فهرست مطالب leila seifi

Aim. The aim of this paper is to review studies related to fatigue in patients with heart failure.
Background. Fatigue is a subjective feeling and a multifactorial phenomenon in patients with heart failure. Fatigue is an important symptom of heart failure; however, lack of information exist regarding this phenomenon. Also, fatigue is considered as a challenge by health care providers and clinical guidelines have paid less attention to fatigue in these patients.
Method. This article reviewed studies published regarding fatigue in patients with heart failure. The studies were searched out through scientific databases, including PubMed and Science Direct by the keywords fatigue, predictors, related factors, heart failure and their Persian equivalents.
Findings. The literature review revealed that the prevalence of fatigue in patients with heart failure is high and different findings have been reported regarding its severity in these patients. Fatigue and its increasing trend during the disease progress is related to unsatisfactory quality of life and clinical outcome. In various studies, multiple factors including the nature of the illness and psychological factors particularly depression have been reported as predictors of fatigue and its severity in patients with heart failure. Few studies were conducted with the aim of evaluating the effect of non-pharmacological intervention on management of fatigue in these patients.
Conclusion. According to the high prevalence of fatigue in patients with heart failure, it is essential to consider timely interventions by health care providers, particularly nurses, for reducing it and improving patients’ well-being. Regarding the limitation of studies and importance of reducing fatigue, it is necessary to conduct further research to evaluate the effect of non-pharmacological interventions on symptom management (especially fatigue) in these patients.

Over the past century, the combination of modern technology, cultural behavior and social on the one hand and preoccupation planner relied on movement vehicles and replying requirements arising from that on the other hand, cause forgetfulness of spaces and pedestrian movement, and several long trips to the city. This procedure brings some unpleasant upshots of social-economic, environmental and social fabric for many cities, especially in the central of city. Hence in the late 1960s, insight and operation of cutting edge professional urban planners’ orientation of movement of vehicles and revitalize urban center expanded. The purpose the present study is strategic planning for the traffic management center of Ardabil with emphasis on the development of pedestrian Street. The type of the research is operational and the methods of that are descriptive- analytic. In addition in this study a library studies, the survey method was used. For collecting and evaluating the survey information, Delphi technique and interviewing with experts and authorities were used. So that the index rating of 30 experts and responsible for the relevant agencies was helped. For data analysis also SWOT and ANP model were used. The statistic research community is the center of the city of Ardabil. The result show that, aggressive strategies in urban traffic management. Ardabil has high priority. In this way, the managers of traffic organization should use the opportunities to reduce their strengths and weakness and threats elsewhere. Among others aggressive strategies can change some of streets leading into the center of town to pedestrian Street and reduce the volume of traffic through provide the necessary training to citizens to use public transportation and promote walking and cycling among people in order to reduce the traffic volume downtown and enhance people’s health.