gavrilescu et al., 2009). These factors make it difficult to commercialize such methods on a large scale. Uranium contamination is mainly concentrated in underground water. Considering the difficult treatment of groundwater after pollution, it is necessary to strengthen the protection of groundwater during the extraction process (Zheng et al., 2023).According to the results of the analysis of about 60 samples by X-ray fluorescence method, Zarigan leucogranite is a siliceous leucocratic rock (SiO2 W%: 76.944-78.936), peraluminous (A>CNK) and sodic (Figure 3-a) and according to the Rb diagram in Its tectonic environment is related to volcanic arcs (VAG) (Figure 3-b).Environmental solution can be done in three steps. Before extraction, the hydrogeological characteristics and chemical indicators of underground water in the mining area are carefully examined and based on this, the mine construction plan and revitalization goals are established. In the mine drilling design, the direction of underground water flow and arrangement of wells from upstream to downstream should be considered, which can reduce the halo on both sides. During the operation, the extraction volume of the leaching solution should be considered larger than the solvent injection. This can lead to negative pressure in the area and prevent the release of pollutants. After completion, a monitoring system should be set up in the vicinity, especially downstream. A periodic monitoring program should be modified to determine the range of halo emissions (Zheng et al., 2023).

Chah- Juleh area is located in the northeast of Yazd city and in the central Iran zone. The local geological setting consists up Zarigan leucogranite, quartz diorite and diabasic dykes. The Zarigan leucogranite has pervasively influenced by Na- metasomatism and has converted to albitite. These albitites are main hosted of U mineralization. U mineralization consists of U- Ti Oxide phases (Dividite- Titanomagnetite). According to geochemical studies, albitites are enriched in alcalies, Al2O3, U, Th, Nb, and REE. Also spider diagrams are shown enrichment in Ba, Th, U, Zr, Sr, Nb, Ce and depletion in zn, Cr, Ni, Rb, Pb, This enrichment reflect communion of continental crust in genesis of productive magma. Acording to field observations, petrography and geochemistry studies U- mineralization is supposed to be associated with late magmatic albitites. Uranium extraction, especially in dry weather conditions and poor drainage, can have environmental consequences, and environmental measures must be taken to prevent pollution.

Identifying factors affecting farmers' agronomic adaptation in dealing with the groundwater crisis (Case of study: Deir county, Bushehr province)AbstractThe general aim of the current research is to identify the factors affecting farmers' adaptation to the groundwater crisis in Deir county, located in Bushehr province. This research was done by descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of this research is 1100 irrigated farmers of Deir county. The sample size was calculated using Tuckman's table, 285 people, and to increase the accuracy of the study, 305 people were selected by proportional allocation sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed based on the collective opinion of experts and faculty members and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. The results of the study showed that during the last 20 years, the critical water indicators of agricultural wells in the study area have increased three times. The findings also show that the owners of inappropriate and uneconomic wells showed the most water management behaviors and the owners of ideal wells showed the least adaptive behaviors. Based on the results of regression analysis, the variables of social economic effects of underground water crisis, the intention of farmers to migrate, the condition of agricultural wells, the quality of life of farmers and the number of family members have a significant effect on the adaptation of farmers and explain about 40% of the changes in this variable.Key words: drought, groundwater crisis, adaptation of farmers, Deir countyIntroductionClimate change is one of the most important economic, social and environmental threats to human life and the greatest threat to sustainable development. Meanwhile, one of the most important sectors affected by climate change is water resources. Water crises will have the greatest impact on the agricultural sector. Therefore, the agricultural sector has an urgent need for farmers to adapt to the conditions of water shortage and drought. Adaptation in agricultural systems is explained as harmonizing behavior with environmental changes to overcome agricultural damages. The present research seeks to identify the conditions and factors that are effective on the type of behavior of farmers while examining the agricultural adaptation behaviors that occur by farmers in dealing with water crises in this way, it is possible to predict the behavior of farmers in the face of the groundwater crisisMaterial and MethodsThe current research is a survey research that was conducted in a cross-sectional way. This research was conducted in Deir county (one of the southern cities of Bushehr province). This research was done by descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of this research is 1100 irrigated farmers of Deir county. The sample size was calculated using Tuckman's table, 285 people, and to increase the accuracy of the study, 305 people were selected by proportional allocation sampling method.ResultsBased on the results of this research, farmers who are faced with the issue of groundwater crisis will take different adaptive behaviors in different fields. These adaptation behaviors can be divided into two sets of agricultural adaptation (irrigation and agricultural adaptation) and non-agricultural adaptation (sale of capital, job change and receiving assistance). Farmers of Deir county have changed most of their irrigation methods and improved the water transfer system for better water management. Because these activities are easier and cheaper. That's why most farmers are able to do it. At the same time, changing the irrigation method and improving the water transmission system is supported by the government due to the positive environmental results, and special facilities are provided for farmers in this case.ConclusionIn the field of water resources management, the most popular among farmers was to change the irrigation method and improve the water transfer system. Both of these activities are expensive, it is suggested that the government should provide special banking facilities for the people of the region. It is recommended to hold extension training courses according to the needs of the villagers, at the right time and with information, as well as training in agricultural techniques and optimizing water consumption and improvement. and finally, it is suggested that watershed and aquifer projects to feed the underground water table should be prioritized in the agricultural programs of the region.Also, in terms of the social and economic effects of the underground water crisis, Abdan has received the most effects and Bardkhon has received the least effects. From the point of view of the environmental effects of the groundwater crisis, Abdan has received the most effects and Bardkhon has the least effects.The findings of this research showed that the owners of inappropriate and uneconomic wells showed the most water management behaviors and the owners of ideal wells showed the least adaptation behaviors. If there is no significant difference between these groups in terms of agricultural management behaviors.The results of the regression analysis also indicate that the variables of vulnerability and quality of life have played the most important role in the adaptation process of the farmers of Deir city. In addition, the six variables of social and economic effects of the groundwater crisis, the tendency of farmers to migrate, the condition of agricultural wells, the quality of life of farmers and the number of their family members were able to explain about 40% of the changes in the dependent variable of farmers' agricultural adaptation.In the field of water resources management, the most popular among farmers was to change the irrigation method and improve the water transfer system. Both of these activities are costly. It is suggested that the government provide special banking facilities in this sector for the people of the region.It is recommended to hold promotional training courses according to the needs of the villagers, at the right time and with information, as well as training in agricultural techniques and optimizing water consumption and improvement, and finally, watershed and aquifer projects are suggested to feed the water table. The priorities of the agricultural programs of the region should be placed underground.Data AvailabilityThe datasets are available from the corresponding author by email (b.khosravipour@gmail.com) on a reasonable request.Conflicts of interestThe authors of this article declared no conflict of interest regarding the authorship or publication of this article.

Chemical inputs in agriculture are the most important inputs that cause environmental and groundwater pollution. This is why agricultural activities and farmers' behavior can have direct effects on the environment. On this basis, a research study was conducted with the aim of analyzing and investigating the willingness to accept and consume biological inputs among farmers living in the villages of Meidawood sector of Baghmalek County in Khuzestan province using the survey method. The statistical population of the research included all the farmers of this region, among whom a sample size of 302 people was determined based on the Karjesi and Morgan table and by a simple random method (N=1400). The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed based on experts' opinion and its reliability was confirmed by calculating the composite reliability index. Data were analyzed using SPSSv22 and Smart PLS3 software. The results showed that the studied farmers have a relatively favorable willingness towards the consumption of biological inputs. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between farmers' attitude and willingness to accept biological inputs. In addition, the chi-square test between the willingness to consume biological inputs and different age levels of farmers was significant at the 1% level, and the results indicated that younger farmers were less willing to consume these inputs. The greatest willingness was among farmers aged 30 to 40 years.

The activities of humanity on Earth have significantly changed over the past hundred years. The increase in greenhouse gas concentrations has led to global warming and, as a result, has caused changes in climate indices. Assessing extreme temperature and precipitation values is of great importance in agricultural planning and water resource management policies. In this study, using daily temperature and precipitation data from 18 synoptic stations located on the periphery of the central desert of Iran, 12 extreme indices, including 6 temperature indices and 6 precipitation indices defined by ETCCDMI, were evaluated for the time period from 1991 to 2020. For trend and magnitude determination of the indices, the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator were used. The research results indicate an increasing trend in warm extreme indices and a decreasing trend in cold extreme indices in the study area. The Alborz Mountains factor has some influence on these indices, with the decreasing trend in cold extreme indices being less pronounced in the northern part of the region, which is closer to the Alborz Mountains, compared to the southern part. For instance, the Shahroud station and warm extreme indices in the southern part of the region show a significant increasing trend compared to the north. Furthermore, the diurnal temperature range index in the northern part of the region, which is close to the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains, exhibits the highest increasing trend, while in the southern part, this index shows a decreasing trend. Regarding the 6 precipitation indices, no significant trend was observed in most of the stations.

With the growth and development that has taken place in the world in the last few decades, especially in advanced countries in the improvement of livestock and poultry breeds, nutrition and health of livestock and processing industries and transformation of this sector, animal husbandry has been able to have a special place in the economy of these countries. verify for yourself. So that the share of added value of livestock products in some of these countries has reached more than 50% of the added value of their agricultural sector. Various reports have shown that among the different sectors of agriculture, the animal husbandry industry as one of the main sectors in terms of application in nutrition, clothing, creating employment, sports and riding, and foreign trade has a special place. Is. Therefore, it can be said that the development of animal husbandry industry is very important in every country. Agricultural products, including crops and livestock, which are referred to as agricultural products, are important in the first place because of the supply of the most basic goods needed by humans, i.e. food. In addition to this, as the experience of some countries such as Australia and Canada shows, the agricultural sector can be considered as the starting point of economic development. In addition to this, developed countries, by taking a major share of the production and experience of agricultural products (such as grains) in the world, have been able to gain significant foreign exchange every year, economically and politically, over other countries. Societies dominate. This is despite the fact that in many other countries, a major part of their active population is in the agricultural sector. Annually, large sums are allocated for the import of these products. Especially since the population growth rate in recent societies is usually higher than other countries, and therefore food supply for the growing population is often considered as a serious issue. In our country, the production of agricultural products as well as the issue of population have been given attention, especially in recent years. However, care for this part should continue continuously. It is obvious that the production of food products should be significantly developed in the future, and in order to achieve a significant progress, it is necessary that the production of food products has an annual growth of more than 4% from now. The main source of this annual growth is the increase in productivity in terms of level and time, which requires the use of new practices and technologies and conducting research according to the limited resources in each country. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and identifying the obstacles and bottlenecks in the development of animal husbandry and providing solutions for its development in the south of Kerman province. Because identifying the existing problems on the way of animal husbandry is the best way to jump the agricultural industry of the region because this part is one of the important influencing factors in the agricultural sector.

The present study is part of applied research in terms of purpose and quantitative research in terms of method. As the purpose of the research is to identify the bottlenecks in animal husbandry, so to get the answer, in addition to generalizing, establishing a close relationship with the subject is needed. Qualitative research is used to find complete and detailed information for selecting samples, collecting data, analyzing, drawing conclusions, and reaching research goals considering the research problem. The target population in the current research was 30 experts, including animal science experts (working in agricultural service centers related to the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the Agricultural Insurance Fund) and experienced professors in the field of animal husbandry in the south of Kerman province. These people were active in seven southern cities of Kerman province, including Jiroft, Anbarabad, Rudbar South, Manojan, Faryab, Kahnuj and Ghaleganj. The current research is part of applied research in terms of its purpose and quantitative research in terms of method. Hierarchical analysis method was used in this research. The questionnaire was prepared based on paired comparison, so the reliability of this questionnaire is based on the inconsistency rate. If the inconsistency rate is less than or equal to 0.1, there is compatibility in pairwise comparisons and the work can continue. Otherwise, the decision maker should reconsider the pairwise comparisons. In the present study, there was consistency in all the answers. Undoubtedly, the issue of choice is as old as human history. Therefore, the decision-making processes to choose the correct options from among the available options are an integral part of rational processes in human daily life. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods in which, based on a certain goal and using different criteria or metrics and giving weight to each of them, it is possible to Among the options or alternatives, choose the best or superior option for a specific purpose and rank the other options as well.

