javad nazari

The distinction between existence and quiddity, as well as the link between the two, has been a substantial issue in Islamic philosophy throughout history, having profound effects on other issues. Muslim philosophers argue that contingent beings possess both existence and quiddity in its narrow sense. However, many philosophers believe that Necessary Being (Wājib al-Wujūd) is devoid of quiddity and some deny the quiddity-based reality. Nonetheless, logical reasoning indicates that all ranks of the essence of things (including real and constructed (i‘tibārī), as well as existential and non-existential) are predicated on quiddity. Hence, first and foremost, it is not impossible to put forward an integrated analysis of existence and quiddity for Necessary Being, where quiddity, like existence, is limitless. Second, the copula notions (ma‘ānī rabaṭī) are quiddity-based, even if their quiddity, like their existence, is the quiddity for others. Third, non-existent matters are, in fact, distinct from one another. For example, while the non-existence of a vicious circle and a giant (ghūl) is the same in that they are both non-existent, their distinction stems from their adherence to their quiddity (the whatness of a vicious circle and a giant (ghūl). Fourth, constructed matters (umūr i‘tibārī) are similarly quiddity-based, though their quiddity, like their existence, is constructed (i‘tibārī). As a result, the property of being quiddity-based elevates to an existent qua existent axiom, becoming a direct accident comparable to reality.

The mental image of the consumer as well as the variable role of the type of culture such as ethnocentrism play an important and prominent role in consumer behavior because the only way to succeed in such a market is to know the factors influencing their purchase intention. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of consumers' mental image of the company, product, and country of origin on the intention to purchase imported goods, emphasizing the role of consumer ethnocentrism. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research is made up of all the consumers of Sony and Samsung televisions in the centers of major provinces of the country, 384 of them were selected separately by random method and the data required for the hypothesis test was collected. The analysis of the proposed model has been done with the structural equation modeling method and with the help of Smart-PLS 3.0 software. The results showed that the mental image of consumers (product, company, and country of origin) affects the intention to buy imported goods. Of course, the results showed that consumption ethnocentrism, in turn, can moderate these influences. In the sense that companies can influence their purchase intention by strengthening the mental image of consumers. On the other hand, strengthening the character of ethnocentrism in consumers helps to grow the domestic economy and reduces the intention to buy imported goods.

Advocates of negative or apophatic theology deny any homogeneity between God and creatures, arguing that we can only know what God is not, rather than what God is. Conversely, proponents of positive theology believe that it is possible to have a positive understanding of God. Qāḍī Saʿīd al-Qummī contends that negative theology—i.e., the impossibility of any positive understanding of God and the negation of any attributes from Him—is a definitive aspect of the school of Ahl al-Bayt (the Prophet’s Household, particularly the Shia Imams). However, his claim appears to rely on the apparent implications of certain hadiths, which can be reinterpreted through an examination of internal and external evidence. A comprehensive analysis reveals that these hadiths merely reject the possibility of having elaborate, detailed, profound, and grasping knowledge of God, rather than rejecting positive, condensed knowledge. The hadiths that seem to reject any kind of attributes from God only negate additional and emergent attributes, not all attributes.

