javad nasiri
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In the present study, collagenolytic activity was investigated in two separate experiments using blood plasma or serum. Two separate experiments were conducted at different times. The first experiment involved the analysis of blood plasma from 16 rams, 6 goat bucks, and 3 lactating cows. The rams and goat bucks were randomly divided into two equal heads groups (control and treated), and they did not exhibit any sexual problems. In the second experiment, twelve calves (5 males and 7 females) with a mean age 152 days, and weight of 128 kg, were selected and randomly divided into two groups. One group received a total mixed ration (TMR) plus a feed block (22 kg weight), while the other group received only TMR. Blood serum from all calves was utilized for collagenolytic activity. Bovine Achilles' tendon collagen served as the substrate for measuring collagenolytic activity, while hydroxyproline (HYP) was employed as a product for activity measurement. The results revealed the presence of the enzyme(s) in the blood samples of all the experimental animals, albeit at varying levels of activity. It was observed that the activity was significantly inhibited by cupric sulfate as a metal ion. Furthermore, notable positive and significant correlations were found between the daily gain of sheep and collagenolytic activity in blood samples, while negative correlations were observed between the age of the calves and collagenolytic activity. These results supported the hypothesis that enzyme activity is associated with growth. The results revealed the presence of the enzyme(s) in the blood samples of all the experimental animals, albeit at varying levels of activity. It was observed that the activity was significantly inhibited by cupric sulfate as a metal ion. Furthermore, notable positive and significant correlations were found between the daily gain of sheep and collagenolytic activity in blood samples, while negative correlations were observed between the age of the calves and collagenolytic activity. These results supported the hypothesis that enzyme activity is associated with growth.Keywords: collagenolytic activity, hydroxyproline, enzyme inhibition
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مقدمه
رسیدن به سطوح بالای یادگیری حرکتی مستلزم یافتن ترکیب بهینه ای از متغیرها و روش ها است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثر تعاملی کانون توجه (درونی و بیرونی) و توع یادگیری (آشکار و پنهان) بر یادداری و انتقال مهارت پرتاب آزاد بسکتبال می باشد.
روش پژوهش:
48 دانش آموز پسر داوطلب به صورت تصادفی در چهار گروه یادگیری آشکار- توجه درونی، یادگیری آشکار - توجه بیرونی، یادگیری پنهان - توجه درونی، یادگیری پنهان - توجه بیرونی تقسیم شدند. در مرحله اکتساب گروه ها در 6 بلوک 10 کوششی به تمرین پرتاب آزاد بسکتبال پرداختند. 24 ساعت پس از پایان مرحله اکتساب، آزمون یادداری و دو آزمون انتقال هر کدام در یک بلوک 10 کوششی اجرا شد. آزمون انتقال اول ده دقیقه بعد از آزمون یادداری در شرایط تحت فشار اجرا شد و آزمون انتقال دوم نیز، ده دقیقه پس از آزمون انتقال اول از فاصله 4 متری و زاویه 45 درجه اجرا شد.
یافته هانتایج نشان داد که در شرایط یادگیری آشکار، کانون توجه بیرونی و در شرایط یادگیری پنهان، کانون توجه درونی موجب یادگیری بهتر در پرتاب آزاد بسکتبال شد.
نتیجه گیریبر اساس یافته ها، اضافه بار شناختی شیوه یادگیری آشکار را از طریق ارایه دستورالعمل کانون توجه بیرونی تعدیل نمود. اما در شیوه یادگیری پنهان که به دلیل استفاده از قیاس، بار شناختی اندکی به حافظه کاری یادگیرندگان وارد می شود، می توان توجه آنان را به طرف خود مهارت و یا بخش هایی از بدن که درگیر اجرای مهارت است معطوف کرد و از مزایای کانون توجه درونی استفاده نمود.
کلید واژگان: اضافه بار شناختی، فرضیه پردازش هوشیارانه، یادگیری قیاسی، حافظه کاریIntroductionAchieving a high level of motor learning requires finding an optimal combination of variables and methods. This research aimed to investigate the interactive effect of the focus of attention (internal and external) and learning approach (explicit and implicit) on the retention and transfer of basketball free throw skills.
MethodsForty-eight volunteer male students were randomly assigned to four Explicit Learning - Internal Attention, Explicit Learning - External Attention, Implicit Learning - Internal Attention, and Implicit Learning - External Attention groups. In the acquisition phase, the groups practiced basketball free throws in 6 blocks of 10 trials. 24 hours after the end of the acquisition phase, a retention test and two transfer tests were performed in a block of 10 trials for each test. The first transfer test was performed 10 minutes after the retention test under pressure conditions, and the second transfer test was performed ten minutes after the first transfer test from a 4-meter distance and a 45-degree angle.