Based on the findings collected from the questionnaire, the financial obstacles have the highest weight and the promotion and educational obstacles, market obstacles and infrastructural obstacles are in the second to fourth positions of the obstacles to livestock development in the southern region of Kerman, respectively. Therefore, in the study area, according to experts, the most important problem of livestock farmers is financial obstacles. Among the sub-criteria of infrastructural obstacles, the lack of specialized animal husbandry equipment in animal husbandry units has been the most important sub-criteria according to the experts of south Kerman region. Also, the weakness of the pricing system and price control of inputs and products is the most important sub-criterion of market obstacles. Therefore, in order to reduce the problems of animal husbandry and the development of animal husbandry in the south of Kerman, the coordination and convergence of executive bodies such as agricultural, nomadic, veterinary, cooperative companies and non-governmental organizations should be increased with scientific and research discussions. The government should implement support measures, such as granting loans and grants for farmers who have lower incomes, guaranteed purchase of dairy products, the policy of stabilizing the prices of livestock products to increase their risk-taking and, as a result, the amount of dealing with economic obstacles in They increase. In the next stage, promoting new and scientific methods of livestock breeding, using appropriate methods of processing and enriching the by-products of farms, gardens and agricultural industries, improving and revitalizing pastures using scientific methods, breeding native livestock and increasing their production efficiency. (multiple births), supporting the development of industrial and semi-industrial units, supporting cooperative companies and trade unions, as well as providing support credits can help to solve the problems of livestock breeding in the region. On the other hand, the animal husbandry sector produces food, improves the level of agricultural production and provides services and economic goods, surplus and cash income. The integration of animal husbandry in agriculture creates stable annual employment. Also, the sale of livestock products provides the necessary capital for the purchase of agricultural inputs and in general any investment in the farm. And on the other hand, in the direction of livestock breeding, the provision of fodder and excessive grazing provides the ground for the destruction of the surrounding environment. By increasing the interaction of relevant institutions such as natural resources, watershed management and agriculture departments with the people, as well as holding educational-promotional courses, especially in the field of natural resources and sustainable exploitation of them, it is possible to increase their knowledge in this way. The path to increase their actions in the field of pasture protection needs to be paved and increased. Through financial support in the form of loans, credits and subsidies, poor villagers should be encouraged to use environmental resources in a principled and sustainable manner.

Agricultural soil compaction is a destructive phenomenon, which is mostly attributed to the passage of agricultural machines during agricultural operations. In this research, the effect of wheel passage on the soil has been investigated in terms of density and stress in the soil. Tests have been designed and implemented using a single-wheel tester in the soil bin environment, which includes three independent variables of load on the wheel, forward velocity, and the number of wheel passages, in the number of levels 3, 3, and 25 levels, respectively. Stress measurement in the soil depth indicates the creation of a variable stress bell wave in the soil, which reaches its maximum value when the wheel travels on the stress transducer and then undergoes a sudden decrease. The stress changes in the first to fifth passes have caused the most changes, and in the upper passes, with the stabilization of the soil layer, the stress changes have decreased. Increasing the load on the wheel in any case leads to an increase in soil stress and density, and this change has appeared in the number of initial passes more than the passes above 10.Nowadays, soil – tire interaction from the point of view of soil management and product production is of great interest, and efforts are being made to design and prepare tools and methods for dealing with soil in such a way that as much as possible, the destructive effects of soil and also the waste of energy that It includes economic and environmental limitations and should be prevented.The research conducted by the researchers has shown that about 20-50% of the energy of the driving wheels is lost in the interaction between the wheel and the soil. Repeating wheel passes on the soil causes compaction in the soil, which, of course, has a non-linear relationship with the number of wheel passes. The speed of the machine on the soil is also considered to be involved in the amount of soil compaction by some researches.Experiments have been designed and implemented to investigate the compaction effect of the wheel on the soil. This research was carried out using a single-wheel tester using the soil bin of the Terramechanics laboratory of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Urmia University.The research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the number of wheel passes in three parameters of speed, load and number of passes on soil density and stress in wheel-soil interaction. Based on this, the test data were taken in two separate phases related to soft surface (soil) and rigid surface. In addition, the effect of these three variables on soil compaction was also investigated. The four-arm type single-wheel tester with the ability to apply vertical load and the tire used in this research is a standard tire with specifications Barez 8.25-16.The experiments were performed with three levels of 2, 3 and 4 kN load on the wheel and three levels of forward speed of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m/s. In order to separate the test plots and apply load and speed in separate traffic, indicator lines were implemented across the channel in the form of longitudinal and transverse division of the channel. By moving the wheel tester transversely, traffic was carried out on the indicated lines. 25 repeated passes of the wheel were made on each path and the amount of stress was measured at a depth of 10 cm from the soil surface by stress gauges buried in the soil.After preparing the soil, the tests were performed at three levels of wheel speed, three levels of load on the wheel and in the number of 25 consecutive passes. By using stress gauges that were buried 20 cm from the soil depth, changes in soil stress were obtained according to changes in input parameters (load, speed and traffic). Since the stress transducers displayed the amount of stress in the soil as a point, with the movement of the wheel on the soil surface, the stress changes were constant and when the wheel passed the place where the stress transducer was below was buried, the amount of stress in the soil at that point could be obtained through the data logger. In an overview, as the wheel approaches the stress transducer, the amount of stress in the soil starts to increase suddenly and decreases after passing. In the obtained results, the effect of traffic parameters, load and advancing speed on soil compaction and stress was investigated. Since the relative importance of wheel load and speed of progress during agricultural operations on the compression of the lower and upper layers of the soil has always been discussed, the investigation of soil stress through the factor of wheel traffic frequency was one of the goals of this research. During these tests, with the aim of determining the maximum amount of stress in the lower layers of the soil, soil pressure was measured at different load levels and speeds and the measured values were compared. Soil stress was measured at a depth of 20 cm from the soil using designed sensors. The amount of stress was the highest at low speed due to the maximum contact between the wheel and the soil, and with increasing load, it was much higher, which was consistent with the results of other researches.Based on the results obtained in the first load level, the stress created in the soil has the highest value for the low speed and the lowest value for the third level speed. The reason for this can be explained by increasing the speed, the wheel does not have enough time to exert pressure on the soil. As in the lower speed, due to sufficient time and the maximum contact surface of the tire and the soil, the soil stress value has reached its maximum value. With the increase of one level of load, the value of the soil stress related to the first speed level has again the highest value, while the stress created for two levels of speed (1 and 1.5 m/s) has approximately been the same. By increasing the load to the third level (4 kN), this time the soil stress value related to the second speed level is the highest and the soil stress value related to the first speed is the lowest value. By increasing the speed to the third level again, due to the insufficient time in contact between the wheel and the soil, the amount of soil stress was reduced.

Energy consumption in developed countries increases every year by about 1% and in developing countries by about 5%, and a large share of the world's energy source is fossil fuels [1-3]. Increasing global energy demand, reducing resources. Fossil and environmental problems (such as atmospheric pollution, greenhouse effect and global warming) have led to the search for alternative renewable energy sources with systems that are more efficient and less emitting. Among renewable energy sources, biogas is one of the most suitable options for heat and electricity generation applications [3]. Depending on the amount of methane in the biogas content, it can be used in many applications such as cooking, cooling, heating and power generation. Using biogas as a renewable fuel in internal combustion engines has significant potential in meeting the increased energy demand. Today, many studies have been conducted on the thermal use of biogas as well as in internal combustion engines (4-6). In these studies, the use of biogas and biogas-fossil fuel mixture in compression combustion engines, engine performance and fuel consumption parameters have been investigated [7-13].Chai et al. used an artificial neural network model for a gasoline engine to estimate the main engine performance parameters. A standard artificial neural network model using back propagation algorithm was developed for the engine using experimental data of engine speed, torque, fuel flow rate, average inlet manifold temperature and coolant inlet temperature. Later, specific fuel consumption, effective power and exhaust temperature were estimated by artificial neural network and the results were compared with experimental results. The coefficient of explanation for the test and training data was about 0.99. The error value was calculated to be less than 0.02 and the average error of the test data was shown to be less than 2.7%. It is concluded that using an artificial neural network model can be a good choice for predicting the performance of an engine with high accuracy [4]. To create a better blend of diesel and biodiesel to improve power, torque, hourly specific fuel consumption and brake specific fuel consumption, Ogoz et al. studied using artificial neural network. The properties of the resulting mixed fuels were determined and used as reference values ​​for training the artificial neural network. Reference values ​​obtained from experiments in artificial neural network were used to estimate power, torque, hourly fuel consumption and specific brake fuel consumption and the estimated results were compared with the experimental results. The reliability of the study was calculated to be 99.94% [15]. Parlock et al concluded that a good neural network is a fast, consistent and easy tool for solving engineering problems. Using a back-propagation learning algorithm with an artificial neural network model, they estimated the brake-specific fuel consumption values ​​and exhaust temperature of a diesel engine. In this study, the mean absolute relative error was reported to be less than 2% [16].• Experiment setup and experimental measurements In this study, a pilot-scale biogas system for biogas production with simultaneous fermentation method was built using 40% animal manure, 35% water, 17% whey and 8% whey. Is. Washing and desulfurization processes are applied to remove polluting gases from the produced biogas. At the end of the purification process, biogas with 50, 75 and 95% methane content is obtained. The biogas is repeatedly washed in the purification unit to remove carbon dioxide until the methane concentration reaches the desired percentage. The produced biogas is tested using a biogas generator with a 10 kW spark ignition engine. Tests are performed at engine speed of 1500 rpm with generator load at 1.5-3-4.5-6 7.5-9 kW. The composition of the biogas used in the experiments is determined using a portable biogas analyzer model Geotech GA2000.To measure the cylinder pressure, an Oprand Auto PSI TC candle is used, which can measure the pressure from 0 to 200 bar and in At the same time, it also acts as a candle. Kubler coder model Sendix 5000 was used to determine the position of the piston. With the help of measured pressure and piston position data, the change in cylinder pressure relative to piston position is determined. The exhaust gas temperature is measured using a K-type thermocouple at the outlet of the exhaust manifold.The engine is measured and observed during the test. The test results are used for Anfis training. Brake-specific fuel consumption, a key parameter that determines engine characteristics, can be expressed as the amount of fuel consumed per unit of power obtained from the engine.Thermal efficiency is the ratio of the heat converted into useful work by the engine to the total heat produced by burning the fuel. Because a significant amount of heat is removed from the engine through the engine's cooling and lubrication system, only about a third of the heat generated is converted to power.The important results of the study are given below:A- It has been shown that the Enfis approach can be a choice for effectively predicting the performance conditions of spark ignition engines.B- The best values ​​of R for estimating thermal efficiency, specific braking fuel consumption and volumetric efficiency are 0.9901, 0.9594, 0.9608, which are in the acceptable range.c-c The calculated MAPE and RMSE values ​​also show that the estimated performance of the developed models is high.D- It has been determined that Anfis can be used to estimate the specific braking fuel consumption values, thermal efficiency and volume efficiency with high accuracy without the need to perform complex and timely studies.Further studies can be done in the following areas.A- The results obtained with the present study can be compared with the results obtained from different educational algorithms of Anfis.B- In addition to Anfis models, the accuracy of developed models can be improved by using other estimation methods such as integrated methods with meta-heuristic and Anfis algorithms.C- In addition to the estimations of thermal efficiency, specific braking fuel consumption and volume efficiency, exhaust emission values ​​(CO, HC) can be estimated.D- If a different experimental study is conducted for different methane content, engine load, intake air temperature, etc., the models can be retrained and their results checked.

Nowadays, in construction projects, in order to avoid disputes and to clarify as much as possible the elements and implementation issues of the project and how to provide and deliver services, it is essential to enter into and register a contract between the employer and the contractor, and in order to solve this problem, a new concept in In recent years, a smart contract has been formed in the field of contracting. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the benefits of using the smart contract system in construction projects. For this purpose, a review method has been used on previous research with the benefit of a meta-analysis. Information related to various articles in the field of smart contracts in the field of construction with the keywords of smart contract, Smart Contract, construction projects, construction projects and contract management from 2015 to 2023 in reliable scientific publications inside and outside the study and after evaluation Initially, according to the preliminary processes of meta-analysis, the researches whose independent variable or mediating variable was smart contracts in the field of construction were selected, and finally 14 articles were selected as the articles that met the entry conditions for meta-analysis. The results obtained showed that among the various benefits of using this category of contracts, the average effect size of consistent management with a value of 0.536, the factor of consistent financial processes with an average effect size of 0.356 and the t-statistic for the factors of information privacy, increasing competition and improving the project supply chain 0.219, 0.406 and 0.321 were obtained, respectively, that these factors of using the smart contract system of construction projects are significant in the studied statistical population (P<0.05).A smart contract, introduced in the mid-1990s (Wu et al., 2022), is a fully automated transaction protocol that operates without the need for human intervention. A European Commission trend report estimated that smart contracts could reduce banking infrastructure costs by €18.4 billion per year by 2022 (Nalioğlu et al., 2023). This is despite the fact that these types of contracts have not yet been introduced in Iran and due to the increasing progress of technology and larger projects and the need for accuracy and speed in completing the project in order to reduce costs and not harm the progress of the project and reduce disputes. Contractualization and clarification has not been done to speed up the process of adapting to global markets and introducing smart contracts. Due to its cascading nature, the traditional progress payment system may lead to major problems if payment is not made or delayed (Rathnayake et al., 2022). According to the research and investigation that was done in the field of internal research and the result was that very little activity has been done in processing this issue and the resources are very limited, therefore, considering the great importance of using these contracts in the field of construction. In order to align and progress parallel with the international community, there is a strong need to address this issue inside the country. According to the research of the researcher, the smart contract in the field of construction has not been concluded in the country, or even if it has been concluded, it has not been made public. Therefore, it is necessary to follow up on the reason for its absence and how to smooth the path of its entry and prepare the infrastructure and solve other problems. Arcadis Global Report Construction Disputes 2020: Working together to achieve project excellence (Arcadis 2020) has shown that the average value of disputes in the UK construction industry reached $17.8 million in 2019 and lasted an average of 9.8 months. stretched to dissolve (Shang et al., 2023). Therefore, the need to change from dispute resolution to dispute reduction is evident, the researcher believes that smart contracts can form a part of such preventive measures of dispute management. In fact, the recent Arcadis report mentioned above (Arcadis 2020) found that 60% of respondents agreed that effective contract management would have the most significant impact on preventing disputes in construction. Low trust relationships between clients and contractors increase project costs by 8-20% in risk insurance premiums associated with disclaimer clauses. Smart contacts, which are self-enforcing and self-enforcing, help develop trust by shifting the emphasis from “relational trust” to “digital trust” based on trust in “rules” (Ye et al., 2022). Timely delivery of documents and contracts is recognized as an essential requirement for the successful delivery of projects. However, the construction industry is still dependent on time-consuming traditional contracting processes, which negatively affects the overall productivity of projects in the industry. The use of smart contracts (SCs) has been highlighted as a suitable new technology to accelerate contracting processes and create a reliable payment environment in the construction industry. While the discussion about the use of SC in construction has increased in recent years, their use in practice is still in its infancy. As such, this issue would benefit from a thorough examination of the benefits, drivers, barriers, and strategies that can enhance the implementation of SCs in construction. Smart contracts should be divided into two parts, internal and external models. In the external or external model, smart contracts are just computer codes that are outside the main contract and do not create any obligation between the parties of the main contract and are just a way to Facilitating the implementation of the contract is the main one. However, in the internal model section, the smart contract appears as a condition in the contract, as well as a necessary contract, and is binding between the parties and is considered a part of the contract (Sonmez et al., 2022). Therefore, in this second sense, the smart contract can be considered as a contract. The main element in the smart contract is based on official representation, a contract that may be confused with a power of attorney contract and is considered a permissible type of contract. However, as mentioned, the smart contract is different from the power of attorney contract, and based on Article 10 of the Civil Law, it can be considered a necessary contract. Construction projects usually involve signing various contracts with specific billing procedures. Dealing with complex contract structures creates problems with regard to timely payment and guaranteed cash flow. Also, lack of transparency causes loss of trust.