Extended AbstractIntroductionTherapy means the treatment of mental or physical illness without drugs or surgery and is a cognitive stimulation to change behavior. This concept when used in the field of shopping is reminiscent of the concept of Retail therapy. Retail therapy happens when consumers buy to improve their negative feelings and not just to get the product they need its benefits include positive distraction, the motivation to escape from realit, increased self-confidence, a sense of control, and better social communication. The purchase process includes various steps such as search, selection, acquisition, and consumption. Research shows that sad feelings can be alleviated simply by liking a product without buying that product, which highlights the fact that Retail Therapy is not necessarily the result of buying or consuming, so the main concept of Retail Therapy is that Consumers, even by searching for products, can relieve their stress and expect numerous psychological improvements through Retail Therapy. But despite the high prevalence of this behavior, there is no correct understanding of it, and there is no source of information that could correctly clarify this issue. This importance became the reason for the design of this research, the purpose of which is to design a conceptual model for Retail Therapy, which will greatly help to increase the understanding of this concept. This research, has been tried to fully investigate this concept and the causal, intervening, and contextual components that are effective on this behavior, as well as the positive and negative consequences that this behavior will have for the individual and the society. Be identified and finally, the possible strategies that help to weaken or strengthen these consequences are also identified so that finally a comprehensive model is based on the Grounded theory. MethodologyThis research is a type of qualitative research, which is part of basic research in terms of its purpose and exploratory research in terms of data collection. In order to analyze the data, the Grounded theory method based on a systematic approach has been used. The data-based approach is a type of qualitative research method that uses the inductive approach of a series of systematic procedures to create a theory about the phenomenon under study. The reason for using this method is that in this method the theories are formed based on the concepts obtained from the data and provide a better explanation because they are more suitable to the situation and on the other hand, this method is an efficient method in the field of the model making and theorizing. In this research, the main data was collected through interviews with people who have experience in this type of shopping behavior. In qualitative methods, determining the sample size does not follow a specific formula and the researcher will continue the data collection process until reaching theoretical saturation, which this research is not an exception to this rule and the data collection process will continue until theorecal saturation is reached. Discussion and ResultsIn the present study, the researcher reached theoretical saturation after 15 interviews. Understanding how and why people buy has led to a growing interest in studying consumer decision-making styles. The variety of consumer behavior is due to the variety of factors affecting the behavior and motivation of a person to buy. Among the types of shopping, we can mention Retail Therapy, which has attracted the interest and attention of researchers for more than 50 years. Currently, 50% of people do Retail Therapy and 50% buy a certain class of goods in this way. Retail Therapy is rooted in consumer behavior and is considered one of the valuable concepts of the market environment; Because marketing managers can increase their sales and profitability by identifying the drivers that influence the Retail Therapy. Internal factors (such as emotional states) and external factors (such as brand-related factors) have a great impact on Retail Therapy. In the current research, the design of Retail Therapy model including 9 main categories and 56 sub-categories was obtained. The main categories include: increasing savings and economic improvement, personal disappointment and disappointment, controlled behavior, cultural-social norms, interior design and store environment, family education context, lack of money risk, Retail Therapy and thoughts, emotions and feelings of people's personality. ConclusionThe results show that according to the current conditions, Retail Therapy is rooted in consumer behavior and is considered one of the valuable concepts of the market environment; Because marketing managers can increase their sales and profitability by identifying the drivers that influence the purchase of therapy.

 Laryngoscopy is the required procedures in general anesthesia that can cause cardiovascular disorders for the patient. Various pharmacological methods are used to reduce unwanted laryngoscopy responses.

 The present study aimed to compare the effects of fentanyl and nitroglycerin spray on hemodynamic responses during laryngoscopy.

 In a clinical trial study, 40 patients were divided into two groups. In one group of patients, intravenous fentanyl (2 µg/kg) was given and in the other group, 2 puffs sublingually nitroglycerin spray was given in addition to receiving fentanyl. Hemodynamic variables were measured at one minute before and after laryngoscopy. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 19 software.

 The study data showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the study groups in terms of demographics. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as heart rate decreased significantly in the group of receiving simultaneous fentanyl and nitroglycerin in comparison to the group receiving fentanyl alone.

 The results of our study showed that the administration of nitroglycerin spray with fentanyl more weakened the cardiovascular responses induced by laryngoscopy.

One of the challenges in medicine has been the exaggerated use of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic usage in children in Arak, Iran (2019-2020) to determine the factors related to antibiotic prescription and consumption in children.

This was a population based, cross-sectional study conducted in Arak, the capital city of Markazi Province, Iran. Stratified random sampling was applied to recruit children who were up to five years old, and registered in the healthcare system between Jan. 2019 and Jan. 2020. A response rate of 85% was obtained from the subjects’ parents. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect the data from the children’s mothers. Univariate and adjusted linear regression analyses were applied to assess the determinants of antibiotic consumption in these children.

A total of 1483 children were enrolled in the study; most of them were boys with the mean age of 2.1±1.5 years old. The annual prevalence of antibiotic consumption in Arak was found to be 62.4% for at least one antibiotic. The most consumed antibiotic was azithromycin (24.2%). Among antibiotic groups, the most consumed group was macrolides (26.9%). Upon multiple logistic regression analyses, a lower consumption rate was observed among the younger children with older mothers, and children whose fathers had permanent jobs than other children groups. A higher consumption rate was observed among families with higher parity.

The annual prevalence of antibiotic consumption in this study was very high, with the most consumed drug being azithromycin. We recommend that the use of antibiotics be reconsidered by drawing future healthcare policies, aiming at reducing the heavy antibiotics consumption in children.