ResultsThe results showed that in explicit learning conditions, the external focus of attention and in implicit learning conditions, the internal focus of attention led to better learning in basketball free throw.
ConclusionAccording to the findings of the present study, the cognitive overload of the explicit learning approach was moderated by providing the external focus of attention instructions. However, in the implicit learning approach, due to the use of analogy learning, little cognitive load is exerted on the learners’ working memory and it is possible to direct their attention to the skill itself or parts of the body that are involved in the execution of skill to achieve the benefits of the internal focus of attention.
Keywords: cognitive overload, conscious processing hypothesi, Analogy Learning, working memory -
ستایش یا معادل عربی آن، حمد به معنای پسندیدن صفتی زیبا یا فعلی نیکو و واکنش فطری در برابر آن است، قرآن مجید در آیه 36 سوره جاثیه، ستایش را تنها متعلق به خدا دانسته و برای اثبات آن، برهان هایی اقامه می کند، مفسران گوناگون براساس منابع تفسیری، هریک استدلال آیه را به گونه ای تقریرکرده اند؛ برخی براساس معنایی که برای واژه رب، که در آیه مذکور است، برگزیده اند و بعضی با توجه به سیاق آیات پیشین سوره. بررسی تطبیقی این دیدگاه ها در این مقاله نشان می دهد که مفهوم واژه حمد به تدریج از ستایش نعمت به ستایش زیبایی تغییرکرده است، همچنین شباهت های متعدد میان مفاتیح الغیب و الجامع البیان، احتمال تاثیر جدی فخر رازی از طبری را تقویت می کند، روش آلوسی در استفاده از سیاق برای اثبات توحید در ستایش و تاثیر آن در تفاسیر بعدی نیز حایز اهمیت است. غایت عرفان اسلامی توحید است (مشاهده یگانگی خدا) به طوری که وجود مطلق است و هیچ چیز غیر از او و تجلیاتش، وجود ندارد که لازمه این مشاهده، فنا دیدن همه چیز در حق تعالی است. نقش توحید در رشد اخلاقی چنان سازنده است که از انسان با انگیزه هایش، که خود منشا بسیاری از ناهنجاریهای اخلاقی است، انسان کامل خالی از رذایل اخلاقی و آراسته به فضایل اخلاقی میسازد و تمام ابعاد وجودی انسان، اعم از مادی و معنوی را در جهت کمال مطلق و بینهایت و جاودانه قرارمیدهد.
کلید واژگان: قرآن، عرفان، توحید، توحید در ستایش رشد اخلاقیPraise or “Hamd” in Arabic, means to like a beautiful epithet and to show a current good or Natural response against it. The Holy Quran in verse 36 of Jaathiah says the praise belongs just to God and then prove it. This article is a comparative study and shows that the commentators on various interpretations of each verse argument to any of expositions have; According to paste some meaning for the word, which is mentioned in the verse, favorites and some verses according to the previous chapter, a comparative study of this view shows that the concept of Hamd gradually shifts from praise blessing to praise the beauty as well as the similarity of many of Mafatih Al-ghayb and Al-Jame’ Al-Bayan, shows the risk of serious influence of Tabari on Fakhr-e Raazi and strength the way Alusi on the way to demonstrate unity in Praise and its effect on subsequent interpretations. End Spirituality of Unity is ( see the oneness of God ) to so that there absolutely is and nothing else apart from him and manifestations, is not that essential for the Find, annihilation see all things in the right of excellence is .The role of unity in growth ethic is so productive is that the man with the motive of his, that the source of many of the anomalies of moral , a man completely devoid of vices , moral and adorned with the virtues of morality that makes and all aspects of being human, whether of material and spiritual and in order to consummate the absolute and non finally and forever put you off
Keywords: : monotheism in praise, mysticism, moral development -
این مطالعه بهمنظور بررسی اثر انواع نمک های کلسیمی اسیدهای چرب بر عملکرد و الگوی اسید های چرب شیر انجام شد. در این مطالعه از 21 راس گاو هلشتاین با روزهای شیردهی 5/8 ± 30 استفاده شد. گاوها به سه گروه مساوی تقسیم و جیره های زیر را دریافت کردند: 1. جیره شاهد 2. جیره حاوی منبع چربی A (ساخته شده در آزمایشگاه)3. جیره حاوی منبع چربی B (مرسوم در بازار). گاوها در سه نوبت دوشیده شدند. رکورد و مصرف خوراک بهصورت روزانه ثبت شدند و نمونه گیری از شیر، خوراک و مدفوع جهت تعیین ترکیب بهصورت هفتگی انجام گرفت. خونگیری از دام ها به عمل آمد. در پایان دوره آزمایش نمونه شیر جهت تعیین الگوی اسید چرب جمع آوری شد. مصرف ماده خشک در جیره شاهد 5 درصد بیشتر از دو جیره دیگر بود در حالیکه میزان تولید شیر در جیره حاوی مکمل چربی A افزایش معنی داری نسبت به جیره شاهد داشت و با جیره حاوی مکمل چربی B تفاوتی نداشت. BCS و تغییرات وزن بدن تحت تاثیر جیره ها قرار نگرفت. مکمل چربی A بر قابلیت هضم فیبر جیره تاثیر منفی نداشت و مشابه جیره شاهد و مکمل چربی B بود. میزان C18:2 شیر گاوهای دریافت کننده جیره حاوی مکمل A نسبت به مکمل B و جیره شاهد به ترتیب 21 و 47 درصد افزایش داشت. درصد چربی و C14:0 شیر در جیره شاهد نسبت به دو جیره دیگر افزایش معنی دار پیدا کرد. مکمل چربی A می تواند به عنوان منبع چربی در اوایل دوره شیردهی استفاده شود و نتایج مشابهی با نمونه تجاری مرسوم داشت.