There are many problems for the restoration and development of rangeland vegetation in the field of biological purpose, including the lack of proper germination of plant seeds. The seeds of many plant species cannot germinate despite suitable environmental conditions. Seed dormancy, hard and impenetrable shell and the presence of immature embryo are the main factors of seed not germinating. Seed dormancy is a temporary stagnation in seed life that enables it to complete its germination under favorable conditions and causes the distribution of germination in space and time. In general, research related to seed germination is one of the key and primary tools for biological projects. Because the results of this research can be used in the implementation of management programs for the preservation and development of vegetation. Researchers are trying to find suitable methods to break dormancy and increase the percentage and speed of germination of key plants by investigating the causes of dormancy in seeds. Among the native plants and indicators of winter rangeland in the south of the country, including the tropical areas of Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad provinces, which are located in the Zohreh watershed, Zygophyllum eurypterum Boiss & Buhse. from Zygophyllaceae family, Sanguisorba minor L. from Rosaceae family and Salsola orientalis S. G. Gmelin (=Salsola rigida) belong to Chenopodiaceae family. Due to the destructive process of rangeland in the south of the country, resuscitation and development of the vegetation of these areas with indigenous and indicator species in line with biological operations is a priority. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate and compare the germination stimulation methods of three indicator range species in order to introduce the best methods.

The present research was conducted to investigate the methods of dormancy of three index species of rangeland: Zygophyllum eurypterum, Sanguisorba minor, and Salsola orientalis in the rangeland of the Zahra watershed in the south of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces. For this purpose, after field investigations of the important habitats of the studied species, seeds were identified and sampled when they were fully ripened. The preliminary investigations revealed that all three species have sleep. Therefore, the germination test and determination of the best treatment for the mobility and improvement of germination of the studied species include the following treatments: Germination test using treatments including; Control, scraping, sulfuric acid 98% (for 20 and 40 minutes), potassium nitrate 0.2% and hot water. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The measured traits included germination percentage, germination speed, length of root, shoot, seedling and seed germination index. Mean comparisons were done using Duncan's test.

The results showed that different dormancy treatments have a significant effect on the percentage of seed germination of the studied species (p<0.01). The highest percentage of S. minor germination was observed in potassium nitrate treatment (77.25%) and the lowest in sulfuric acid treatment for 40 minutes (27.5% ). The highest germination percentage of S. orientalis was observed in potassium nitrate treatment (67.50%) and the lowest in sulfuric acid treatment for 40 minutes (42.25%). The highest germination percentage of Z. eurypterum plant was observed in hot water treatment (70%) and the lowest germination percentage was observed in sulfuric acid treatment for 40 minutes (29.5%). Also, the results showed that different treatments have a significant effect on the germination rate of the studied species' seeds. The highest rate of germination of S. minor (3.05 seeds/day) and S. orientalis (1.85 seeds/day) in potassium nitrate treatment and the highest rate of germination of Z. eurypterum (2.3 seeds /day) was obtained in hot water treatment. The results of comparing the averages showed that the treatments used have different effects on the growth of the studied species. So that in S. minor plant, the highest effect on root length (5 cm) was the use of potassium nitrate treatments and scratching, and the highest length of shoot (5.62 cm) and seedling (10.6 cm) ) this plant was obtained in potassium nitrate treatment. In S. orientalis plant, the maximum length of root, shoot, and seedling was 1.8, 1.15, and 2.95 cm, respectively, in potassium nitrate treatment. Also, in Z. eurypterum plant, the maximum length of root, stem and seedling was 2.97, 2.85 and 5.82 cm respectively in hot water treatment. In all three species, the minimum length of root, shoot and seedling was observed in sulfuric acid treatment of 40 minutes. The results of the comparison of the averages show that there is a significant difference between the different sleep deprivation treatments on the seed germination index of the three species Z. eurypterum, S. orientalis and S. minor. The highest seed germination index of Z. eurypterum was obtained in hot water and potassium nitrate treatments, and the highest seed germination index of S. orientalis and S. minor species was obtained in potassium nitrate treatment.

In general, in this research, it was found that the highest percentage and speed of germination of S. minor and S. orientalis in the potassium nitrate treatment and Z. eurypterum in the hot water treatment were among the treatments of sleep failure. The lowest percentage and germination rate of all three species were observed in sulfuric acid treatment for 40 minutes. In S. minor and S. orientalis plants, the greatest effect on the length of root, shoot and seedling was obtained in potassium nitrate treatment. In Z. eurypterum plant, the maximum length of root, shoot and seedling was obtained in hot water treatment. In all three studied species, the lowest length of root, shoot and seedling and seed germination index were observed in sulfuric acid treatment of 40 minutes. Therefore, among the studied treatments for sleep failure, the best treatment for S. minor and S. orientalis species is potassium nitrate, and the best treatment for Z. eurypterum plant sleep failure is hot water treatment, Therefore, it is suggested to use the results of this research for related works in the direction of biological restoration of the studied area and pastures of other areas with similar ecological conditions.

The current research has analyzed the relationship between nature and architecture with a semiotic approach based on the originality of meaning, due to the fact that nowadays the appearance and form of architectural works have seen tremendous changes; Therefore, this is the result of a kind of human attitude towards nature and, in parallel, towards buildings. Signs provide a representation of the world, sometimes with a symbolic representation. During the design process, the architect is always faced with the problem of turning a concept into an architectural body. In fact, architecture always implies a concept, so to understand the meaning that the architectural building is erected to manifest; It is necessary to understand the primary concept that created it through understanding the relationship between the concept, as "sign" and architecture as "signified", through the knowledge of semiotics. So, understanding the difference between the types of signs and their degrees in architecture helps us to know how to use semiotics for the architectural embodiment of the desired concepts based on them and the existing architectural examples. Architecture as a meaning is a reflection of ideas and values that to understand and receive its meanings, one should seek help from the science of signs, and since this science originates from philosophy, then it should be read from a philosophical point of view. be decoded. For the first time, it was possible to recognize the influence of semiotic design in architecture because this year the book (Learn from Las Vegas) was published by Robert Venturi and his colleagues. In this book, he dealt more with the sociological and populist critique of modernism, and the concepts and semiotics were a suitable methodological support and background for it. Venturi and his colleagues are inspired by traditions and local and typical building, and in Las Vegas they discover and believe in the dynamic interplay between signs and textures. In fact, the architectural text encodes and its metatext opens, and this is important for hermeneutics. Basically, hypertext is the meaning created by the reader (viewer). Therefore, it can be said that according to each reader (viewer), metatext is available. Each work creates its own world of special signs and creates its own meaning, and therefore it is an ambiguous reality. In fact, every sign in the mind of the audience is a case of interpretation, and therefore we are always faced with different interpretations of every work of art. It seems that the art of Iranian architecture was formed with the principles of semiotics, especially based on the originality of meaning. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to prove the existence of signs based on the originality of meaning in Iranian architecture. In order to achieve this, a basic question is raised that why is it necessary to study Iranian architecture and nature and on what basis are they analyzed from the semiotic point of view. The research method of this article is of the theoretical type, which used the descriptive-analytical and historical method with qualitative variables and logical and philosophical reasoning in the data collection stage. The data collection tool used in the theoretical foundations section was library studies, which included the use of books, magazines, articles, publications, research projects, and internet searches. The purpose of using these methods is to use the latest available information related to the subject under study. In the first step of this research, in order to codify the analysis, categories were first made about the generalities of the selected buildings so that by analyzing them, the concepts and signs used in them can be obtained, and then by coding and primary classification, Concepts are extracted at three levels: explicit meanings, implicit meanings and symbolic meanings. to compile analyses; The generalities and structures of the studied building have been made in the five systems of text creation and by analyzing them, the concepts and signs used in them have been obtained, and then by coding and categorizing the concepts in three semantic levels, explicit, implicit and symbolic; has been extracted. In different eras of Iran's architectural history, we see the construction of works of historical-local value that had semantic approaches. Among these works is the tomb of the Islamic period, which is one of the most important buildings in the field of Islamic culture in Islamic lands, which was built for the public or special people. Contemporary built tombs in different cities are only an imitation of the past and most young designers do not even know the reasons for their physical size, let alone their decorations and details, and not only do they not have sufficient knowledge of semiotics. Rather, with misplaced use and superficial encounters, they also mislead their audience in correctly recognizing symbols and signs and different meanings of the meanings used in famous works of the past. Therefore, in this research, we studied the interaction of nature and architecture in Shah Nematullah Vali Mausoleum in Mahan Kerman, due to the simultaneous presence of a garden and an architectural building, with a semiotic approach based on the originality of meaning, and examined their relationship with the surrounding nature and environment. data to understand the secrets of their builders in that golden age and transfer them to contemporary architecture. Therefore, since the subject under discussion is the study of the interaction of nature and architecture in Iran, the tomb of Shah Nematullah Vali has been chosen because of its suitable conditions for proper coding.The results of the research indicate that the creator or creators of this work have been trying to reflect the aesthetic concepts of their contemporary era in addition to paying attention to the desired functional aspects in the design and at the same time recreate the spiritual concepts in the form of architectural works and also In addition to paying attention to the social and religious needs of users, they should create a magnificent and unique work in their time. So it can be seen that in Iranian architecture, the presence of signs and meanings hidden in them have been used to design buildings.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating variations of diet of copepods in the Strait of Hormuz in both cold and warm seasons using fatty acid profiles with considering the effect of dominant phytoplankton groups in the region. The studied stations were selected as a transect perpendicular to the Bandar Abbas coast and in the center of the Strait of Hormuz. Four stations were sampled in this transect. Sampling was done in two hot seasons (July) and cold season (January). A vertical plankton net with an opening of 50 cm, a length of 2 m, and mesh size of 300 μm in the body part and 100 μm in the collecting container (Netbucket) was connected to a winch from the upper part and a 5 kg weight from the end part. Sampling was done from a depth of 10 meters to the water surface as a vertical pull between 9:00 and 15:00. This operation was repeated three times in each station. The first and second replications were fixed using 4% formalin and transferred to 500 ml containers, and the third repetition was placed in a -40°C freezer located on the research vessel and transferred frozen to the laboratory. The first and second replicates were used to identify and enumerate copepods, and the third replicate was used to isolate and prepare fatty acid profiles. To measure environmental parameters, water samples of each layer (5 meters and 15 meters) were transferred to the floating surface using a Niskin bottle, and parameters were measured using a Hach multimeter. In order to identify phytoplankton groups, one liter of water was taken from the water surface at the sampling point and poured into dark containers and fixed with acidic Lugol solution and stored in cool conditions at room temperature (below 25°C).To concentrate phytoplankton cells, the method of sedimentation process was repeated twice. In this method, the water sample was transferred to a one-liter graduated cylinder and after 72 hours, 90% of the surface water was decanted. Then, the remaining sample volume was transferred to a 100 ml graduated cylinder and again after 72 hours, 90% of the surface water was decanted. After that, to remove the concentrated sample, the container was stirred to mix well, then using a pipette, one milliliter of the sample was transferred to the Sedwig Rafter counting slide. Samples were analyzed using a Nikon inverted microscope with 400x magnification. Finally, the number of cells of each phytoplankton group per milliliter was calculated.Zooplankton samples were separated from the fixative solution using a 100-micron sieve. Then the samples were transferred to 70% alcohol and glycerin solution. After that, the copepod samples were separated from other zooplankton using a Leica stereomicroscope. Finally, different copepod species were identified at the genus level. Using numbers recorded by the flowmeter, the volumes of water filtered by the plankton net was calculated for each net haul. Finally, the density of copepods was calculated as number per cubic meter. The separation of copepods from frozen zooplankton samples was done quickly and under conditions of near zero temperature. Then the isolated copeod samples were frozen again. Finally, the samples were transferred to the central laboratory of the National Research Institute of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences in frozen form for analyzing fatty acids content.Cyanobacteria with 52% relative abundance were the dominant group in July. All the cyanobacteria observed in this study were Trichodesmium erythraeum, and after those, diatoms and dinoflagellates formed 36 and 12% of the phytoplankton groups in July, respectively. In January, diatoms were the most abundant phytoplankton group (74%) and cyanobacteria were rarely found (1%). A total of 17 genera of copepods were identified. Acartia sp. (30.57 %) and Oithona sp. (19.03 percent) the most abundant copepods were in July. In January, Calanopia sp. (16.2 percent) and Oncaea sp. (15.26%) were the most abundant copepods. The feeding type of copepods changes according to the season and available prey. In this study the majority of observed copepods were herbivores and omnivores.In July and January, hexadecanoic fatty acid has the largest share of the identified fatty acids in the total of fatty acids with 32 and 27%, respectively. The cis-Vaccenic index fatty acid also accounted for 9 and 4% of the total identified fatty acids in July and January. Docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA) with 4% in July and eicosapentaenoic fatty acid (EPA) with 2% abundance were found in January samples. In July, 4% of DHA was found in the total amount of fatty acids, which indicates the consumption of flagellates by copepods. Higher abundance of flagellates in July and abundance of Oithona sp. which prefer the consumption of flagellates caused Higher DHA percentage in summer samples. In January, EPA constituted 2% of the total amount of fatty acids, which indicates the consumption of diatoms by copepods in winter.The results of this study showed that the zooplankton community structure is significantly different between the cold and warm seasons in the Strait of Hormuz. Dominant phytoplankton groups also change significantly in the Strait of Hormuz in both cold and warm seasons, and the effect of changes in the community of primary producers in the Strait of Hormoz can be observed by tracking fatty acid markers in secondary producers. The environmental conditions in summer and winter are significantly different in the Strait of Hormuz. Water temperature and salinity were higher in July and the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in January was lower. However, we cannot obtain detailed information about the nutritional relationship of copepods and phytoplankton groups with the results of this study, but we can increase our general knowledge about their nutritional relationships in the Strait of Hormuz. Obviously, the amount of production in summer was higher than in winter. But the composition of prey available to primary consumers (herbivorous copepods) has changed. In this way, in summer, cyanobacterial flagellates were more available than diatoms. The question is, do copepods directly consume cyanobacteria and lead to continuation of the bacterial production in the food chain? By comparing the relative frequency of cis-Vaccenic acid as an indicator of bacteria in winter and summer, it can be said that the production by bacteria is transferred to the primary consumers, but the direct consumption of cyanobacteria by copepods cannot be commented. Whereas, harpactoid species known as direct consumers of cyanobacteria were not observed in this study. Regarding flagellates and diatoms, it can be said that the flagellates in summer and diatoms in winter has a greater contribution to the diet of copepods in the Strait of Hormuz.