Measuring the performance of the Primary Health Care (PHC) system is the first vital step to identify areas for reforms. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of application of a PHC performance monitoring process model in selected centers of Markazi Province.

This research was a qualitative applied study. The evidence related to measuring the performance of primary health care was extracted by conducting an extensive review of the literature. Subsequently, the primary health care monitoring model was designed with a semi-structured interview through open questions with the consensus of experts. The proposed model was evaluated before and after implementation.

The seven-phase primary health care performance monitoring process model was designed and used on the web. This model has a reporting dashboard for management decision-making.

In view of the fact that the common methods of monitoring health care centers in medical sciences universities of the country do not follow the scientific model, it is necessary to determine the various dimensions in this regard, and to examine their status in order to recognize weaknesses and strengths and take action to make this important management process more effective.

Malnutrition is a major contributor to children’s low growth, development and also disease. To inform policymakers’ planning and action, this study aimed to assess malnutrition in under-5 children and its relationship with the household socioeconomic status.

The data of this cross-sectional survey was collected through a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic, nutritional and socioeconomic data. Through proportional and random cluster sampling, 3980 children aged 6 to 59 months old were selected as the participants of the study. The data were analyzed through Chi-Square and ANOVA tests using EpiNut and Stata software.

138 (3.5%) had severe stunting (height for age), 58 (1.5%) severe low weighting (weight for age), 81 (2%) severe weight loss, 87 (2.2%) obesity based on BMI for age, 66 (1.7%) severe wasting and 84 (2.1) obese based on weight for height. Height and weight for age were significantly associated with father’s job and BMI for age was associated with household socio-economic status (p<0.05).

In spite of performing nationwide programs targeting under 5 children, the prevalence of malnutrition problems was high. This study indicated that the household socio-economic status is an effective factor. This indicates that the supporting measures such as insurance and free services for the poor are not well designed, targeted and administered.

The factors affecting children’s growth and development have been discussed in various research studies. This study evaluates the association between growth and development of under 12-month-old children in Iran. This cross-sectional study uses the Ages & Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) data and demographic characteristics in the child's health records of 15,885 Iranian children in Arak city up to March 2017. The impact of growth disorder, type of delivery, preterm birth, at birth weight/height/head circumference, gross motor, problem-solving, personal-social, communication, and fine motor on the participants’ head circumference/weight/height was assessed. Unadjusted analyses were done using independent sample t-test, Pearson correlation test and one-way analysis of variance. Multiple multivariate regression was utilized for adjusted effects. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Head circumference was associated with growth disorder, type of delivery, and preterm birth. Children with known and unknown growth disorders had 610.19 and 160.58 grams less weight than those without any growth disorder. Gross motor and personal-social aspects of ASQ were found to be associated with weight at the age of 12-month old. Height at 12-months was affected by growth disorder, gross motor, personal-social, communication, and fine motor. Results of this study show that cesarean type of delivery, preterm birth, and low birth weight are the impacting factors associated with negative children growth trends and lower developmental status at the age of 12 months.

The realization of multiple significances in a unified reality is a significant principle that may seriously disrupt our epistemology and ontology if an adequate interpretation is not presented or accepted. Based on this principle, in the external world, no consequence is basically realized, and at the same time, reality can be considered as an instance of significance and various consequences. Reality is absolutely non-complex and through its non-complexity, it is an instance of various consequences. The mind does not self-foundedly take significance from the external world, rather it is the non-complex reality that allows the mind to abstract its significance. Thus, the significances are indeed realized in the external world, and at the same time, the reality is an absolute non-complex and no consequence and plurality can make it pluralistic. This is obviously manifested in Existentialism. according to the correct interpretation of Existentialism, reality is not merely of existence or essence; neither existence is the source of abstraction of essence nor conversely, rather the non-complex reality is the source of abstraction of both and the plurality of both. Thus, reality is actually derived from both, but with its non-complexity. The difference between the significance of existence and other significance is that it can be realized through its essence, but other significances are the true realization of the consequence.