کلید واژگان: ترکیب شیر، تولید شیر، گاو شیری، نمک کلسیمی اسید چربIntroductionCows need a lot of energy to produce milk in early lactation. Due to the low dry matter intake in this period, it is necessary to increase diet energy concentration. Therefore, fat supplements are often used to increase the concentration of metabolizable energy for reduce mobilization of adipose tissue in fresh cows. Many studies shown that adding fat to diet of lactating cows, improves milk production and increases lactation persistency. Increasing milk yield by 2 to 10 percent was reported in cows receiving fat supplement compared to control. One of the limitations of using fat supplements for ruminant is its negative effects on digestion of fiber. In some studies, using of unprotected fat sources reduced digestibility of fibers and milk fat percentage in early lactation. In contrast, some researchers have reported that adding protected fats to the diet of lactating cows increased milk production and had not negative effect on milk fat. The reason for this was minimum effect of protected fat on ruminal fermentation. Usual protected fats include crystalline or prilled fatty acids, formaldehyde treated protein encapsulated fatty acids, hydrogenated lipids, fatty acyl amides and calcium salts of fatty acids. Calcium salts of fatty acids are lower degradable than other fat sources in rumen. More studies should be done because of the low production of calcium salts of fatty acids in Iran and as well as the demand for better quality of fat supplements.
Materials and Methods :
Twenty one Holstein cows were used under days in milk 30±8.5 with body weight 573 ± 69.4. The cows were divided into three groups (3primiparous and 4 multiparous) and were offered following rations for 100 days period:1- control (without fat supplementation), 2- ration containing fat supplement A (laboratory made for this research in Bu-Ali Sina University), 3- ration containing fat supplement B (Persia fat, Kimia Danesh Alvand Co, Tehran, Iran). Diets were designed to be iso-nitrogenous. After morning milking and before feeding, cows were weighed and body scored in 30, 70 and 100 days in milk. The cows were milked three times daily. The TMR was fed at 0530, 1430 and 2230hours daily. Feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily and weekly sampling was performed to determine milk, feed and feces compositions. Milk samples were analyzed for protein, fat and lactose. Feed and feces samples were analyzed for DM, Ash, CP, ether extract and ADF. Digestibility of ration nutrients was determined using acid insoluble ash as an indigestible marker. Blood samples were withdrawn on 45, 70 and 100 days in milk. Blood samples then were centrifuged at 4 ºC and 3000×g for 15 minutes. Then plasma was analyzed for glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acids. At the end of the experiment milk samples were collected to determine milk fatty acids profile. The fatty acids were determined using a direct method for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis using a gas chromatograph. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using the MIXED procedure of SAS.
Results and Discussionin this study using fat supplements had not effect on BCS. Dry matter intake was not affected by diets. Milk production were higher in cows receiving fat supplement A than control while was not different compared to fat supplement B. milk production increased significantly after two weeks. During the treatment period, control increased milk fat percentage. Milk fat increasing was started in second week of experiment. The amount of milk lactose increased due to the milk production increasing in cows receiving fat supplement compared to control. FCM was not different between treatments. In this study, fat supplement A and B increased blood cholesterol. Amount of triglyceride increased but was not significant. NEFA and glucose were not affected by diets. C14:0, C14:1 and C18:2 were influenced by rations. Percent of C8:0 was higher in control than other treatments by 16 percent, it was not significant. Percent of C18:1 was higher in cows receiving fat supplement A and B than control, but was not significant. Rations had not affected on nutrients digestibility.