With the occurrence of recent droughts in the southern cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province, it is of special importance to pay attention to preventive measures that can reduce the drought effects of rural farmers and increase the patience of rural farmers against risks (resilience). Due to the drought phenomenon, food prices usually increase rapidly, which in turn reduces rural access to food. Drought is one of the biggest natural calamities, which is caused by a decrease in rainfall, decrease in humidity, increase in temperature or the simultaneous effect of these factors. This phenomenon has a destructive effect on various economic, social, environmental and psychological aspects of rural communities, and sometimes its intensity is such that it has led to the destruction and poverty of rural communities (Dyke, 2011). It divides drought and its consequences into four economic, social, environmental and psychological categories. Among the economic consequences of drought can be the severe spread of unemployment, the severe decrease in income, the decrease in the level of agricultural production, the decrease in the price of arable and garden lands, the severity of the damages caused to the livestock sector, the decrease in the supply of water needed for agricultural activities, and the decrease in investment. In the agricultural sector, there has been an increase in the price of food, a decrease in drinking water and an increase in the cost of living, while in the social discussion, its consequences include an increase in the motivation for migration, the severity of the prevalence of disease, a decrease in the level of health and quality of life, and a decrease in the level of unity and cooperation among villagers and increased incidence of conflicts (especially for access to water sources). Therefore, the first step to deal with drought and adjust its consequences is to know the deep understanding of its consequences and the dimensions of vulnerability and resilience of rural farmers in order to improve their threshold of tolerance and flexibility, which in most developing countries including Iran It has been neglected (MC Manus et al., 2012). Resilience has the ability to raise the threshold of patience and tolerance of rural farmers against all kinds of natural hazards, including drought, and in the event of a drought hazard, rural farmers will be able to recover after the hazard conditions. Since the southern cities of Sistan and Baluchistan province are one of the main centers of tropical products production and have not been spared from natural disasters such as floods and droughts. Therefore, in this research, the effects of drought risk management were investigated using three economic, social and environmental criteria, each of which had sub-criteria; With this aim, which of the indicators (economic, social and environmental) is the most effective factor in the field of drought risk management? And whether risk management can control and reduce the consequences of natural disasters such as drought and flood, etc.

The present study seeks to identify and prioritize drought risk management by emphasizing the resilience of rural farmers to tropical crops in the region. For this purpose, each of the economic, social and environmental factors and their sub-criteria have been identified by the experts of Jihad Agricultural Organization and Natural Resources Management and to prioritize each of the sub-criteria, FAHP fuzzy hierarchical analysis technique has been used. 42 questionnaires have been completed by experts of Jihad Agricultural Organization and Natural Resources Department of Balochistan region (Khash, Saravan, Nikshahr, Iranshahr, Konarak, Chabahar and Sarbaz). The results in MATLAB software showed that the most important research variable is the economic variable. The current research is descriptive-analytical, which is practical in terms of its purpose, because it seeks to develop practical knowledge in the field of risk management in order to reduce the vulnerability and consequences of drought among rural farmers. In terms of data collection, it was a survey and the required data was collected using a questionnaire. in order to achieve research objectives; The questionnaire created by the researcher was set using AHP and fuzzy AHP or FAHP methods. After checking the validity and reliability of the questionnaire in the form of random sampling among 42 expert experts of the Organization of Agricultural Jihad and Natural Resources in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan province (Khas, Saravan, Iranshahr, Nikshahr, Kanarak, Chabahar, Sarbaz) who are in the field The production of tropical products (bananas, dates, mangoes, chico and guava) has been distributed. In this research, to measure the attitude of experts in order to identify and prioritize drought risk management with emphasis on the resilience of farmers in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan province who produce some tropical products such as mango, banana, chico, guava, date, from the chain analysis process. Hierarchical (AHP) has been used.

In the current research, the effective factors on drought risk management and resilience of rural farmers producing tropical products such as banana, chico, guava, date and mango in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan province regarding each of them using each of the economic, social and environmental variables. This variable has the highest coefficient with the average sum of normalized coefficients of items equal to 0.077. The highest coefficient in the items of this component is related to the item of the intensity of unemployment. The social variable with a total normalized average of items equal to 0.029 is the second variable affecting the factors affecting rural farmers' resilience to drought risk management. Finally, the environmental variable with an average total coefficient of items equal to 0.0158 is in third place. Among the factors affecting the resilience of rural farmers is drought risk management in the province, and the highest coefficient in the items of this component is related to increasing the motivation of migration. Therefore, it can be concluded that farmers are more vulnerable to economic factors. And risk management and resilience in economic fields can be of the greatest help to rural farmers in this region. Proposals are presented according to the obtained results Due to the fact that farmers become unemployed during a drought, it is suggested that the government sector help farmers in this field by using credits given to farmers before, during and after the drought. Provision and support of farmers affected by drought by the public sector, as well as the presence of the private sector in this sector; Because private sector investment is one of the requirements for the progress of societies in this era. In order to prevent the decline in the health and quality of life of the villagers in Baluchistan region, it is necessary to provide adequate support to the health and treatment sector by the government sector so that the villagers do not face any problems in this field. In order to prevent conflicts over water resources in most villages that are engaged in the cultivation of tropical crops, it is necessary to pay more attention to the way water is distributed.

Urbanization and the increase in the population of the cities, the increase in migration to the cities and as a result the development of large and small cities, and as a result, destructive and catastrophic effects such as the excessive consumption of energy, the destruction of forests and the extinction of plant and animal species have had on the natural habitats of the planet. is, so that cities, as the main place of human activities and the biggest consumer of natural resources, have threatened the planet (Farghzadeh and Jamshidi, 2016). These factors have caused the concerns of urban planners and have provided the ground for serious study by managers, urban planners and politicians. One of the important topics related to urban issues is the concept of sustainable urban development, which is considered a development based on real needs and rational decisions, taking into account various economic, social and environmental considerations.In recent decades, following the development of cities and the expansion and advancement of technology in the industrial world, severe climate changes and the occurrence of consecutive and long-term droughts, air pollution has gone through a growing trend and has become one of the permanent companions of human societies. Air pollution means mixing air with gases, droplets and particles that change the air quality. Among the various factors that cause this pollution, geographical and climatic factors are considered as natural and unpredictable factors and man-made factors that arise as a result of wrong human activities are investigated as artificial and controllable factors. One of the air pollutions that we have witnessed in recent years sometimes in the west, southwest and recently in the center of Iran is the phenomenon of fine dust or more correctly, dust storms (Karim Dost and Ardabili, 2009).In this study, due to the location of Sistan and Baluchistan province and being on the edge of the Persian Gulf and coastal deserts, this province is exposed to dust storms. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the trend of days with dust and the analysis of dust-producing winds in Sistan and Baluchistan province. From 2000 onwards, due to the reduction of control activities in the province and the construction of dams in the countries of Iraq, Syria, Iran, and especially Turkey, along with the decrease in rainfall in Iraq, it is the most important cause of dust in Iran. This trend has also increased again (Khawaje et al. 2013).Sistan and Baluchistan province is one of the most dangerous centers in terms of dust and pollution in Iran. In recent years, dust has created many problems for the citizens and the urban system, which can be disrupted in the electricity transmissionnetwork, decrease in agricultural efficiency, decrease in the presence of tourists in the region, decrease in water resources and increase in diseases, especially respiratory problems, hindering development. And the growth of cities and... has become that to solve it, it is necessary to allocate more budgets and spend a lot of money. Micro dust has a significant impact on urban housing, urban transportation, facilities and facilities, and urban finance, and for the repair of each one, a large budget is needed. In the province of Sistan and Baluchistan, no research has yet been done to measure the impact of urban sustainability on the issue of dust, which is considered a serious threat to the sustainability of urban development. Based on this, before any planning, it is necessary to measure the impact of dust on urban sustainability in the province, and accordingly, the most important issue of the current research is which cities of Sistan-Veblouchestan province have been affected by environmental hazards (dust)? Where is the source of the dust that enters Sistan and Baluchistan province and by what systems and by what routes does this dust enter the atmosphere?

This research is considered to be a practical structure and descriptive-analytical in terms of the type of method. Madis sensor data of AOD index from 1379 to 1400 as well as Sentinel-5 satellite data of AI index for three periods of 1400, 1399 and 1398 were extracted using Google Earth Engine system and at the end with the meteorological data of these images Comparison and the cities that are most affected by dust were investigated.

The obtained results show; Zabul, Mirjaveh and Chabahar were the most dusty and Iranshahr and Nikshahr were the least dusty. Finally, the images of these two satellites were compared with meteorological data in SPSS software with Pearson correlation coefficient. They have a direct relationship with meteorological data. These results show that Sentinel-5 images can be useful as a supplement in identifying dust centers. Controlling the origin of dust phenomenon requires national and transnational macro programs. It is not possible to completely remove the phenomenon of dust, and it is necessary to carry out watershed, technical and operational programs to stabilize the origin of dust. Restoration of lakes and wetlands, optimization of water consumption efficiency through training of farmers and removal of high consumption plants and replacement with plant species with high efficiency and shorter production period and use of modern urban management methods It is possible to reduce the effects and consequences of this destructive phenomenon in terms of social and economic damage, the quality of urban life and the health of citizens, and considering the solutions and suggestions that were presented and the accuracy of their implementation, an effective step can be taken. In order to advance the development goals of urban sustainability and achieve this goal as best as possible.The obtained results show; Zabul, Mirjaveh and Chabahar were the most dusty and Iranshahr and Nikshahr were the least dusty. Finally, the images of these two satellites were compared with meteorological data in SPSS software with Pearson's correlation coefficient. Sentinel 5 images of 1400 with a correlation coefficient of 0.272 and 1399 with a correlation coefficient of 0.279 and 1398 with a correlation coefficient of 0.136 and a significance level of 99% with the data Meteorology has a direct relationship. These results show that Sentinel 5 images can be useful as a supplement in identifying dust centers. Controlling the origin of dust phenomenon requires national and transnational macro programs. It is not possible to completely remove the phenomenon of dust, and it is necessary to carry out watershed, technical and operational programs to stabilize the origin of dust. Restoration of lakes and wetlands, optimization of water consumption efficiency through training of farmers and removal of high consumption plants and replacement with plant species with high efficiency and shorter production period and use of modern urban management methods It is possible to reduce the effects and consequences of this destructive phenomenon in terms of social and economic damage, the quality of urban life and the health of citizens, and considering the solutions and suggestions that were presented and the accuracy of their implementation, an effective step can be taken. In order to advance the development goals of urban sustainability and achieve this goal as best as possible.