According to Qāḍī Saʿīd Qumī, monotheism means the negation of any cognation between God and the creatures. The purpose of this article is to present the most important implications of this negative interpretation of monotheism in his thought and to show how this interpretation can lead to such implications. According to the apophatic theology of Qāḍī Saʿīd, no positive concept applies to the First Principle and He is not described by any attribute; therefore: 1. The dispute over the primacy of existence or quiddity does not arise in the case of God, because God is neither of the existence realm nor of the quiddity, 2. There is no graded (tashkīkī) relationship between God and His creatures, 3. God even transcends beyond the necessity of existence, and the “Necessary Being” is His name and His creation, so all three modes of contingency, impossibility and necessity are excluded from Him, 4 & 5 & 6. The “argument of possibility and necessity”, the “argument of the Righteous” and other arguments for proving the Necessary Being and His oneness would be no more valid, 7. The criterion for dependence on a cause is neither temporal emergence nor contingency, but combination (though a mentally posited combination), 8. The Essence of God cannot be worshiped, rather, the very “greatest name” (Allah) is worshiped, 9. God’s power means doing an action without requiring the attribute of power and in a state free from the three modes of contingency, impossibility and necessity, 10. God’s knowledge is neither conceptual nor presential.

IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary immunodeficiency, which is caused by a defect in IgA antibody production. Most of the patients are asymptomatic. However, patients can present various manifestations. This study was designed to assess the clinical and laboratory manifestations of symptomatic patients with IgA deficiency.

A group of 123 patients with IgA deficiency referred from all over the country to the national immunodeficiency registration center were entered and followed in this study. The data including demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations and laboratory findings recorded at the registry and also the follow-up visits were extracted.

The mean age of studied patients was 17.1 years old. Regarding gender, 45 patients (36.5%) were female. The most common clinical presentations included upper respiratory tract infections in 22 (17.9%), enteropathy in 9 (7.9%), allergic rhinitis in 11 (8.9%), sepsis in 4 (3.3%) patients. Four cases of leukopenia with white blood cell (WBC) <4,000/μl and 21 cases of leukocytosis with WBC> 10,000/μl were observed based on the laboratory results. Moreover, IgG2 and IgG4 in 2 and 11 patients were less than normal rate for their age, respectively.

Although IgA deficient patients are almost always asymptomatic, clinical manifestations such as recurrent sinopulmonary infections, multiple autoimmune diseases, allergic respiratory and skin disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, and rarely severe life-threatening infections could occur.

Denying any resemblances between the creator and creatures, Qazi Saeed Qomi sets his ideas apart from the typical cataphatic theology in Islamic discourse as well as the conventional theology of Shi’ism. This paper aims at investigating the relationship or lack of it between Qazi Saeed Qomi’s apophatic theology and the conventional predominant monotheistic perspectives of main schools of theology (i.e., Ash’arism, Mu’tazila, Shi’ism). Qazi Saeed’s theology is very different from the common rational theology of Ash’arites or Shi’ites, both of which emphasize the congruities between the creator and creatures. Although differentiating the aforementioned ideas appears to be difficult, unlike other theologists, Qazi Saeed does not believe in the theory of substituting the essence for attribute. In spite of the fact that at the first sights, Qazi Qomi’s theology brings a resemblance to rational-narrative-apophatic theological thoughts (e.g., al-Shaykh al-Saduq’s narrative-apophatic theology), our argument is that his ideas are reliant on the theoretical mystical thought (although they are still different in some ways). Qazi Qomi’s theology has been influenced by the theoretical mystical thought in terms of the following issues: believing in personal unity of existence, negating congruities between the essence and its manifestations, negating God’s essence from his attributes and believing in confinement of God’s names and attributes. The most considerable difference between them is that mystic theologists believe in being qua being principle, while Qazi Saeed Qomi fails even to accept this principle.

Measles is a feverish condition labeled among the most infectious viral illnesses in the globe. Despite the presence of a secure, accessible, affordable and efficient vaccine, measles continues to be a worldwide concern.

This epidemiologic study used machine learning and time series methods to assess factors that placed people at a higher risk of measles. The study contained the measles incidence in Markazi Province, the center of Iran, from Apr 1997 to Feb 2020. In addition to machine learning, zero-inflated negative binomial regression for time series was utilized to assess development of measles over time.

The incidence of measles was 14.5% over the recent 24 years and a constant trend of almost zero cases were observed from 2002 to 2020. The order of independent variable importance were recent years, age, vaccination, rhinorrhea, male sex, contact with measles patients, cough, conjunctivitis, ethnic, and fever. Only 7 new cases were forecasted for the next two years. Bagging and random forest were the most accurate classification methods.

