mohammad javad khanjani

Vortex drop shafts, with a primary function of dissipating flow energy, are used to transfer flow from higher to lower elevations. In the present research, the physical model of the vortex drop shaft of the eastern Tehran sewage system in Iran are studied and the effects of the inflow Froude number, inlet bottom slope, and the ratio of sump depth to vertical shaft diameter on the flow energy dissipation rate are surveyed. This study was performed with Froude numbers of 1.79, 2.01, 2.18 and 2.31, the inlet bottom slopes of 0.251, 0.4, and 0.571, and the sump depth to vertical shaft diameter ratios of 0, 1, and 2. Accordingly, 36 experiments were designed. For the purpose of increasing accuracy and analysis of results, each experiment is repeated 3 times. Consequently, 108 experiments were done. The results showed that the flow energy is dissipated  in the range of 93.7% to 98.5% by changing the parameters. In addition, increasing the inflow Froude number and the sump depth to vertical shaft diameter ratio cause the reduction of the flow energy dissipation rate in the vortex drop shaft by 2.2% and 3%, respectively. Also, increasing the inlet bottom slope increases the flow energy dissipation rate by 2.4%. According to the interaction between the flow energy dissipation and the outflow Froude number, the appropriate sump depth to vertical shaft diameter ratio proposed 0.3-1.2. Furthermore, a nonlinear relationship using the variance analysis was presented to estimate the flow energy dissipation rate.

Vortex drop shaft (Vortex structure) is used in sewage and drainage systems to transfer fluid from surface conduit to deep underground tunnels. During the plunge, large volume of air is entrained into the water and then released of the drop shaft downstream. In the current research, an experimental model, made of Plexiglas segments, was set up to investigate hydraulic performance of vortex structure. Dimensional analysis results illustrated that ratio of sump depth to shaft diameter (Hs/D), ratio of drop total height to shaft diameter (L/D), and Froude number (Fr) were considered effective variables on relative air discharge (β=Qa/Q). The ability of the full factorial method (FFM), to describe this structure’s hydraulic characteristics, was validated using experimental data. The results indicated that the relative air discharge changed from 0.048 to 0.278 and increased with an increase in Fr, L/D and Hs/D factors. With respect to the maximum velocity of air outflow from the structure of the air vent pipes (with the same diameter Da), located between the 4Da and 9Da from the axis of the vertical shaft, this range is recommended for installation of air vent pipes. Furthermore, a regression-based-equation in the form of a quadratic polynomial as a function of Hs/D, L/D and Fr was proposed to estimate relative air discharge (β).

Drop manholes prevent excessive flow velocity and provide energy dissipation in steep urban sewer and drainage systems. Poor hydraulic performance of them under Regime R2 was improved by jet-breakers. However, they should be still properly sized to efficiently enhance drop manhole operation. In this study, effects of jet-breaker length, width, sagitta, and angel, as well as inlet pipe filling ratio on drop manhole performance, were investigated experimentally. Dimensional analysis and two-level factorial design were utilized to design experiments and analyze drop manhole air demand. Statistical analysis of the results revealed both significant design factors and regression models. Analysis of result determined the proper levels of significant design factors as 80% filling ratio of the inlet pipe, the jet-breaker angel of 70˚, and the jet-breaker sagitta equal to zero. Nevertheless, neither length nor width of jet-breaker had significant effects.

Drop manholes are employed to dissipate energy in steep routes of sewer and drainage systems. The jet-breaker could be used to increase energy dissipation and hydraulic performance of them under Regime R2 and studying the effects of the jet-breaker length, width, sagitta, angle, as well as the inlet pipe filling ratio on drop energy dissipation were among the aims of this research. The modern statistical Design of Experiment (DoE) methodology and dimensional analysis were utilized to design the experiments according to the 2^5 full factorial design. Seventeen jet-breakers were examined and about 350 tests were performed. The statistical analysis of the results revealed that the response variable was significantly improved when the inlet pipe filling ratio was 80% and jet-breaker sagitta was equal to zero, and its angle was at 70˚. Also, effects of jet-breaker length and width ratios were insignificant. Moreover, The use of DoE resulted in straightforward data analysis and unbiased concluding.