With the advancement of technology and the increase in the use of machinery, the process of creating risk and the possibility of accidents in industrial environments has increased. During the last half-century, there have been significant changes in the materials, processes, and types of activities in large industries, and the number of large factories has also increased, and as a result, the number of people working in these industries and the populations living around these industries have increased. which has increased their exposure to dangers. One of the most important industries in any country, including Iran, which feeds many industries and is considered one of the strategic industries and plays an important role in world trade, is refineries. A refinery is a set of chemical process units that Refinement of materials or conversion of raw materials into useful products, and due to the extent and complexity of its processes, various accidents are expected to occur in it, the important point in this connection is mainly due to the nature of the extensive use of chemicals, process accidents include a lot of damages. It may be that accident is considered one of the factors that destroy the potential in the industries, and despite the various efforts that have been made to prevent their occurrence, there is still no coherent system for rooting the accidents. In today's era, protecting the mental and physical health of the workforce is one of the principles that are the foundation of all goals and plans. In this regard, providing a safe and risk-free environment is one of the parameters that guarantee this peace. One of the main consequences of accidents in today's industries, especially those accidents that are related to a large quantity and spectrum of chemicals, is extensive environmental destruction, hence the identification of factors affecting Creating accidents and analyzing the complex and reciprocal relationships between them is an important and fundamental issue and is considered a way to prevent their occurrence. The analysis of major accidents has shown that a large part of the damages and the probability of their occurrence are preventable.This research was conducted to analyze, analyze, and root HSE incidents in process industries using the combined method of Tripod-beta and scat. During the last half-century, there have been significant changes in the materials, processes, and types of activities in large industries. The number of large factories has also increased. So, the number of people working in these industries that are exposed to Their risks have also increased.

This study is based on descriptive-analytical approach. Accordingly, accidents at South Pars gas refineries, which is a collection of 14 gas refineries, were evaluated with Tripod-beta and SCAT methods. The opinions of 10 safety experts were used to collect information. 4 accidents were evaluated by interviewing experts and after analyzing the findings, considering that one of the operational goals of this research is to identify the most important direct causes of accidents in South Pars refineries.According to the causes identified in the tripod method, the hidden problems, the pre-conditions of the accident, the main errors, and managerial, human and equipment errors were determined. Then, the output of the causes of accidents in three categories of direct causes, intermediate causes and root causes along with control measures were verified with SCAT technique. Finally, according to the cause and effect table of SCAT and using the opinions of experts, a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert logic (I completely agree, I agree, I have no opinion, I disagree, I completely disagree) to identify surface causes, root causes. and the necessary control measures were prepared. The validity of the questionnaire in measuring the research variables was confirmed by referring to the opinions of 10 safety experts. In order to check the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used with the following formula and SPSS16 software was used to calculate it.

By using the analysis done in the first part, the tables containing the main risk factors (BRF or the main risk factors), preconditions, and hidden causes of accidents are drawn and the reasons and hidden preconditions of the accidents related to each BRF will be linked in a ranking. From the total of extracted BRFs, other tables will be drawn and a general classification will be made for prioritization among the hidden causes of recurrence and common events.Based on the Friedman test and the significance level of the Chi-square value, it should be said that the prioritization of the intensity of the effect of the research variables is statistically significant (Chi-Square = 50.971 and sig = 0.007).

Risk cannot be completely eliminated, therefore, the scientific solution to deal with it is risk management and control through risk assessment. Therefore, risk management is the central and main part of strategic management in an organization. Most of the risks identified in the current study are at an acceptable level, but due to the high levels of crisis in some activities, the level of acceptable risk was reached by applying appropriate control measures. Also, it is possible to reduce the number of risks to a significant level during the initial design. In order to record the defects and failure states, it is possible to carry out the documentation activity and evaluate the security risks in a better way in the future.According to the results of the research in the Tripod beta section and the fact that HSE training resources and non-compliance with HSE standards in the implementation of service production projects are the most frequent, followed by the lack of supervision of inappropriate work behavior of people, this is in the third place. It is inferred that the policies of support and attention of institutions and senior officials of Iran National Petrochemical Industry Company and South Pars Special Economic Zone Organization along with the ever-increasing sense of need and increasing need for a strategic road map for environmental protection with compliance with HSE requirements are the most important Petrochemicals are the driving factors of the external environment.

The indicators used to determine transportation policies and guide investments in the infrastructure sector seem to be different for different regions. However, two major goals are jointly important: first, the need to improve the efficiency of the transportation network in order to reduce pollution caused by freight and passenger transportation (Abraham et al., 2012) and second, increasing the share of railways as a clean means of transportation in the transportation matrix; Therefore, the need to use a model that fulfills both of these goals seems important because among the transportation methods, rail modes have less energy consumption and pollution compared to roads. Also, the capacity to carry more cargo and passengers in each trip compared to the road mode, which depends on the width of highways and traffic, is another advantage of rail transportation. Roads account for approximately 61.1% of all transported cargo, while in some developed countries with relatively similar geographical dimensions, this amount is less than 30% (CNT, 2018). In a case study that examines the need to focus on domestic transportation for the export and transfer of agricultural products such as: wheat, corn, soybeans, etc., it is stated that approximately 50% of it is by the road sector, 40% by the railway sector. and 10% is transported by waterways (Brazil Rail Transport, 2019). In the country's public transport statistics, it is stated that Brazil has more than 1.7 million kilometers of roads, while there are only 30 thousand kilometers of active rail network and 20 thousand kilometers of waterways for the transit of goods and cargo (same source, 2019). ). This statistic also shows that the total public investments made in road, rail, port, air and water infrastructure between 2010 and 2017; It has decreased by about 37% (Arvis et al., 2018). Similarly, in the same period of time, the amount of transportation of grain, soybeans and corn produced in the mentioned country has increased by 61% (Ekisi et al., 2016). The area under cultivation to support additional productions with the expansion of the agricultural territory and becoming one of the export poles shows the necessity of dynamic transportation performance in this country and this is the situation that the development of transportation has not been done much and on the other hand the consumption of fossil fuels and emissions Greenhouse gases (GHG) have reached a much higher level. The transportation sector consumes about 35% of fossil fuels and more than 48% of greenhouse gas emissions in this country are due to the activity of this sector (Folin et al., 2018). The low efficiency of transportation in this country has caused an increase in losses and its costs will have a negative effect on the competitiveness of parts of the economy. The unfavorable performance of the transportation system, especially in the grain export sector, has highlighted the need to invest in rail transportation infrastructure. Global trends for investment with regard to green transportation development policies, in order to create transportation dynamism as well as logistics for economic development and continuous social welfare of citizens, make it necessary (Akiaro et al., 2014). However, there are increasing concerns about environmental protection and sustainable development in terms of diverse and scattered external effects of transportation systems, and they have constantly put pressure on the officials who develop transportation and logistics plans and policies to the extent that environmental and social considerations are included in the plans. comprehensive based on economic analysis (Chang et al., 2008). This goal to minimize the environmental impact of logistics is known as "green logistics" (Macharis, 2014). damages and disadvantages caused by air pollution and climate changes; It has forced countries to adopt a common agenda, which is summarized in the category of reducing fossil fuel consumption (Davarzni, 2012). The 1997 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris Agreement are examples of international agreements to encourage ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to environmental impacts (UNFCCC, 2018). National measures to deal with climate change, especially by investing in energy alternatives and more efficient current methods for its management, are among the issues that have been addressed by policymakers in the transportation sector. The urgent need for decarbonization in the transportation sector, especially in the road transportation sector, has significantly increased the need to reduce the negative side effects of the environment in this sector (Ducrot et al., 2016). The transportation sector was the source of approximately 23% of the world's total energy-related CO2 emissions (equivalent to 6.7 gigatons of CO2) in 2010 alone (ibid., 2016). This is despite the implementation of policies designed to reduce fuel consumption and replace high-consumption vehicles with more efficient types of energy in the current transportation fleet, the emission of greenhouse gases from the potential transportation sector is almost twice the level obtained for it in 2010. About 12 gigatons of CO2 by 2050 (Farias, 2018). However, without the implementation of sustainable policies related to the reduction of greenhouse gas and CO2 emissions, it can be reduced in the passenger and cargo transportation sector by avoiding unnecessary trips as much as possible. Changing consumption patterns towards the use of low-carbon transportation systems and reducing the level of intensity of energy consumption in units (passenger-kilometer or ton-kilometer) and reducing the intensity of produced carbon (CO2eq/MJ) through the use of alternative fuels, including government measuresPolicies related to transportation development and investment for transit infrastructure are different in different countries. However, the measures taken to improve the performance of the transportation industry and simultaneously reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and CO2 have become more important. In Iran, the lack of necessary platforms and infrastructures has caused the low productivity of transportation and the consequent increase in costs. On the other hand, air pollution caused by CO2 emissions is one of the causes of the inefficiency of the transportation sector, as far as the government's upstream documents provide strategies for attracting capital and the participation of public and private sectors in the development of the rail transportation industry. In this research, using a two-stage model, the economic and environmental impacts expected from the point of view of a new rail line have been evaluated, and the results have suggested suggestions for increasing the capacity of rail transport as follows: First) a balanced and network model for Simulating freight transport flows between grain production areas and evaluating the economic benefits of developing a rail network by making relevant measurements from the perspective of reducing transportation costs as well as reducing CO2 emissions that result from the construction of a new railway b) Conducting cost-benefit analyzes for value ranking Investing in railways according to its economic and environmental contribution.Research findings show that the implementation and operation of a new rail line can reduce the total cost of transportation by 17%. Also, a 20% reduction in total CO2 emissions for grain planting and harvesting areas is one of the other economic and environmental achievements of the study, which seems attractive and motivating for financing and taking advantage of the potentials of the private and public sectors.

Investigating the short-term and long-term effects of factors affecting the quality of the environment in IranOne of the main goals of countries is to achieve sustainable development. Unlike the previous models of development, the approach of sustainable development emphasizes on all-around development, and intergenerational social justice and environmental considerations are considered among its basic dimensions, and it has three basic dimensions: equality, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. Many researchers consider the inappropriate relationship between humans and nature as one of the main causes of negative environmental effects (Bargui et al., 2014). In the last few decades, the environment has been considered from various economic and social aspects, and how it interacts with the energy sector, population and economic growth have become the focus of many scientific discussions. In the theories of economic growth, in addition to being used as inputs in production and consumption, environmental resources are also affected by economic activities in the form of production and consumption, so that sometimes the increase in economic activities leads to the use of energy resources, resources water, agricultural lands, etc., and therefore includes air pollution, destruction of pastures, and reduction of the fertility of agricultural lands. Therefore, on the one hand, economic growth increases welfare by increasing production and consumption, and on the other hand, by creating environmental pollution, it causes a decrease in economic welfare.One of the factors affecting sustainable development is the interaction between energy consumption and the environment, so that energy consumption and environmental problems are closely related to each other because it is almost impossible to produce, transport, and consume energy. Without having environmental effects. Air pollution, water pollution, temperature changes, and scattering of solid waste are environmental problems that are directly related to energy production, transmission, and consumption.The energy sector plays the most important role in changing environmental conditions. Today, the level of production in less developed countries is generally based on the use of non-renewable energy sources, which has caused concerns about environmental problems such as water, soil, air pollution, reduction of fertility, soil erosion, and reduction of resources. (Hashmi and others, 2015). For this reason, different countries seek to use renewable energies such as solar and wind energy, etc., to improve technology in order to reduce the harmful effects on the environment.One of the topics of interest to economists and environmentalists is the relationship between the quality of the environment and economic variables. Therefore, the literature on environmental economics has developed significantly in recent years. Income and the quality of the environment are two general currents of thought in this field. The first approach, which is known as the "anti-growth" theory, states that economic growth necessarily leads to the destruction of the environment; Because growth means injecting more and more raw materials and energy into the economic system and then producing more waste. On the other side of this spectrum, there is a second approach known as the "economic growth" theory.In this group, it is believed that growth is the only way to create and provide the necessary capital to protect the environment, therefore, instead of threatening the environment, economic growth can help improve its quality. The conflict between these two approaches and the fundamental differences in their arguments, along with the different empirical evidence of each of the two groups, led to the emergence of a third approach in this field in the 1990s, which states that the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality - positive or negative - in The length of the development path of each country is not stable, in fact, this relationship reverses over time when the income reaches a certain level.Such a relationship became known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) or the Environmental Transfer Hypothesis (ETH). This means that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the environmental degradation index and per capita income. This means that in the early stages of economic growth when the income level is low, economic growth leads to the deterioration of the quality of the environment, but after the per capita income passes a certain level, further growth leads to a reduction in pollution.One of the influential factors in the growth and development of societies is the environment. Environmental challenges created in the process of economic growth and development have become one of the most important concerns of policymakers. Today, in addition to the policies and actions within their own countries, countries follow the regulation of pollution in the international sphere. In this regard, identifying the forces affecting the environment is very important and it seems very useful in adopting appropriate policies.. Therefore, the study of factors affecting the relationship between growth and pollution can be important because it may be the basis of environmental policy-making at the national and international levels. For this purpose, this article, by expanding the STIRPAT model, has been done to investigate the factors affecting the emission of carbon dioxide by using the information of the provinces of the country in the form of panel data and with EViews and Stata software. The results of the evaluation panel model show that energy consumption, per capita income and Gini coefficient, and population growth as indicators of the income distribution had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the short-term and long-term relationship of factors affecting the quality of the environment has been investigated based on time series data based on the ARDL method. The results of the estimation of the short-term equation showed that in the short term, energy consumption, the population of the previous period, and the Gini coefficient of the previous periods had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, per capita income had a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, based on the estimate In the long term, population, energy consumption, and the Gini coefficient have had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the increase in per capita income has a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the long term.

