فهرست مطالب j. soltani

Sugar beet cultivars, candidate to enter the Iranian trade market, must pass the value cultivation and use (VCU) test successfully. For this purpose, 29 candidate cultivars from different companies were subjected to product comparison in the form of two experiments with the same control cultivars in 2018 and 2019. The experiments were conducted in two separate experiments of 16 and 17 cultivars in four replications in the provinces of West Azarbaijan, Khorasan Razavi, Hamedan and Fars under natural infection conditions. According to the results of the tests, among the new genotypes, 7 cultivars including BTS 7715, BTS 2015 N, BTS 1930 RHC, Annamira, Annemartha, Joker and BTS 3645 RHC were introduced as superior cultivars. These cultivars had higher sugar yield and also, they had better yield stability and disease resistance compared to the other candidate cultivars.

Papaver plants from the poppy family are among the famous medicinal plants that have always been the focus of the pharmaceutical and medical industries due to the production of morphine alkaloids and isoquinoline alkaloids with antimicrobial effects. A wide variety of Papaver species can be seen in the pastures and mountains of Kurdistan province. In this research, the methanolic extracts prepared from four Papaver species were investigated about the amount of morphinan alkaloids produced and the antimicrobial effects on the growth of microorganisms in laboratory conditions.
Four Papver species including P. glaucum, P. fugax, P. argemone, and P. bracteatum were collected twice from their natural habitats in Kurdistan province in spring and were identified based on morphological characteristics under the supervision of a botanist of the province's agricultural and natural resources research center. In order to extract alkaloids, aerial parts, and roots were dried and powdered in the shade. Extracts were prepared by adding methanol and chloroform solvents in a ratio of 1 to 4 to the resulting powders of plants. The amount of morphine, codeine, thebaine, and papaverine alkaloids present in each of the samples was measured separately using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Also, the antimicrobial effects of extracts against Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli were investigated. The pathogenicity was evaluated by measuring the growth halo, determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum lethal concentration (MBC), using the tube dilution method.
The production of morphine alkaloids in all of the studied species was confirmed by HPLC. The amount of morphine as the dominant alkaloid among the four studied species varied from 4.21 to 21.33 mg/g dry weight. The highest amount of morphine (21.33 mg/g) was observed in P. bracteatum extract and the highest amount of thebaine and codeine (8.67 and 1.8 mg/g) was observed in P. fugax extract. The observation of non-growth aura against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria confirmed the antimicrobial effects of the investigated plant extracts. The detected amounts of minimum inhibitory concentration against the gram-positive and gram negative bacteria varied from 25 to 100 mg/ml and minimum lethal concentration was just observed against Escherichia coli. P. bracteatum plant extract showed the highest inhibitory effect against E. coli bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 25 mg/ml and a minimum lethal concentration of 50 mg/ml.
By examining the results, it was found that the studied Papaver species produce significant amounts and ranges of morphine alkaloids, which designates these natural species' genetic and medicinal value for further studies. In addition, the extract of these plants showed antimicrobial effects against the reference strains of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria used in this research. Therefore, it is suggested that more studies be conducted in the field of separation and separation of the metabolites of these plants and the investigation of their antimicrobial effects in subsequent studies to achieve effective and novel antimicrobial compounds and drugs.

Ascomycota includes a large number of species that lack a known sexual stage but have a hidden potential for sexual reproduction, among which is Aspergillus flavus, an opportunistic aflatoxin-producing pathogen. The sexual stage of this heterothallic fungus results from crossing between strains with opposite mating types that belong to different vegetative compatibility groups. Here, twenty A. flavus Iranian isolates were investigated for heterothallism and sexual reproduction. The mating type genes MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 were explored using specific primers and multiplex PCR. The results indicated an equal frequency of mating types (1:1) in the investigated A. flavus isolates, indicating heterothallism, and possible sexual reproduction. The cross-cultures on Mixed Cereal Agar (MCA) and Aspergillus Complete Medium (ACM) induced the sexual phase. After 6 to 11 months, 33.16% of the crosses led to sexual reproduction and the sexual reproductive organ of the fungus appeared at the contact lines of the crosses. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed multiple asci and ascospores, which were produced in the pseudoparenchymatous stromata. Ascospore production was more efficient in ACM than in the MCA. Our findings place the Iranian A. flavus in the genus Petromyces, as Petromyces flavus.

Fungi have been subjected to genetic engineering in various ways. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AtMT) is an important method for the genetic manipulation of different fungal species. Here, gene transfer to Trichoderma viridescens was performed and optimized using A. tumefaciens strain pSDM2315. Also, the effect of different temperatures on the growth and conidiation rates of the wild-type and transformed fungi was investigated. The results indicated that the best conditions for maximum transformation in T. viridescens were the combination of one day of incubation, 28˚C, pH 5.0, and a concentration of 107conidia mL-1. The results of gene transfer and stable expression of transgenes were confirmed using sequential culture in selective media and PCR.Moreover, the mycelial growth of transformed fungi at different temperatures did not show an obvious difference from the wild-type, but the mutants produced different numbers of conidia. This indicates the potential of AtMT for functional mutagenesis and physiological studies in T. viridescens.