Conclusionaccording to the results, fat supplement A can be used as fat source in early lactation.
Keywords: calcium salt of fatty acids, Dairy cows, Milk production, Milk Composition -
BackgroundAppendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix. In spite of advances in the diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis, its morbidity is still significant. Despite widespread use of ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) scan, and laparoscopy to diagnose appendicitis, the rate of misdiagnosis is not diminished accordingly.MethodsThe current study aimed at determining the prevalence of primary misdiagnosis in pediatric patients presenting with appendicitis to Aliasghar Hospital, a tertiary referral center in Tehran, Iran from 2005 to 2015.ResultsIn the present study, the misdiagnosis rate of acute appendicitis was 7.4% in 10 years. Most causes of misdiagnosis were mesenteric adenitis, urinary tract infection, and gastroenteritis. Despite the availability of various diagnostic methods, the majority of patients with initial misdiagnosis were finally subjected to laparotomy for acute appendicitis. Ultrasound examination was useful in only 23% of the cases. Location of appendicitis in patients with initial misdiagnosis was retrocec in nine patients (53%), retroileum in five patients (29%), and pelvis in three patients (18%).ConclusionsCloser attention to signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis and higher clinical suspicion could reduce the rate of misdiagnosis and therefore minimize complications.Keywords: cute Appendicitis, Diagnosis, Complications, Misdiagnosis
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Mild anteriordisplacement of the anus may be a cause of constipation, for detection of the anterior anus, the mean anal position index is used, in this study an other modality is introduced.MethodIn this prospective study, the patients with intractable constipation with onset bellow one year of age, normal rectal manometry, normal rectal biopsy and abnormal shape of anal verge, were include in the study and the location of the anus was checked by muscle stimulator and according to the severity of the anteriority mini anorectoplasty or simpleY-V transposition of the anus was done.Resultsten patients studied, all were female, mean age was 7 months, in 2 cases anorectoplasty and in the others Y-V anoplastywas done. All patients ultimately were cured.Conclusionusing muscle stimulator in external sphincter is relaiable for detection of anterior displacement of the anus. Anorectoplasty or Y-V anoplasty for resolving constipation in these patients are effective.Keywords: Constipation, Anorectal malformation, Anterior anus
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این مقاله در رابطه با رویکرد قرآن و عرفان به معنا و مفهوم تزکیه بحث می کند. واژه تزکیه در اصل حاوی دو معنای رشد و نمو دادن و تطهیر و پاکیزه سازی است. البته باید توجه داشت که این دو معنا با یکدیگر، پیوند دارند و به نوعی لازم و ملزوم یکدیگرند. معمولا در کتاب های تعلیم و تربیت و متون اخلاقی و عرفانی دو واژه تربیت و تهذیب را به جای تزکیه به کار می برند.
تزکیه در عرفان عبارت است از زدودن نفس و تخلیه آن از عقاید باطل و اوصاف مذموم، میراندن هوای نفس، تربیت کردن و به صلاح آوردن نفس و از صفت اماره به مطمئنه رسانیدن آن. برخی تزکیه را به معنای ترک دنیا دانسته اند. در منابع عرفانی به تزکیه به طور مستقل کمتر پرداخته شده و بیشتر آن را ذیل، سیروسلوک و ریاضت نفس مطرح کرده اند. در آثار اخلاقی نیز، ذیل بحث تهذیب نفس، به تزکیه پرداخته شده است.
کلید واژگان: قرآن، تزکیه، عرفان، تهذیبThis paper discusses the Koran and mystical approach toward the concept of catharsis. The word catharsis in fact contains two meanings on growth and transformation as well as purification and cleansing. Of course, it should be noted that they are interrelated and are kind of essential to one another. Usually, two words of breeding and polishing are used for catharsis in the moral and mystical texts. Catharsis in mysticism is removing evil spirit and discharging it from any ill thoughts and malicious characteristics, warding off spiritual impurities, rearing and bearing and qualifying spirit from an aggressive one to the secure one. Some persons take catharsis as disporting worldly affairs. Catharsis is not at all dealt with independently in mystical sources; rather, it is mostly addressed as spiritual journey and asceticism. In ethical works, too, catharsis is dealt with under the term of spiritual refinery.Keywords: The Koran, catharsis, mysticism, refinery
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