One of the most important principles in the exploitation of forest resources is to minimize the amount of damage to the soil and reproduction during exploitation operations. Estimating the amount of these damages can play a significant role in forest management. As a result of the traffic of exploitation machines, the forest soil undergoes destruction and changes. For example, the decrease in soil carbon deposition causes large changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide and as a result, reduces the proper functioning of the ecosystem. Logging paths are paths that are created spontaneously as a result of going back and forth from a specific strip (for pulling wood by a tractor) on the forest surface. These routes are defined by the authorities before the start of exploitation operations for the movement of tractors and skidders, so that as a result, the whole area of the parcel, trees and saplings are not damaged, which sometimes obstructs the harvesting (such as stones and so on) in the way of logging, it is done and it is sufficient. The main purpose of these routes is the removal of wood from the forest. As a result of this activity, they lead to negative effects on the balanced system of the forest, including soil degradation and the production of runoff and sediment in the region. Although the use of ground logging system causes the most environmental problems, it is a common operation to remove wood from the cutting area, which causes compaction in the soil. Several studies have been conducted in different parts of the world to investigate the effects of logging on the physical and chemical properties of soil. The results of these studies have shown that ground logging causes soil compaction and increases the soil bulk density. The highest amount of these factors was also observed in the place of wheel tracks. Also, the results of the studies have shown that the intensity of soil compaction at a depth of 0 to 10 cm is higher than at other depths and the amount of organic matter in logging paths has been recovered after 7 years. In most of the studies conducted regarding the effects of logging, most of the physical properties of the soil have been taken into consideration, while other structural and chemical properties of the soil are equally affected by this activity and are transformed. In this regard, in the present study, all the chemical and physical indicators of the soil have been considered in order to investigate the impact of logging activities on them. Examining changes in soil properties alone is not capable of responding to management guidelines. Also, by examining and determining the changes of soil indicators in logging routes with different time history, it is possible to maintain the quality of the soil and help to renew it. Therefore, in this research, the effects of changes in time intervals on the variability of physical and chemical indicators of soil due to logging routes have been investigated.

Series 1 Nav Asalem belongs to watershed No. 7 Nav within the forest area of Talesh city under the supervision of the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Gilan province. The forest cover is suitable and in good condition in terms of regeneration. The developed soil texture is mostly heavy to slightly heavy and in the area of shallow soils it is medium to light. The soil types in the studied plots are forest brown soil and forest washed brown soil. Linear sampling method was used to collect information. Then, at intervals of 50 meters, a sample line of 7.5 meters length was laid down on the logging paths perpendicular to the path, considering the center of the logging path. Then, at the beginning, on the wheels, and also at the end of the transect, soil sampling was done. Also, soil sampling was done at a distance of 30 meters from the logging roads (control area). Finally, 27 soil samples were collected from the depth of 0 to 10 cm using cylinder. By using soil samples, soil texture characteristics, apparent specific gravity, true specific gravity, total porosity, acidity, electrical conductivity and organic carbon percentage were measured. Analysis of variance and Duncan's mean comparison test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there is no significant difference between the measured properties (with the exception of the soil subsidence resistance) in the logging roads and the control area. The results of the investigation of soil subsidence resistance also showed that there is a significant difference between logging routes and the control area in relation to this index. In general, the presence and movement of exploitation machines in the forest causes many changes in the physical and chemical properties of the forest soils, as a result of which other major changes occur in the forest environment. In the current research, by examining the effect of ground logging operation on the soil properties of the logging routes, it was concluded that most of the investigated properties (with the exception of the soil subsidence resistance characteristic) were recovered after 5 years. Although the research results showed that there is a difference between the average characteristics of the investigated area and the control area, but these differences were not statistically significant. Therefore, it can be said that the soil of the logging roads has been able to return to its original state approximately within a period of 5 years. It seems that changing the logging routes after a maximum of 5 years and creating new logging routes (provided no new damage is caused to the forest ecosystem) or creating a consecutive rest period for the existing logging routes can restore the soil indicators of the forest ecosystem should be accelerated.

Nowadays, considering the environmental challenges, it seems inevitable to replace organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers. From the point of view of nature lovers, biological methods for producing fertilizer and compost are very popular. The use of earthworms to digest masses of organic matter, including agricultural waste and food waste, is one of the methods used to produce organic fertilizers, especially vermicompost. The production of vermicompost in the traditional way usually leads to the production of relatively low quality and non-homogeneous compost. In this research, a reactor has been used for the continuous production of vermicompost. The device built in its harvester part includes an innovative mechanism. In this section, a reciprocating system for harvesting blades is used, which is started by an electric jack, and has eliminated the possibility of fatal corrosion and tearing of the blades. The performance of the device has been evaluated and calibrated by adjusting parameters such as the management of water sprinklers and the harvesting system, and it has been successful. The quality of vermicompost produced by the machine has been better in terms of food content compared to the product of the traditional method. The constructed digester has the ability to be used for composting wastes and organic waste on a medium scale.Sustainable agriculture can be understood as an ecosystem approach to agriculture. There are many ways to increase agricultural sustainability. When developing agriculture in sustainable food systems, it is important to develop business processes and flexible agricultural practices. Fertilizer application targets the needs of plants to help them grow faster. If a plant is deficient in micronutrients and macronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, potassium or phosphorus, adding fertilizer provides a quick and easy solution to reduce deficiencies. Organic wastes and especially degradable food wastes are a significant part of agricultural and sometimes urban industrial wastes. In many countries, food waste constitutes a large part of municipal waste generated daily. There are two main ways to produce vermicompost, vermicomposting in buckets and small, medium or large tanks and producing vermicomposting on a large and industrial scale. In this research, in order to design a continuous production system of compost from organic masses, the mechanisms used in various research works in recent years were examined and a correction mechanism was used in the harvesting unit section of the machine along with other common sections.During this research, a sample of a vermicompost digester was designed and built for the continuous production of vermicompost, and then it was evaluated. The various parts of the mentioned device are chassis and bases of the device, drive system chassis, drive system, misting system, electrical panel, harvester and walls. These parts are designed, made and assembled according to the workshop process. One of the problems in the vermicompost harvesting system, which is also common in medium sizes, is related to the corrosion and tearing of the harvester's wire box, which is caused by the chemical effects of the acidic environment of the pile, as well as the frequent movement of the harvester and frictional contact with the chassis body. In order to solve this problem, an electric jack was used for the first time in the driving system of this device with an innovative method. In order to semi-mechanized irrigation operation, fogging system equipment was applied in the system. After making and assembling the device, tests have been carried out to check the performance of the device. These tests were done after loading the device using rotted cattle up to a height of 45 cm with layer by layer and gradual feeding. ANSYS finite element software environment was used to check the mechanical strength of parts of the device that were mobile and the possibility of causing problems such as breakage and high deformation was seen in them.In order to check the performance of the device, the working parameters of the set, such as the humidity in the upper and lower layers of the beds, the amount of worm density in the bed and the quality of the vermicompost produced by the device, have been investigated. After the initial design, the vermicompost continuous flow production machine was built and assembled, and before the initial loading of the machine, some evaluations were carried out, including verifying the mechanical strength of the machine and the performance of the driving set of the cutting blades by applying some modifications and solving minor problems. The flow rate of the pump in a period of 10 seconds during the tests that were performed was about 230 cc, and during the tests and errors, this amount was used to provide 80% humidity in the upper layer of the device tank with three repetitions of 10 seconds which has been extracted as one of the functional specifications of the device. Based on the experiments, the amount of mass that has been poured under the device with each round trip of the harvesting system has been observed to be 5.4 kg on average. In order to calibrate the device and harvest a layer with a thickness of 5 cm in each harvest, the number of 2 back-and-forth cycles was found suitable for the blades and was recorded as another parameter for the use of the device. Based on the statistics of the density of worms in different layers, it can be seen that the number of worms in the first layer is high in the first days, and it indicates the presence of a larger population of worms in this layer, which is mostly due to the presence of more food in this layer and oxygen is higher in the upper layers. Over time and with less food in the upper level, worms seem to migrate to these layers despite the porosity and less air in the lower layers. In all conditions, it can be seen that the lower layers are not liked by the worms, and this issue is suitable for preparing the harvest of the lower layers so that the worms are not damaged by the movement of the blades. The results of the evaluations have indicated that the digester built in this research has the ability to produce a continuous flow of vermicompost, and in addition, this device has the possibility of separating the ripe compost from the worm in a biological way, which can overcome the limitations of worm separation. The device has an innovative system in its harvester section, which has been able to overcome the problem of corrosion of the boxel wire of the blade, because in conventional models, it passes through the tank and through the acidic and corrosive environment of the material inside the tank and continuously. Therefore, there is a risk of rotting and tearing. The results of measuring the amount of moisture in the vermicompost mass in different layers of the digester tank and in different time intervals showed that the amount of moisture in the upper layer is the optimal moisture for worms and that worms tend to accumulate more. In this area, they have more moisture and food, and this issue has been successfully observed in the manufactured device. Based on the laboratory evaluation of the vermicompost product produced by this machine, compared to conventional and bed production methods, the produced vermicompost has a higher quality in terms of nutritional elements. The setting parameters of the device can be determined and suggested for a semi-automatic production of vermicompost, which includes instructions for mass irrigation and harvesting of ripe compost.

Dust storms are one of the natural phenomena that have affected many arid and semi-arid regions of the world in recent decades And it has increased significantly in the past years And as a result, it has had many harmful effects on the residents of the areas, so that the living conditions are very difficult in many areas due to the large amount of dust. Unfortunately, due to climate changes, including the decrease in rainfall, which on the other hand leads to the barrenness of the land surface and soil erosion, the conditions for the transport of fine dust can be provided, and when there are storms, a lot of fine dust is carried towards residential areas, and this affects It has a negative effect on the economy, health and environment. Fine dust enters the atmosphere affected by various factors including atmospheric conditions, characteristics of the earth's surface and characteristics (temperature, rain, wind, soil). Desert and devoid of vegetation are among the natural resources. Therefore, the most important factors affecting the intensity of dust are climatic changes and land surface conditions, so that with the decrease of rainfall and the decrease of water resources, especially in wetlands and the increase of barren lands, conditions prone to dust increase. Sistan plain is one of the important regions of the country which is very negatively affected by storms. Because, the lack of drainage of the Hamon wetland has led to the desertification of many areas of the wetland, and this has caused many of the wetlands to be transported to residential areas during dust storms, causing the destruction of agricultural and residential lands, damage to infrastructure, and many heart diseases. and be respiratory. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the factors affecting the intensity of dust in Sistan region so that necessary measures can be taken to manage and plan dust control. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the frequency of days with dust in relation to climatic variables (temperature, rainfall and wind speed) and water intake of Hamon lagoon.

In this research, the degree of correlation between the frequency of dusty days in relation to climatic variables and water intake of Hamon wetland in the Sistan plain in the period (2011-2021) was investigated. For this purpose, the average annual data of temperature, rainfall, wind speed and catchment area of Hamon lagoon were used in the studied time period. The data used were obtained from the meteorological station of Zabul. In order to use the data of the catchment area of Hamon lagoon, satellite images related to Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellites for 11 years (2011-2021) have been used.in order to prepare a map for extracting NDVI of water resources from Landsat satellite images related to the years 2011 to 2021 were used. The water resources index was used in the studied years. Then, the water layer was extracted by reclassification from the spectral index of each year and prepared as a Boolean layer of zero and one. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used in order to investigate the correlation between dusty days with climatic variables and the catchment area of Hamon lagoon. For modeling, multivariable regression was used, multivariable regression shows the change rate of one variable for other variables, and in other words, the rate of change in the dependent variable that occurs due to a unit change in the independent variable. In this method, a multi-equation A variable is used that summarizes the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables in a formula using the measured values. In this model, the number of days with dust is selected as the dependent variable, and the variables, temperature, rainfall, wind speed and water intake of Hamon lagoon are selected as independent variables. The coefficients of the equation for each variable are calculated and determined based on its importance in predicting the criterion variables. The degree of correlation between predictor variables is shown by coefficients.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the intensity of correlation and model the relationship between the frequency of days with dust storms and the water intake variables of Hamon lagoon, wind speed, rainfall and temperature in Zabul station. The results showed that the highest correlation coefficient with the number of days with dust is related to the wind speed with a value of 0.808, which shows the highest correlation. The correlation coefficient of temperature with the number of days with dust shows a significant and positive relationship of 0.422. The correlation coefficient of rainfall with the number of days with dust shows a significant and inverse relationship of -0.333, in addition to this, the frequency of dusty days with Hamon lagoon drainage has an inverse correlation coefficient with a value of -0.748. Because with the lack of dewatering of the Hamon wetland and the drying of the wetland bed and the reduction of vegetation, as a result of wind erosion, the wetland bed becomes the main centers of dust. And with the wind blowing, if the wind speed is high, a significant amount of sediments are transported from the wetland bed to the residential areas. Multivariate regression modeling between dust and the studied parameters showed that Hamon lagoon drainage and wind speed have a great effect on dust. According to the correlation coefficient of the studied variables, it was found that the water intake status of Hamon wetland has a greater effect on dusty days in the region than rainfall and temperature, so that with the increase of 1000 hectares, the water intake of Hamon wetland will decrease by about 0.3 units of dusty days. became. The results of multivariate regression modeling for dusty days and studied parameters showed that Hamon lagoon water intake and wind speed have a great effect on the frequency of dusty days. According to the value of R2, 61% of the dependent variable (number of dusty days) is explained by the independent variables (wetland drainage status, wind speed, temperature and rainfall) entered into the model.