Even if the numbers of new cases were almost zero during recent years, age and contact were responsible for non-occurrence of measles. October and May are prone to have new cases for 2021 and 2022.

 Health literacy has gained increasing attention in public health. It was aimed to assess the health literacy and the related determinants among mothers with children under 6 years old in Arak, Iran in 2019-20.

 In this population-based cross-sectional study, 1483 mothers were included  through stratified random sampling. The study included demographic variables and socioeconomic status (SES) based on asset variables. Health literacy was collected by Health Literacy for Iranian Adults questionnaire. The principal component analysis was applied to calculate SES based on asset indices. Univariate and adjusted linear regression models were applied to assess the determinants of health literacy.

 The mean age of the children was 2.1±1.5. The mean score of health literacy was 70.2±17.5 in mothers. there was a significant association between mother’s and her husband’s permanent job and SES and total health literacy. Minimum and maximum scores of health literacy were obtained in the appraisal and understanding subscales, respectively. Totally, 36.4% of the participants had adequate health literacy.

 It was concluded that the health literacy of the mothers was relatively high.
 

According to the forecasts of reputable international centers, natural gas will play the most effective role in the future of world energy. Because Iran has one of the largest natural gas reserves in the world; This energy source can be considered as the main advantage of Iran in the domestic and international arena. In the meantime, one of the options facing the country is the export of this energy source. Considering that the export of natural gas, in addition to economic benefits, has many political-security benefits for the country; Determining the goals and scenarios for the advancement of natural gas exports has always been one of the main issues facing the country's energy sector. Target countries are interested in not limiting the source of their natural gas supply to fixed and specific sources; Therefore, they have long paid special attention to Iran. Therefore, it is important to study the future status of Iran's natural gas exports. The purpose of this study is to design scenarios for the country's natural gas exports until 2050 using the opinion of the elite and the method used in the research is a combination of the Delphi method and interaction analysis method. The three factors of Iran's isolation from the world trade and financial system, the political influence of powerful countries in the target country and the status of natural gas resources, their production and development in the target countries have been identified as key factors and based on future trends Three key effective factors, four compatible natural gas export scenarios were identified. Finally, after explaining each of these scenarios, policy recommendations have been made to achieve a favorable situation in Iran's natural gas exports.

In this study, we report a rare presentation of COVID-19 virus, as febrile seizure. The patient was a 13-month-old girl with febrile seizure. Fever of the patient had started three days ago. Also, the patient had chills for five minutes in addition to cyanosis and tachycardia. On the primary evaluation, active urine analysis showed pyelonephritis. After a complete evaluation, the patient was diagnosed as a positive COVID-19 case based on polymerase chain reaction using nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs.

The monitoring of reproduction number over time provides feedback on the effectiveness of interventions and on the need to intensify control efforts. Hence, we aimed to compute basic (R0) and real‑time (Rt) reproduction number and predict the trend and the size of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) outbreak in the center of Iran.

We used the 887 confirmed cases of COVID‑19 from February 20, 2020, to April 17, 2020 in the center of Iran. We considered three scenarios for serial intervals (SIs) with gamma distribution. Rt was calculated by the sequential Bayesian and time‑dependent methods. Based on a branching process using the Poisson distributed number of new cases per day, the daily incidence and cumulative incidence for the next 30 days were predicted. The analysis was applied in R packages 3.6.3 and STATA 12.0.

The model shows that the Rt of COVID‑19 has been decreasing since the onset of the epidemic. According to three scenarios based on different distributions of SIs in the past 58 days from the epidemic, Rt has been 1.03 (0.94, 1.14), 1.05 (0.96, 1.15), and 1.08 (0.98, 1.18) and the cumulative incidence cases will be 360 (180, 603), 388 (238, 573), and 444 (249, 707) for the next 30 days, respectively.

Based on the real‑time data extracted from the center of Iran, Rt has been decreasing substantially since the beginning of the epidemic, and it is expected to remain almost constant or continue to decline slightly in the next 30 days, which is consequence of the schools and universities shutting down, reduction of working hours, mass screening, and social distancing.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. The present study aimed to assess the incidence, family histories, and symptoms of breast cancer among the 30–70-year-old women under the coverage of the health centers of Arak city, as well as evaluating the rate of participation in breast cancer screening.

