mohammad abid

Health tourism, as a significant branch of the tourism industry, has gained substantial attention from numerous countries in recent years. This industry not only contributes to economic development and job creation but also improves access to quality healthcare services. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, despite possessing considerable capabilities in various medical and therapeutic fields, health tourism has not received the dedicated attention of lawmakers, and there is a lack of specific legislative frameworks in this area.

This study utilizes descriptive and analytical research methods to analyze the status of health tourism within the legal framework of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Content analysis was employed to extract and review relevant high-level documents and regulations pertaining to health tourism. The study commenced with the collection of legal documents and regulations related to health tourism, followed by a comprehensive content analysis of these resources to assess the extent to which existing laws support health tourists.

The findings reveal that health tourism has not been explicitly addressed in Iran's legal system. While the term "health tourism" is not directly mentioned in the laws, it is possible to provide legal protections for health tourists by referencing general principles and legal norms. Additionally, this study examines the economic implications of health tourism, including its impact on job creation and revenue generation.

The study concludes that for the successful development of the health tourism industry in Iran, it is essential to reinforce the legal infrastructure and establish specific legal protections. It is recommended that laws and regulations be formulated explicitly to anticipate and provide the necessary support for health tourists, ensuring their legal security as travelers in this sector.

Background and Theoretical Foundations:

Risk management in maritime transport contracts is of significant importance due to the complex nature and specific conditions of these contracts. This research provides a comprehensive examination of the concept of risk management in maritime transport contracts, analyzing key factors, existing risks, and effective solutions in this field. Maritime transport, as a crucial component of global trade, faces various risks including natural factors such as storms, adverse weather conditions, and legal and operational issues. The paper explores theoretical concepts and legal tools related to risk management and emphasizes the importance of accurate identification and assessment of risks.

The paper employs descriptive and analytical research methods to investigate risk management in maritime transport contracts. The descriptive method focuses on identifying the features and legal and operational requirements, while the analytical method concentrates on analyzing complex relationships and causes of risks and identifying effective strategies. The combination of these methods provides a comprehensive and detailed picture of the current situation and a deeper analysis of risks.

The research identifies and assesses various risks in maritime transport contracts and proposes suitable solutions for mitigating these risks. A key section of the paper analyzes the legal requirements and solutions for risk management, including accurate risk identification, assessment of impacts, and implementation of effective strategies for controlling and financing risks. Additionally, the paper examines risk allocation mechanisms such as exemption clauses, limitation of liability, indemnity clauses, penalty clauses, and insurance, and analyzes their impact on risk management.

The research findings indicate that effective risk management in maritime transport contracts requires a comprehensive and systematic approach. This approach should include accurate identification of risks, proper assessment of their impacts, and implementation of suitable strategies for risk control and financing. The paper highlights that proper interaction and exchange of accurate information between contract parties and the establishment of clear and unambiguous terms are crucial factors in reducing risks and preventing disputes. Finally, it is recommended that the use of the scientific and practical methods presented can enhance risk management processes and contribute to reducing financial and legal losses.

Dust storms in Khuzestan province and the threat they pose to the health of citizens have raised the issue of the government's civil liability in our legal system. Various grounds for holding the government accountable are discussed, including fault and causation. The aim of this paper is to introduce the theory of attribution as a basis for the government's liability in this regard.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, based on the analysis of legal and jurisprudential regulations.

Scientific research has shown that dust pollution, in addition to posing public health risks, leads to diseases such as sinusitis, bronchitis, asthma, allergies, and causes depression. The findings indicate that the theories proposed in the foundations of civil liability in Imami jurisprudence (destruction, causation) and statutory law (the Constitution, Civil Liability Law), the rule of causation, and the fault theory in the legal system, can well serve as the basis for the government's civil liability for damages caused by dust storms in Khuzestan province.

The government can reduce damages related to dust storms through proper pre-incident management, such as managing critical dust storm hotspots, enhancing vegetation cover, applying mulch to dust storm-prone areas, utilizing water resources effectively, education, and post-incident crisis management. Therefore, the government bears civil liability, as the Constitution obligates it to ensure public health and safety. If no responsibility is imposed on the government, public health and citizens' well-being will be at risk, leading to adverse consequences.

In our modern era, life style of human being changes and updates every day that may affect their health status. There is an incredible expectation that natural origin drugs lack undesirable effects not like synthetic drugs, though have the same potency and efficacy. No scientific data is available about the antianxiety properties of Delphinium denudatum root and Amaranthus spinosus leaves. In this regard, the present study was designed to carry out comparative and combined study on antianxiety properties of Delphinium denudatum root and Amaranthus spinosus leaves.
Delphinium denudatum root and Amaranthus spinosus leaves were defatted with petroleum ether, and then extracted with hydroalcoholic solvent by soxhlation process. The hydroalcoholic extract of both drugs singly and in combination were evaluated for their anxiolytic effects on Wistar albino rats in doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg using different anti-anxiety tests like Elevated Plus Maze, Staircase, Actophotometer, and Light and Dark tests.
Both hydroalcoholic extracts possessed flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, steroids, sterols, etc. In the dose dependent manner, both the hydroalcoholic extracts produced good anxiolytic activity. The best result was obtained by a combination of them in higher dose.
Hydroalcoholic extracts of Delphinium denudatum root and Amaranthus spinosus leaves and their combination may act as a potent anxiolytic agents in rats. Amaranthus spinosus was found to be more effective than Delphinium denudatum.

Law as other sciences, have recognized globalization. In recent decades according to law spreading and international organization, countries tend to use soft power. The Islamic Republic of Iran acknowledging soft power in bilateral dependency, use required accessories. Annexing to international organizations with variety in target not only describe soft power but also extend scientific and cultural infiltration. this essay annexing I.R. Iran to Hague international private law conference as a tool for inserting soft power will be studied. Findings from references such as books, encyclopedias, dictionaries, magazines, Weeklies, monthlies and quarterlies in this scope show that government transfer some pervious authorities to these organizations. The government receives new authorities because of his membership and as well membership of his nationals; By means of relying on annexing could interfere to other governments national affairs. In addition whenever government want to share some authorities with other governments in framework of international commitments. Thus government ignores some benefits against other benefits. This paper was done by library method. Present research data were investigated and analyzed with qualitative and rationally.

In this article our purpose is to examine the concept of forgery from Islamic jurisprudence point of view, which seems to be a type of crime called Tazir. We know that the crime of forgery and use of forged documents based on deception, thus, to search bases of this crime in the Islamic jurisprudence is important. The concentration of this essay is to find the religious jurisprudence approaches to this crime and to review the synonyms of forgery.The other matter is to take attention to Qoran view point in this crime, and finally the aim of the authors is to make an applied approach to the crime of forgery will be useful for the judges, attorneys and legal experts.