One of the new and practical methods of monitoring water resources is Hydroacoustic technology. Using the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler system (ADCPs) by attenuating acoustic waves against suspended sediment particles in water, the amount of energy loss, the mean suspended sediment concentration, and particle size will be estimated using the formula with multi frequencies without the necessity of sampling. Two computational methods are implicit and explicit inverse methods based on the sonar equation. In this study, Due to the novelty of this issue and the lack of user-friendly software, all the formulas (implicit and explicit inverse methods) are coded in the Wolfram Mathematica. Finally, the various solving steps are discussed with the plots of coefficient and constant attenuations of acoustic waves for different mean sizes of sediment particles. Two peaks in the total attenuation plots for fine and mean coarse particles at two frequencies (600 and 1200 kHz) are obtained (1.08 and 1.44) and (2.14 and 2.86) dB m2/kg, which are obtained at (0.97 and 963.73) and (0.67 and 482.24) μm, respectively. ADCP at 600 and 1200 kHz frequencies can monitor mean suspended sediment particles from a radius of 0.001 to 1000 μm.

Today, problems such as global climate change and its consequences such as floods, droughts, melting glaciers, ocean water level rise are considered globally, and actions should be taken immediately to contain these problems. Many sources pointed to the positive aspects of using organic matter such as biochar to retain soil moisture and plant nutrients, reducing nitrate leaching and greenhouse gas emissions. Biochar is a carbon-rich compound produced by pyrolysis of natural organic matter. In the present study, 0% biochar (B1), 2.5% biochar (B2), 5% biochar (B3), and 7.5% biochar (B4), 2.5% wheat straw (W1), and 5% straw (W2) were added to soil with clay loam texture (S1) and sandy loam soil (S2). This pot experiment was implemented based on a completely randomized design in three replications in the greenhouse using 15N Isotope tracing method. Due to biochar application, Crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency increased. This increase was particularly significant in S1B4 treatment (P < 0.01) and reached up to 35%. Straw reduced nitrogen fertilizer utilization in S1W2 and S2W2 treatments by 94% and 87%, respectively

Iran, like most other countries in the world, is always threatened with global epidemics and pandemics of influenza. The purpose of this study was to review the influenza surveillance system in Iran.

Data of this study were obtained from the surveillance system of the Center for Communicable Disease Control, the review of records, documents, books and published articles and also interviews with process owners and experts of influenza surveillance in 2017-2019.

Influenza surveillance in Iran Currently, a combination of surveillance methods, including caring for patients, laboratory care, hospital care and surveillance of respiratory disease epidemics and also border surveillance. Reporting of human influenza outbreaks, as well as suspected avian flu as main notifiable diseases carried out through telephone. For each suspect case, in addition to taking and sending a sample to diagnose and also detect subtypes of the virus, medical treatment is immediately initiated and tracking of possible contacts is also done.

Although there is currently good coherence in the surveillance of influenza in Iran, but based on concerns about the emergence of influenza pandemics in the future, and considering the possible genetic variation of the flu viruses, the tracking of the flu virus circulation along with updating surveillance system especially emphasizing methods and formulas for rapid identification of disease outbreaks, as well as providing better health care and treatment is essential.

In order to transfer rhizomania resistance genes to improved sugar beet lines, crosses were made between commercial resistant varieties and two improved inbred O-type lines of sugar beet (and 6) at Agricultural Research Center of Khorasan Razavi and Jam sugar factory in 007. O-types carried self fertile (Sf) genes and contained male sterile (MS) genotypes. Commercial varieties were used as pollinators and inbred lines as female parents. Males and females were examined for the amount of hybrid seeds production, yellowish color of leaves and infection index of rhizomania on the root. However, seeds were harvested from 99MS plants within O-types. Males and females were compared based on the amount of viable seeds produced on each plant. The results showed that females did not represent significant differences although the line 6 produced 54. percentages of hybrids with enough viable seeds when compared to the line with 45.8 percentages. Pollinators were significantly different at 5 percentages probability level in respect of producing consequent hybrids with enough seeds. Scales of yellow color of leaves and resistance index of roots were statistically similar to the growth period of plants. The results displayed that crosses originated from various pollinators reacted differently (at 5% probability level) to yellow color change of leaves and root infection index to rhizomania during the growth period. The lowest percentage of green leaf belonged to the population No. 8 and the highest to No. 7 that figured about 0 and 80.8 percentages, respectively. The highest disease resistance index appeared for the No. 7 and the lowest for pollinators like numbers, 8,0 and; but progenies of test crosses resulted from populations No., 4 and 5 were also ranked in the resistant group. Therefore, progenies obtained from later mentioned populations have higher potential than others in transferring resistance genes into sugar beet lines. The results displayed that crosses originated from various pollinators reacted differently (at 5% probability level) to yellow color change of leaves and root infection index, but females(and 6) did not represent significant differences.