m. hafezieh

In this study, the effects of various algal resources on water quality, growth performance, body fatty acid composition, and intestinal bacteria of Nile tilapia were studied under a zero-water exchange biofloc system. Oreochromis niloticus with an initial mean weight of 2.73±0.27 g, was cultured in five experimental tanks (150 L) including the control group (T1), biofloc group (T2), biofloc+ N. oculata group (T3), biofloc+ I. galbana group (T4), and biofloc+algal (T5) for 60 days. A total number of 225 O. niloticus was used for this study (15 individuals in each replication). The results showed the highest total ammonia nitrogen (4.54±0.05 mg L-1) in the biofloc treatment (p<0.05). There were significant differences in the growth performance among the control group with other treatments (p<0.05). In terms of fillet quality, the highest amount of saturated fatty acids (39.79±0.25%) was found in the biofloc group. The highest monounsaturated fatty acids (41.87±0.99) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (33.25±0.93%) were obtained in the biofloc+algal treatment (p<0.05). All intestinal bacteria in the biofloc group were higher than the control group (P<0.05). The current study demonstrated that biofloc could promote the growth performance of unsaturated fatty acids in the fish fillet.

The  present  study  was  conducted  to  evaluate  the  dietary  effect  of  nucleotide  on  growth performance and intestinal microbial flora in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Four hundred fifty fish of A. baerii (39.77±10.24 g initial weight) were distributed into 15 tanks (300 L) and they were fed with different levels of nucleotide (Ascogen®) including 0.0 (control), 0.2 (diet 1), 0.4 (diet 2), 0.6 (diet 3), and 0.8 (diet 4) g kg -1 in triplicates for nine weeks. The fish were fed daily until apparent satiety. The results showed no significant differences in the final length and survival rate among the experimental groups (p>0.05). However, the final weight, weight gain, daily growth rate, specific growth rate, and condition factor were significantly enhanced in the groups fed with diet 3 and diet 4 (p<0.05). The count of intestinal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was the same among the experimental groups (p>0.05), while the total count of the intestinal bacteria was significantly decreased compared to the control group (free from nucleotide) (p<0.05). In conclusion, most of the growth indices were improved in the fish fed with nucleotide at 0.6 and 0.8 g kg -1. However, the treated diets could not affect the intestinal LAB population in Siberian sturgeon.

This study aimed to examine the effect of fatty acid in the diet on changes the incidence of the Red-head Syndrome under temperature stress and hypoxia in white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during 8 weeks. For this purpose, shrimps were fed  by 4 diets  (diet 1: containing 7.02% of total fat; diet 2: containing 6.41% of total fat; diet 3: containing 8.05% of total fat; diet 4: containing 6.41% of total fat with 1750 mg/kg of vitamin E), under 3 stressors (S1: no challenge to environmental stresses; S2: with hypoxic stress (2.0±1.0 ppm); S3: with increasing temperature stress (36±2°C). The results of the hypoxic stress on the incidence of redness in L. vannamei fed with different levels of fatty acids showed that there were differences significantly (p<0.05). Temperature increase although showed no differences between healthy shrimps(p>0.05) but, there were significant difference among red-headed shrimp in treatment 1, 2 and 3 (p<0.05). The examination in treatments 2 and 3 showed hepatopancreatic  were loss the columnar structure so thatelongated cells and dilated tubules were observed. Some B cells had no vacuoles and were not fully developed. The number of R cells was low and basophilic F cells were convex. In treatment 4, the cells have few reserves and were normal. Some B cells were degenerated. The height of the tubules was lower than normal, but no inflammatory reaction was observed in the tissue. In treatment 4, cell showed  better conditions than treatments 2 and 3. Accordingly, B cells were present well and R cells showed moderate storage. In general, it can be concluded that the use of vitamin E can reduce the complication of redness and minimal cell damage to hepatopancreatic tissue in L. vannamei.

Replacing fish meal by convenient and economic sources is necessary for sustainable development of aquaculture industry. The present study was designated to explore the effect of different processed canola meals as fish meal replacement on growth performance, digestive enzymes activity, immune parameters, and liver antioxidative status of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were used with, (1) no canola meal (control), (2) 25% non-processed canola meal (CM), (3) 25% dephytinized (using 2000 IU/kg phytase) ammonia methanol solution treated canola meal (CPM), and (4) electron beam irradiated (15 kGy) ammonia methanol solution treated canola meal (ECM). Juvenile male Nile tilapia with an average body weight of 3.5 g±0.1 (n=17 fish per tank) were fed the experimental diets three times a day until apparent satiation for 36 days. Results revealed that the fish fed the control diet showed the highest daily growth coefficient (DGC) (p<0.05). CPM group significantly showed greater final weight and DGC in comparison to other treatments (p<0.05). CRM included diet showed lower FE and PER (p<0.05). In addition, those fish fed control diet with no canola meal content showed significantly higher feed intake, followed by CPM contained diet (663.7±9.2 g and 477±20.2 g, respectively, p<0.05). Regression analysis also revealed a statistically significant relationship between total feed intake and DGC. Our results also indicated a significant quadratic relationship between dietary glucosinolate content and DGC implying that as dietary glucosinolate content increased total feed intake and subsequently DGC decreased. Regarding dietary protein digestibility (ADCp), there were no consistent results. Regarding digestive enzymes activity, mucosal innate immunity, liver antioxidant enzyme activities and liver tissue malondialdehyde content (MDA) content, there were no significant differences among experimental groups (p>0.05). It is concluded that dietary ANTs contents mainly glucosinolate affected juvenile Nile tilapia growth performance and nutritional indices mainly via reducing feed intake following feeding on diets contained differently processed or crude canola meal.