The present cross-sectional study was conducted during 2016-2019 among all the 30- to 70-year-old women who were under the coverage of health centers in Arak and attended rural, urban, or suburban health centers for breast cancer screening and whose data were recorded in the Sib system. Family histories, signs and symptoms reported, rate of participation in the screening program, and incidence of breast cancer were calculated.

The population of women aged 30 to 70 years who were under the coverage of health centers in Arak was 145,743 persons, 56,168 (38.5%) of which participated in the breast cancer screening program. The participation rate was greater in villagers (71.3%) than in the city (33.9%) and the suburb (35.1%). Family history of breast cancer and breast mass were the most frequently reported issues. The mean (SD) age of the breast cancer diagnosis was 49.49 (9.53) years, and breast cancer incidence rates in 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 7.85, 8.61, 10.26, and 10.70 (per 10,000 people), respectively, which made an increasing trend. Also, the highest incidence was observed in the age group of 46-59 years.

The rates of participation in the breast cancer screening program in the city and suburb were low, and the trend of the cancer incidence was increasing. Finally, awareness-raising about breast cancer risk factors and symptoms, as well as regular participation in screening, is considered essential.

 Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common and preventable cancers, the incidence and risk factors of which are different in various populations.

 The present study aims at assessing incidence rate, risk factors, and symptoms of CRC among the populations aged 50 to 70 years old covered by the health centers in Arak, as well as evaluating participation rate in the CRC screening program.

 The present cross-sectional study was conducted from 2016 to 2019 among all of the individuals aged 50 to 70 years old, who were referred to rural, urban, and suburban health centers in Arak for CRC screening, and their data were recorded in the Sib system. The participation rate, risk factors (family and individual history of CRC, colorectal adenoma, and inflammatory bowel disease), symptoms (lower gastrointestinal bleeding, constipation with or without diarrhea, and weight loss), and crude incidence rate of CRC were calculated in the age range.

 The mean (SD) age of the CRC was 59.72 (5.56) years. In addition, the individuals’ participation rate in the program was about 44.2%, which was more among women (55.5%) and villagers (93.7%). Most subjects complained of constipation in the last month and CRC family history. The CRC crude incidence rates were 35.93 (95% CI: 25.55 - 50.54), 40.96 (95% CI: 29.81 - 56.29), 43.76 (95% CI: 32.22 - 59.43), and 52.84 (95% CI: 40.05 - 69.71) per 100000 individuals during 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively.

 The participation rate in the CRC screening program was low, and the trend of the cancer crude incidence rate increased among the populations aged 50 to 70 years. Finally, informing about the recognition of the risk factors and symptoms of cancer, as well as the timely referral for screening was considered essential.

It has been indicated that pregnant women and neonates are susceptible to COVID‐19 infection. Nevertheless, the unresolved question is about the possibility of COVID‐19 infection in neonates born to COVID‐19 mothers. The present study aimed to assess the routes through which neonates may be infected with the virus: vertically or nosocomially.

Case report:

This study reports the case of a neonate with COVID-19 infection who became symptomatic 30 h after birth. His pharyngeal swab specimen was reported as positive by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It happened while the newborn’s mother was tested for the COVID-19 twice, and she received negative results both times.

According to the incubation period of COVID‐19 which is at least 1 day, the possibility of nosocomial transmission is less than other cases reported so far. Moreover, the mother had no COVID-19 symptoms during the last month of delivery. Further clinical research is necessary to determine the routes of maternal transmission of COVID-19 to neonates.

To have a thorough understanding of epidemic surveillance, it is essential to broaden our knowledge of death tolls worldwide. This study aimed to determine the age‑standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and predictors of mortality among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) patients.

In this cross‑sectional design, all COVID‑19 patients with a positive polymerase chain reaction test in the population covered by Arak University of Medical Sciences (AUMS) were entered to the study. Data collection was conducted by phone interview. The study variables comprised age, sex, coronary heart diseases, diabetes, and some symptoms at admission. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by logistic regression. The direct method was applied to calculate ASMR (per 100,000) of COVID‑19. The analysis was applied by STATA software 12.0.

