mahdi abdolmaleki

Ecotourism is a new form of tourism and one of the strategies for sustainable development in rural areas. Many areas have high potential for ecotourism development due to suitable environmental and cultural conditions, including Kamyaran city. Due to the importance of the issue and the high potential of Kamyaran city, in this research, the potential of ecotourism development potential areas in this city has been assessed. In this research, 1: 50000 topographic maps, 30 m high digital model and information layers have been used as research data. The main research tool is ArcGIS software. The general method of research is that using environmental and human parameters as well as an integrated model of fuzzy logic and AHP, areas prone to ecotourism development in Kamyaran city have been identified. According to the results, a large part of the area of Kamyaran city, including the villages adjacent to the cities of Kamyaran and Mouchesh, as well as villages located on the Kamyaran-Palangan route due to near to the main road, near to urban areas, near to the river, near to geosites and sites Cultural as well as low altitude and slope have high potential for ecotourism development.

Responsibility to protect as an doctrine has opened its way in some UN Security Council‘s resolutions. A state has primary responsibility to protect its populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. Manifest failure of a state to protect its populations from these crimes transfers responsibility to protect to international community. International community will apply R to P, through the United Nations. Articles 33, 52, 53 and 54 of the UN Charter are regional organizations’ basis actions for realization of R to P. Regional organizations will help the realization of R to P better than other international organizations because, they are closer to the conflicts that occur in their regions and they are more familiar with those regional issues. Thus, they can also exercise all parts of R to P i.e. responsibility to prevent, responsibility to react and responsibility to rebuild. In other words, mechanisms of regional arrangements for realization of responsibility to protect are a) use of pacific settlements b) military actions. Two aspects of R to P i.e. responsibility to prevent and responsibility to rebuild have a significant role for maintaining, meeting and restoring the peace. In fact, R to P is a practical solution to prevent “breach of peace” and to help “peace building”.

The convention adopted in UNESCO on protection of underwater cultural heritage prescribed that the sunken state vessels and warships, whether regarded as cultural heritage or otherwise, shall remain under exclusive sovereignty of the flag state, unless it abandons and/or explicitly waives its rights and title to such vessels. Nonetheless, the relationship between costal and flag states shall take form on cooperation basis. Meanwhile, although excluded from the text of the convention, there are ancient set of rules and principles (e.g. the law of finds and the salvage law) which in certain conditions (consent or authorization of the competent states involved) may be applicable to marine issues, namely exploration operations and recovery of underwater cultural heritage or sunken vessels.

Economic sanctions whether imposed unilaterally or on the basis of the chapter VII of the UN are a powerful means for enforcing a state to fulfill its international obligations. Sanctions, like or not, would have lasting negative impacts on the people of the targeted state. The right to education as an empowering right would not be excluded from the detrimental effects of the economic sanctions. Since this right is related to other human rights including the right to food, the right to water, the right to a basic standard of living, etc., it is directly or indirectly susceptible to breach. This right is considered as an inalienable right so that even the UN Security Council cannot ignore it for the purpose of protecting international peace and security. However, the Council, by adopting resolution 1737 (17) against Iran’s nuclear program, has violated the right to education of the Iranian citizens.

For the commercial bill to be able to fulfill the two principles of speed and precision in transactions, it is necessary to have certain characteristics and be transformed from an affirmative proof (like common official papers) to moveable and moral property and be valid independent from basic transactions and relations. In this way, as the bill exists, it can’t be denied; it is valid and the validity is independent from basic relations. So, there is no doubt in the credit reflected in the bill and consequently, speed in commerce is gained. Some of the characteristics of commercial bills fulfilling these goals are: Bill operations being commercial, procedural and definitive; the principles of transferability of bills, joint and several responsibilities of signers of bill, sign independence, isolation of bill operations, unreliability of objections and the principle that liabilities arise from the bill.