Using the results of chemical analyzes of karst spring water is one of the ways to determine the type of flow system in karst aquifers. In this research, a number of representative springs in the anticlines of Salduran, Zarab and Koh Sokhte in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces, which are among the largest springs draining the karst system in this region, were selected and the results of chemical analysis of their water were used to calculate the saturation indices of calcite, dolomite and a partial pressure of carbon dioxide is used. The results show that the water of selected springs is unsaturated from calcite and dolomite and the dissolution of carbonate rocks continues. Also, the relatively low values of SID compared to SIC show that the water of the selected springs mainly passes through limestone areas and dolomite rocks are not developed much in the karst aquifer related to these springs. In addition, the low values of SIC and SID show that the residence time of water in the aquifers of the selected springs in the study area of Salduran-Zarab is relatively short, and this indicates the dominance of mixed flow (flowdiffuse-flow or flow-flow) in the aquifer. Karst has these springs.

The purpose of this research is to assess the risks of wind-blown sediments in the Sistan plain and its impact on Chahnimeh vital reservoirs in the two crisis centers in the northwest of Chahnime Chahar and the northeast of Zahak with an area of about 13166 hectares in the southeast of Zabol located in the north of Sistan and Baluchistan province and in the south It is in the east of Iran. This area includes a sector in the direction of southeast to northwest, which geomorphologically has 2 units, Dashtsar and Playa. Therefore, one of the important goals of this research is to provide appropriate solutions to minimize the damage caused by wind deposits and its secondary damages, as well as to investigate and identify the risks caused by wind deposits, in the sectors of facilities, agriculture, roads, and damages to the region, especially to Chahnimeh water reservoirs. Is. In the southeast, there are forms of wind erosion in the form of barkhans, transverse barkhans, Saif and Silk. To determine the origin of these hills, the method of finding the origin of sand dunes was used and based on that, orientation and location were used in two stages. According to the review of maps and field observations, it was found that the origin of sands is the dry bed of rivers in the region.

the method of conducting research in this research, library and field studies, review of aerial photos, review of satellite images with different time periods, review of general morphology and winds of the region (120 days) and location in terms of the study of geomorphology of the region, sampling of sediments (sedimentology and drawing relevant diagrams) and laboratory studies (XRD "X-ray diffraction" and XRF "X-ray fluorescence" tests, granulometric tests, morphoscopy and determination of statistical parameters). After performing the relevant tests, a comparative analysis and data analysis method will be done. In this research, topographic maps, geological maps, computer software such as ENVI and GIS were used.

The results of the research showed that the direction of the prevailing wind and the direction of sand transport is generally northwest to southeast, which has had the greatest effect in the region with the centrality of the existing sand dunes and 120-day winds.

The dangers caused by the movement of sand dunes in villages include threats to the health of residents, burial of villages, destruction of soil and public infrastructure, etc. Several factors such as strong and permanent winds, the plain's low slope and low complexity, fine-grained soil, consecutive droughts and poor vegetation play a role in the amount of sand movement on the surface of the Sistan plain and entering the Chah Nimeh reservoirs.On a global scale, the occurrence of storms and floods are among the most destructive natural hazards (Vesterb and et all, 2022), as most accidents are caused by these two hazards (Yakshin and et all, 2022). Hazards mean natural events that potentially cause danger to humans and what is valuable to them. Hazard has the potential to cause damage, for human health, human, economic, educational activity, damage to property, damage to the environment, loss of flora and fauna, pollution and insecurity of natural disasters are dangerous (Rahimi Harabadi, 2019). The active and dynamic nature of the sand dunes causes the movement of sands towards the settlements to be more frequent and creates many dangers such as threats to the health of residents, burial of villages, destruction of soil and public facilities, and causes financial losses, migration of residents, and finally, a human disaster. (Jadidoleslami, 2019). Therefore, in order to plan fundamentally to solve the problem, it is necessary to analyze the origin of the sands, the role of the morphometric parameters of the sand dunes in the extent of their displacement, and considering the fact that the area is residential, the risks of the sands are identified and solutions are provided to reduce the risks. Sand dunes in the realm of the wind process are considered to be one of the most dynamic geomorphic phenomena on the earth's surface, which are affected by the characteristics of wind speed, direction and frequency on the one hand, and on the other hand by the characteristics of the earth's surface and sedimentary materials (Abbasnejad and Zahab Nouri, 2013). The results of studies on a scale of 1:250,000 show that the sand dunes of Iran include 11 sand seas and 39 hill fields that cover approximately 1.1 million hectares (Abbasi et al., 2019). Sandstorms are one of the most important weather phenomena that spread in many deserts and dry areas of the world, and in recent years, they have received a lot of attention, and every year these incidents cause a lot of damage and casualties in all parts of the world.In order to carry out this research, first, with direct field observations and field operations, to determine the harvesting areas, sampling was done from the transport areas and possible harvesting areas, and based on the mineralogical characteristics and the examination of the genetic relationship of the samples, the primary origin of the sediments was investigated. In order to identify the harvesting areas, sampling was done from the place of accumulation of sands, from different points of possible harvesting areas, and the genetic relationship (similar properties) of the three areas (harvesting, transportation and sedimentation) was investigated through the physical and chemical analysis of the sediments. Took Also, four synoptic stations (Zabol-Zahak-Hirmand-Hamon) were also studied.According to the presented results, the level of heavy metals in the air of Enqelab Street is not hazardous to the health of the residents. Therefore, there is no need to spend enormous expenses in this area. Nevertheless, the health of permanent and temporary residents is threatened by chromium and arsenic due to their high rate of carcinogenesis. The outcome of these investigations indicates that despite recording few different values in some places, the air pollution levels are equal in whole the area, from Enqelab Square to Imam Hossein Square. However, the air pollution level of ValiasCr rossroads is relatively considerable. This difference only has resulted from high volume of traffic in the crossroads. Unfortunately, traffic of students in this area is so heavy that solving Valiasr Crossroad’s traffic issues are considered as an important priority.

Non-destructive estimation of various physicochemical properties of food such as fruits and vegetables will create a tremendous change in the food industry because it is non-destructive, online, and most importantly, fast. A number of internal characteristics that are of interest to consumers are the content of soluble solids content (SSC), acidity of titration (TA), PH and texture. Therefore, the aim of this research is to compare the physicochemical properties using spectral data, so that if it is significant, the next step can be taken for the non-destructive estimation of the properties. First, 70 healthy and frozen pomegranates were prepared and labeled, and spectral data were extracted using a reflection spectrometer in the range of 900-1700 nm. Then each sample was subjected to destructive tests to measure pH, acidity (TA), soluble solids content (SSC) and firmness. The results showed that, firstly, significant differences were observed between the healthy and frozen classes among all the investigated variables, including spectral data, pH, TA, SC and Firmness. Then clustering was done and the number of healthy and frozen classes that were correctly clustered was extracted. 3 cases could not be placed in any cluster according to their specific class. 66 cases from the healthy class and 62 cases from the frozen class were placed in the correct cluster. The total correct classification rate was 91%.

Active geomorphology studies the dynamic and dynamic processes that are effective in the formation of the earth and its features (Taghian and Malekzadeh, 1401; Keller and Pinter, 2002). Geomorphic indices can be used as a useful and efficient tool in investigating tectonic and neotectonic activities, because by using them, you can easily identify areas that have experienced fast or slow tectonic activities in the past (Abedini, 2015). These indicators show the relationship between tectonics and surface effects well, and with the knowledge of this relationship, tectonic events can be interpreted by examining the shapes and unevenness of the earth's surface (Morisava and Hack, 2020).Iranian plateau is a folded alpine region. Currently, it is under pressure from all sides and neotectonic movements are still continuing in it. The occurrence of frequent earthquakes in Iran is one of the consequences of active neotectonic movements at present. The location of the epicenter of most of the recorded earthquakes along the two folded and young belts of the northern and southern margins (Alborz and Zagros), Iran, shows this connection well (Berberian & King, 1981). Almost no region in the world can be found that has not been affected by neotectonic changes during the last few thousand years (Keller & Pinter, 2002).

The Dizj Safar Ali Chai watershed is located in the 100,000th sheet of Varzeghan in a part of the Alborz-Azerbaijan tectonic unit that includes Qara Dagh and Arsbaran mountains, and it is one of the sub-basins of the Varzeghan watershed in East Azerbaijan province. (figure 1). Barracks and alluvial cones can be seen on the southern edge of Varzeghan around the Dizaj Safar Ali Chai river. Due to the hard rock units and the mountainous nature of the region and the high slope of the rivers in the northern part of the basin, they have often created narrow valleys. Except for the southern part of the region, which consists of Pliocene deposits and has smooth and worn surfaces, the rest of the region is formed of sharp and rough ridges due to the presence of hard rocks despite rainfall and erosion. Locally and regionally, due to the processes Chemical weathering and alteration, mountains with worn and smooth surfaces are also observed. In Figure (1), the geographical location of the studied area is presented. Figure 1- Geographical location of the studied area, source: authors, 2022.

The AF values for the studied basin are calculated as 300. As can be seen, the degree of symmetry in the Safar Ali basin is low and indicates the uplift on the left bank of the main waterway and tectonic activities and asymmetry (Figure 8 and Table 1). This index reflects the balance between erosion forces (with a tendency to create sinusoidal fronts) and tectonic forces with a tendency to create straight fronts (Verios et al., 2004). Different researchers have expressed different values to indicate the level of activity of the basin by this index (Table 4) and (Figure 10), numerical values close to 1 of the Smf index indicate mountains that are associated with active uplift and have straight fronts and depressions and outwards. They have less impact, but if the amount of uplift is reduced or becomes zero, the erosion process starts and shapes the mountain forehead in a sinusoidal and irregular manner, which becomes more irregular with the passage of time. Therefore, the increase in the slope of the mountain front (Smf index) indicates the tectonic stability of that front. The level of the slope of the mountain front in the Safar Ali watershed is 2.16, which is semi-active. In general, the lower this value is, the more active the area is. The obtained value indicates the semi-active tectonics in the region. Figure (10) shows the SMF index map of the studied basin.

Paying attention and understanding the dynamics and dynamics of the natural environment with a systemic and basin approach is of great importance and necessity in regional development and construction planning, because the accurate knowledge of these features can lead to the improvement of the environment and prevent the occurrence of hazards and financial and life losses. reduce Knowing the morphotectonic and morphodynamic issues and features in the Safar Ali drainage basin, the main purpose of this research was to investigate and analyze the amount of tectonic activities using geomorphological indicators such as asymmetry indicators (Af), drainage density index (D) and hypsometric integral. , the amount of sinuosity or meandering of the river (RS), the sinuosity of the mountain front (smf) and the ratio of the basin shape (BS) indicate the tectonic activity in the Safar Ali Dizaj catchment, and according to these results, it can be said that the Safar Ali Dizaj basin It has relatively high and active tectonic activity and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults of the region. The study and investigation of geomorphological and morphometric indicators in Dizj Safar Ali basin indicates that tectonics is active in the region. The results of this research showed that the Dizaj Safar Ali basin has a relatively high and semi-active tectonic activity, and its level is related to the proximity to the main or active faults in the region. Due to the existence of many faults around, near and inside the Dizj basin. Safar Ali and tectonic activity in the region, it can be said that the intensification of morphodynamic activity in the Safar Ali basin is related to and affected by tectonic factors in this basin. Finally, due to the presence of numerous faults in Varzghan region and near and within the study area, tectonic movements and earthquakes and range processes (creep, subsidence, landslides and soliflexion) are not far from expected in the area. Therefore, officials and subordinate organizations should apply special measures in civil works and constructions in this area in order to reduce the occurrence of human and financial losses and not to harm the well-being and comfort of the people.