The objectives to this research were to determine the haematological changes in Oryctolagus cuniculus as an animal model in response to killed hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) virulent to Oncorhynchus mykiss. This study composed of 5 groups; Treatment 1 (T1) with 1cc virus, treatment 2 (T2) with 0.5cc virus and 0.5cc adjuvant, treatment 3 (T3) with 0.75cc virus and 0.25cc adjuvant, treatment 4 (T4) with 0.25cc virus and 0.75cc adjuvant, and a control for a period of 4 months, once a month IM injection in 5 group of three New Zealand rabbits with health certification prepared by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. After 15 days, blood parameters, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), mean hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells (MCH), red blood cells (RBC), average concentration of red blood cell (MCHC), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (SEG), lymphocytes (Lyn), eosinophil (Eos), aspirate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT).The results showed that ALT, AST, HCT, HGB and WBC concentrations of all rabbits significantly were difference (p < 0.05). T2 (0.5cc virus and 0.5cc adjuvant) and T3 (0.75cc virus and 0.25cc adjuvant) showed higher ALT, AST, HCT and WBCs among other treatments in all 4 blood samplings and among these treatments, T2 with lower levels of ALT and AST (indicating less pressure on the liver) and higher levels of WBCs which can lead to greater amount of neutralizing polyclonal antibodies indicated better results.

More than 3000 MT of Sargassum illicifolium ,annually washed-up from the Oman Sea (Sistan and Baluchestan province). , According to the estimates of the Iranian Fisheries Sciences Researchinstitiute.The brown seaweed biomass has been considered as one of the best free sources for production of sodium alginate. A key objective of this study was to determine the biochemical composition of Sargassum illicifolium collected from Chabahar Bay in November 2018 and to understand the economic potential and cost drivers of sodium alginate on basis of the present macroalgae. Alginates were purified by re-precipitation with ethanol and characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the Chabahar Sargassum was characterized by total protein (TP), total lipid (TL) and carbohydrate as 9.8±0.8%, 4.4±0.2% and 33.2±4.1% dry weight, respectively. The ash content contained 41.6±2.3% DW. Moreover, the n-6/n-3 ratio was 2.62 and total essential amino acids and total minerals were 29.1±0.2 mg g-1 DW and 102. 2±0.6 mg g-1 DW, respectively. sodium alginate of Sargassum illicifolium was found to be high as 28.2% purification with molecular weight of 8.06×105 g mol-1. Its total production price was evaluated 7.66 $ per kg sodium alginate, which is much cheaper than existing ones on the Iranian market.

This study evaluated the effects of diets containing various carbohydrate-to-lipid (CHO L-1) ratios on growth performance, nutrient utilization body indices and hepatic lipogenic enzyme (malic enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase) activities. Triplicate groups of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings were fed eight isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with different carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios (0.51, 0.79, 1.12, 1.79, 2.41, 3.24, 4.43 and 7.62). Higher body fat deposition and lower growth performance were observed in P. hypophthalmus fingerlings fed with high-lipid diet than those fed with high-carbohydrate diet. The fish fed the diet with 7.62 CHO L-1 ratio exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher hepatosomatic index compared to those fed higher lipid diets (0.51 and 0.79). High dietary carbohydrate level significantly increased (p<0.05) the activities of malic, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase enzyme. Based on the second-order polynomial regression analysis of weight gain, the optimal dietary carbohydrate and lipid contents for P. hypophthalmus fingerling were 304 and 103 g kg−1, respectively, which correspond to a dietary CHO L-1 ratio of 2.95.

Industrial usage of different macro algae has grown exponentially during the last decade. Nutritional applications for human feeding and multiple therapeutic are their main important exploitation. This work is aimed at providing information on a species of Sargassum so as to promote this alga to be potentially profitable from biotechnology and commercial perspectives, and also benefit public health. The proximate composition, total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity, alginic acid yield of brown seaweed, Sargassum ilicifolium were studied. The seaweed was high in carbohydrate (33.38-40.21% DW) and low in lipid content (0.17-0.04% DW). Total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity of this seaweed species are 28.66±3.05 mg /g and (36.66±9.86 mg /g respectively. This seaweed showed (12.6-15.0%) alginic acid yield which can be used as immune- stimulant in food and feed.

This investigation was conducted to survey the growth and survival rate, weight average, FCR, and harvestable white leg shrimp biomass during 107 days culture in mono and poly culture earth pond system with mullet fish. Nine 600 m2 earth ponds were prepared and stocked with 20 shrimp post larvae in each pond (mean weight 0.007 ±0.001 g) for three treatments (each with three replication). After 40 days, the mullet fish fingerlings collected from the Oman Sea (with mean weight 35 g) released to earth ponds with a density of zero (T1 as control), 2 (T2), 4 (T2) per 100m2. During the culture period, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and salinity were measured. One way ANOVA results showed that there were significant differences between growth rate, shrimp biomass, FCR and abiotic parameters (P<0.05), but not for survival rate (P>0.05). The highest shrimp biomass was harvested from T3 (with 212 kg and a mean weight of 18.4 g individual shrimp) and the lowest (with 187 kg with a mean weight of 16.23 g individual shrimp) was from T1. However, there were no statistically significant difference in survivorship between treatments, but the highest survival percentage was observed in T3 (95.96%) and the lowest in T2 (94.5%). Duncan's test in FCR average showed no significance difference between T1 (the lowest FCR, 1.2 ±0.1) and T2 (P>0.05), but there was a significant difference between these two treatments and T3 (the highest FCR, 1.27 ±0.2) (P<0.05). The conclusion expressed that polyculture of white leg shrimp and mullet fingerlings in earth pond not only performed more shrimp production compare to mono shrimp culture system.