A total of 208 cases of COVID‑19 (out of 3050 total infected cases) were dead and 2500 cases were recovered. The mean age of dead patients was 70 years. The COVID‑19 fatality rate in the population equaled 6.8%; in those patients who were 70 years old or more, however, the case fatality rate was 16.4%. The ASMR of COVID‑19 was 12.9 (CI 95%: 11.2, 14.8). The odds of COVID‑19‑related death in the age over 60 were 10.87 (CI 95%: 6.30, 18.75) times than lower 45 years old. Moreover, it was observed that COVID‑19 significantly increased the odds of COVID‑19‑related death in diabetes patients (OR = 1.45, CI 95%: 1.02, 2.06, P = 0.036).

The ASMR of COVID‑19 was relatively higher in males than females. In general, the COVID‑19 fatality rate was relatively high. We found that older age and diabetes can have impact on the death of COVID‑19, but the headache was found to have a negative association with the COVID‑19‑related death.

According to Sa’id Qumi’s negative theology, God has no attributes, neither essential nor non-essential, and there is no congruity between Him and His creatures. Therefore, the words attributed to the Creator and creatures are affirmative for creatures, but negative for the Creator. As an example, His existence is synonymous with His not being non-existent. Therefore, we do not have any understanding except the negative one. However, the affirmative understanding of the Creator leads to divesting God of His attributes. This article aims to examine Sa’id Qumi’s solutions and to evaluate whether his solution logically eliminate the issue of divesting God of His attributes. Sa’id Qumi has proposed four solutions: (1) Replacement of positive knowledge with the negative one; (2) Propounding God as attribute Endower, not the endowed; (3) God has essential reality which is not the subject to our perceptual powers; (4) The replacement of negative understanding of titles and attributes with positive understanding of the Creator’s essence. Rational evaluation shows no solution can eliminate the issue of divesting God of His attributes in Sa’id Qumi monotheistic thought.

Accidents and injuries are one of the most important causes of disability and death in developing countries. This study was conducted to determine the incidence rate and epidemiological characteristics of accidents in the Khomein city.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was done by national program of accidents and injuries registry data in the Khomein city (n=986(. To calculate the annually Incidence Rate (IR) and age-standardized incidence rate (ASR), the world standard population was used. Chi-square and independent t-test were used to examine the relationship or difference between variables.

The mean age of the injured cases was 33.5±18.2 year. The annually Incidence Rate (IR) of accidents and injuries was 941.2 cases per 100,000, while the age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) were estimated 919 per 100,000 people. The sex ratio (male to female) in all accidents was 2.45. The most incidents occurred in both sexes were reported car accidents (32.55%), motorcycle accidents (31.8%), pedestrian accidents (16.5%) and poisoning (6.18%), respectively. Significant difference was observed between gender and type of incidents. Suicide attempts in the female group were 6.5 times higher than the male group.

The incidence rate of traffic crashes in the city of Khomein is several times higher than provincial and national levels. Therefore, should be In addition to the optimizing the roads and removing the Accident-prone spots. The high occurrence of poisonings and suicide attempt in the womenchr('39')s group is warning danger for the authorities to take preventive policies and applying cultural mechanisms to reduce this ratio.

The first case of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) was reported in Iran on February19, 2020. This study aimed to assess the characteristics and reproduction number (R) of COVID-19 inMarkazi province in Iran. This is a cross-sectional study. Confirmed cases (N=2430) in the regions covered by ArakUniversity of Medical Sciences from Feb 20 to Aug 26, 2020 were enrolled in the study. The includedvariables were clinical and demographic characteristics of COVID-19 patients. The case fatality rate(CFR), incidence rates, and R were estimated based on the daily reported data. For estimating R,generation time was assumed on multi scenarios. R was estimated by R0-package. Moreover, Chisquare test was applied. All the analyses were performed in STATA, Excel, ArcMap and R. A p-valueless than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The mean age of the participants was 51.78±20.58 years, and 206(8.50%) cases were amonghealthcare workers. Among the patients, 499 (20.50%) had a history of cardiovascular diseasesand 337(13.90%) diabetes type 2. The most prevalent symptoms were cough 1347(55.40%), fever1233(50.70%), and dyspnea 960 (39.50%). The highest incidence rate of COVID-19 in the study area(Delijan) was 575.35 per 100,000 persons. CFR was 205(8.40%). At the end of the study period, R wascalculated as 1.04 (CI 95%: 1.00, 1.08) in all districts of Arak University of Medical Sciences. Thehighest R (1.08, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.10) was observed in Farahan. As R is slightly high, the risk of epidemic has reduced gradually. However, observingsocial distance and related guidelines are still recommended.