The current trend of energy consumption in the world has faced humanity with two major crises of environmental pollution and the increasing acceleration in the depletion of energy resources. Environmental pollution, the phenomenon of climate change and non-renewability, which are among the main challenges of using fossil energy sources, due to unsustainable development, incorrect patterns of energy consumption, population growth, etc., have continued with greater intensity in recent years. How to produce and use energy carriers in different consumer sectors is one of the effective factors in creating environmental pollution on a local, regional and international scale. The consumption of fossil energies leads to the reduction and in the end, the exhaustion of their resources and reserves. For this reason, the optimal use of energy in the process of economic development has always been considered as an important goal in sustainable development. Various researches have been conducted regarding the importance of biogas production in economic, social, cultural and environmental fields in the countries of the world and Iran. For example, the economic estimation of electricity production from biogas in pig farms in Thailand was discussed. For this purpose, two processes were considered. First, electricity generation by removing H2S from the produced biogas and the other without removing it. The reason for this is that H2S will cause corrosion of the metal parts of the generator in the process of producing electricity from biogas.Among the most important reasons that double the necessity of doing research, the following can be mentioned:1- The use of raw waste that contains pathogenic agents in the surrounding agricultural lands, which often belong to livestock farmers; it pollutes the soil. If animal waste is used in the biogas process, while the waste is processed and turned into fertilizer, pathogenic agents will also be completely destroyed.2- At present, there are 14 active greenhouse units in Joveyn city, which require heating systems to heat the greenhouse environment in winter. The predominant fuel for heating systems is city gas due to its cheapness and availability. In the cold seasons of the year, due to the drop in gas pressure, in order to provide a stable supply of household gas, greenhouse units are cut off, which has caused the loss of agricultural products and financial damage to the units. Therefore, biogas can be used as a sustainable fuel in the absence of municipal gas.In this research, the feasibility of biogas production from animal wastes of Joveyn Khorasan Razavi city will be discussed and the parameters effective in the possibility of implementing the project will be investigated.

Jovin city is one of the western cities of Razavi Khorasan province, centered on Niqab city. The presence of large industrial factories such as Jovin electric motor factory (Jamco), Jovin sugar factory, Jovin animal feed factory and various large and small workshops make this city the industrial hub of the Western Khorasan Razavi. In addition, this city is an agricultural hub and sugar beet, wheat and especially pistachio are among its important products.First, by referring to the Agriculture Jihad of the city, the number of farmers and the approximate number of the livestock population of the city were estimated. Joveyn city has more than 1338 farmers and an approximate number of 7729 heavy livestock. Then the livestock population was divided into six categories of purebred cows and calves, mixed cows and calves, indigenous cows and calves, buffalo, sheep and goats according to the type of livestock. In the next step, the production tonnage of livestock waste for each animal was calculated during one year. Then, by referring to the sources, the coefficients that can be collected of livestock wastes were extracted. Having the coefficients of collecting livestock wastes and the number of heads, the volume of wastes that can be collected was calculated separately according to the type of livestock. Finally, knowing the potential of biogas production from each ton the biogas production potential of fresh cow, goat, goat, sheep and lamb excrement was calculated during one year.Biogas production potential is 281 cubic meters per ton of fresh cow excrement and 120 cubic meters per ton of fresh goat and goat excrement as well as sheep and lamb. Based on this, it is possible to calculate the potential of biogas produced from animal waste that can be collected in one year in the city as follows:32425740=(120*120)+(120*35363)+(281*38508)+(281*60912)=production potential of biogas from animal waste in the city (cubic meters per year)It can be seen if all the livestock wastes of the city (136,826 tons per year) are used. About 32425740 million cubic meters of biogas will be produced per year.According to Table 2, the calorific value of biogas is 5.96 and the calorific value of natural gasis7.52 kilowatt hours per cubic meter. Therefore, the calorific value of biogas is equal to 0.79 of the calorific value of natural gas, as mentioned, if all the animal wastes that can be collected in the city are used, biogas equivalent to 32.4 million cubic meters per year will be created. Considering its calorific value, this biogas will be equivalent to 25616346 cubic meters of natural gas.

Note that this technology, in addition to energy production, has other advantages. This amount of waste that can be collected, if it is left in the space in this way, the resulting methane, which is left in the space and is not consumed, in addition to causing the warming of the earth's air, also causes many environmental problems brings. Also, the use of this technology will create significant added value. Considering the high potential of the country in the production of biogas, if all the villages and industrial cattle farms of the country use this technology, the added value of the agricultural sector can be increased due to the production of enriched fertilizer and the added value of the energy sector due to the production of biogas and then electricity. It will be considered. Therefore, the use of this technology, in addition to other benefits, can also contribute to economic growth. Based on this, it is suggested that all industrial cattle farms and villages use this technology; In addition to achieving the mentioned advantages, the country's economic growth will also increase.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) is the main food of the people of many countries, so that it supplies more than 20% of the calories needed by the world's population, and it is cultivated in large quantities and in a large area. Bread wheat has the most trade compared to other crops.Wheat leaf septoriosis was first reported in Europe in 1842. The cause of this disease is a bipolar heterothallic ascomycete fungus, Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schrot, whose sexual cycle repeats itself during the cropping season, according to favorable environmental conditions, and since 1894, it has been observed and has been reported, although the relationship between foliar septoria and this fungus was clarified after about 80 years. This disease, which is considered one of the most destructive diseases of wheat in the world, its global damage in flood years is 30-53%.The ultimate corrective goal in any corrective program is to increase performance. This program is realized by protecting the plant against non-biotic (heat, cold, drought and salinity) and biotic (insects, bacteria, viruses and fungi) stresses, which cause a 25% reduction in yield.Breeding for resistance to foliar septuria as an environmentally friendly strategy and having an economic advantage for farmers (considering the cost of fungicide use) has gained significant importance in the last two decades.The first genetic study of wheat resistance to foliar satori disease was done in 1957 (Narvaez and Caldwell, 1957) and subsequently four resistance genes Stb1, Stb2, Stb3, Stb4 were identified and introduced in bread wheat. In the last decade, 14 new monotypes have been identified and their total number has increased to 18 in bread wheat, among which the discovery of the gene-to-gene relationship in the interaction between this fungus and wheat coincided with the identification of Stb6 (Brading et al. 2002). The comparison of the number of genes identified for resistance to foliar Seteria compared to the genes reported for other diseases seems remarkably insignificant. Therefore, increasing the number of monotypes resistant to foliar Seteria disease has become an important priority in national and international wheat breeding programs. Therefore, in this study, differential cultivars carrying genes for resistance to wheat foliar Seteria were evaluated by four isolates collected from different infected areas of Khuzestan and Ilam at the seedling stage.

In this research, 31 different varieties of wheat carrying the genes of resistance to foliar septoriosis of wheat (with Stb resistance gene) and sensitive (without Stb resistance gene) to foliar septoriosis disease, which were available in Safi Abad Dezful Research Center, were collected by 4 isolates. They were infected from different infected areas of Khuzestan and Ilam province and were evaluated in terms of disease resistance. Among the investigated cultivars, three cultivars named Taichung29, Obelisk and Darab 2 were considered as sensitive controls. The experiment was carried out as a factorial design in the form of randomized complete blocks and in three replications. The agents included mushroom isolates and differential wheat cultivars. This research was done in Dezful Agricultural Research Center. The seeds of these 31 cultivars were planted in small pots containing sand-peat soil. Necessary care was taken in terms of irrigation, light and humidity until the plants grow and reach the two-leaf stage and then contamination. During this period, watering was done every two days and between 2 and 4 cm of water was poured on the bottom of the trays.Three isolates with numbers 4, 13 and 16 were collected from several farms in Sardasht city, Dezful and Shushtar counties, and one isolate was from Ilam (5). The name and geographic location of the isolates are given in Table 2. Isolation of fungalstrains was done by single-pick method (Kema and Annon 1991) from infected leaves and each isolate was kept in a separate Petri dish containing PDA culture medium. Spores of each isolate were then propagated in a liquid culture medium with a ratio of 1:3 Ys and glucose at a temperature of 15 degrees Celsius and 180 rpm and sprayed with a concentration of 107 (10,000,000) spores per ml on the differential cultivars. In order to create favorable conditions for the penetration of fungi in the plant tissue for 48 hours, maximum humidity conditions were provided using plastic cover. 10 days after inoculation, the first leaf was preserved and the upper leaves were removed.The first symptoms of the disease were seen in the cultivar Darab 2, which was a sensitive control. The symptoms first appeared in the form of yellow spots on the leaves, which gradually spread depending on the sensitivity of the variety, and the texture of the leaves became dry and brown at the spots. Two times were considered for disease measurement and reading, one was 21 days after sporulation and the other was 28 days after sporulation. On these two dates, the disease percentage of the lines in response to the isolates was checked and recorded. The amount of disease was measured on the first leaves of the plant by measuring the percentage of pycnidium leaf surface by eye.Statistical calculations including analysis of variance and comparison of mean data were performed using LSD test and by SAS 9.2 software. It should be mentioned that before performing the analysis of variance, the assumptions of analysis of variance were tested by MINITAB 16 program and while removing outlier data, radical transformation was used to normalize the data. To draw the graphs, it was done with the help of EXCEL 2010 software.

The evaluation of the resistance level of wheat cultivars and lines to the foliar septoriosis disease in Iran has often been done using a mixture of isolates of the disease-causing fungus or under natural pollution conditions. This is not the only possibility. It does not provide a correct understanding of the level of annoyance and non-intrusiveness of Iranian separatists. Rather, it faces the problem of making an appropriate conclusion about the existence or non-existence of specific resistance in wheat numbers and lines. The results of the variance analysis tables of the response of the percentage of the peaked coverage of the numbers in relation to the wheat leaf septoriosis isolates in both experiments indicate the existence.

In order to investigate the effect of the use of salicylic acid, antifreeze and soybean oil on the cold resistance of sweet cherry flower of the " Siah Tekdane Mashhad " a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with 3 factors each at 3 levels (salicylic acid : 0, 1.5 and 3 mM), (natural antifreeze Thiofer: 0, 2.5 and 5 parts per 1000) and (soybean oil: 0, 2.5 and 5 parts per 1000)} and in 4 repetitions in A commercial garden located in Sarein city was implemented in 2018 and 2019. The percentage of cherry fruit formation as well as the amount of chlorophyll a, b and total pigments were significantly influenced by the interaction of salicylic acid and salicylic acid. Also, the amount of total chlorophyll was influenced by salicylic acid*soybean oil interactions. The comparison of the averages showed that the highest percentage of healthy females (69.25%) was obtained in the treatment combination of 1.5 mM salicylic acid*2.5 concentration (parts per thousand) of soybean oil*5 concentration (parts per thousand) of antifreeze. which had no significant difference with the treatment of 3 mM salicylic acid at a concentration of 2.5 (parts per thousand) of soybean oil and at a concentration of 5 (parts per thousand) of antifreeze. The highest concentration of chlorophyll a (14.87 mg/g fresh weight) was observed in 2018 crop year and foliar spraying of 3 mM salicylic acid.

 Parks and urban green spaces are among the uses that are important for distribution and distribution throughout the city. One of the important issues that is now seen in major cities is the imbalance in the distribution system and the failure of the urban services system, including urban green space This has had adverse effects on the urban environment. This article deals with the distribution of green spaces in the eight regions of Ahwaz, which indicates that there is a shortage or surplus of urban green spaces among the regions. The aim of the paper is to study and analyze the environmental issues and spatial distribution of urban green space in the Ahwaz area. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of applied type. The required information is gathered from the statistics published by the municipality and the statistical journal of Ahwaz. The results of this study indicate that green space in Ahwaz is only 1.4% of the total urban area. The green standard in this study is 12 square meters per person, which requires an average of 13344000 square meters per square meter of green space in Ahwaz for 1392. Which does not share the same distribution among the different regions of the city and has a large difference in the per capita distribution of urban green spaces in different regions. In 1395, taking into account the same 12 square meters per capita green space per person, this city needs 14217456 square meters of green space.

Viral diseases are one of the limiting factors for cucurbit production around the world that some of these viruses can cause a severe reduction in crop yield. In the present study, 92 leaf and fruit samples of various species of cucurbits were collected from different farms in Zanjan and Hamedan provinces, based on descripted symptoms such as yellowing, mosaic, deformation, leaf asymmetry, and wrinkling of leaf veins, to detect and investigate the incidence of some important viruses in cucurbit fields. After total RNA extraction, RT-PCR were conducted using specific primers for Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Ourmia melon virus (OuMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), and general primers of the Orthotospovirus genus to amplify a part of the genome corresponded with each of these viruses. The results showed evidence of the presence of CMV, CGMMV, ZYMV, and CABYV, in the tested samples, while OuMV, SqMV and Orthotospoviruses were not detected in any of the tested samples. Among the detected viruses, CABYV was detected as the most common virus. Phylogenetic analysis of the new isolates and other isolates from different countries showed that CMV strains were placed in both subgroups I and II. The detected ZYMV strains from Zanjan were clustered with the Vietnamese , and CGMMV strains were grouped with strains from India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, the Netherlands, and Spain in the cluster II. CABYV strains were grouped in the Mediterranean, Asian, and a new independent group, along with the Taiwanese and Indonesian. In addition, mixed infections of those virus infections were detected commonly in squash and cucumber. Especially, CGMMV+CABYV, CMV+CABYV and the infection of ZYMV+CABYV+CMV, ZYMV+CGMMV+CMV, and ZYMV+CGMMV+CABYV mixed infections were detected. This results will be useful in developing management strategies to manage of cucurbit viruses.