Drop vortex is utilized to convey sewage across elevation change in steep catchments. This structure is generally used when the elevation difference is more than 5 m. Since the air and water flow are extensively combined in these structures and the sewage flow might contain detergent and foam producing materials, foam could produce in some parts of drop vortex. This phenomenon could affect vortex airflow and reduce drop vortex hydraulic performance. In this investigation, the effects of Foam Producing Flow (FPF) on vortex air discharge were studied by a scaled model and statistical Design of Experiment (DoE) methodology. Effects of Concentration Number, detergent type, and Froude Number on the dependent variable, air discharge to water discharge ratio, were studied by 33 full-factorial design and 63 runs. Analysis of the results revealed that all design factors had meaningful effects on vortex air discharge and it decreases by the increase of Concentration and Froude Number. Moreover, it was illuminated that foam formation could boost air discharge by 82% and in some conditions could reduce it more than 64%.

With rapid rise in development of urban districts, a ferocious demand for water-collecting urban sewer systems is inevitable. In fact, flexible sewer collecting systems and drainage systems should be developed for controlling sewage and runoff, respectively. In the case of underground, conducting water flow properly through high vertical distances needs reliable criteria design for dissipating flow energy. Vortex structure is taken into account as one of the economical infrastructures which can be used to eradicate destructive impacts of inflow over a drop with invert elevation. In the current investigation, a physical model, made of Plexiglas segments, was set up to study hydraulic performance of vortex drop structure in terms of flow energy dissipation efficiency (FEDE). 144 experiments were conducted and analyzed by means of full factorial method (FFM). Results of dimensional analysis demonstrated that Froude number (Fr), ratio of drop total height to shaft diameter (L/D), and ratio of sump depth to shaft diameter (Hs/D) were considered effective variables on the FEDE. Hence, a regression based equation in form of a quadratic polynomial was proposed to estimate FEDE variable. Experiments aims were to investigate simultaneous effects of approach flow Fr, L/D, Hs/D on the FEDE. Results of experiments indicated that FEDE variable had downward trends with an increase in Fr variable and additionally, FEDE has gone through upward trends with an increase of L/D and Hs/D ratios. Increase in , which causes remarkable effect of wall friction on vortex flow, leads to increase in FEDE in the structure. Moreover, observations showed that decrease in inlet discharge for smaller Froude number results in more rotations of vortex flow in vertical shaft than flow with larger discharges for larger Froude number. This causes reduction of FEDE due to increase in inlet discharge. In addition, shown that in the structures with smaller L/D (L/D=10), the reduction effect of  on the FEDE is more. With respect to positive effects of sump depth range (Hs/D=1-1.6) on FEDE and flow patterns observed in the entrance outlet tunnel, range (Hs/D=1-1.6) can be replaced by Hs/D range (0.7-1) proposed Zhao et al. [11]. In addition, the results showed that the interaction of  and Hs/D on the FEDE in the structure is not significant.
For Q between 9.7 and 27.1 l/s, formation of hydraulic jump in tangential inlet was not occurred and flow was drained freely to drop shaft. Additionally, water surface in tangential inlet was lower than that of approach channel. In the outlet part of vortex structure, flow hitting the baffle leads to relatively significant increase in flow elevation top of the baffle in comparisons with other parts. Moreover, for constant values of Q and Hs/D ratio, flow elevation over the baffle has increased with an increase in L/D ratio, while for constant values of Q and L/D ratio, flow elevation has plummeted with an increase in Hs/D. Observations of experiments indicated that baffle-hitting flow accelerated without existence of sump at the base of drop shaft. Then caused to detaching flow and consequently occurrence of cavitation increased.

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a type of pressurized filtration in which the filter is a semi-permeable membrane. The system is a complete technology and commonly uses as a practical desalination method. Nowadays, RO is a developing technology with53% world share in fresh water production. In previous studies parametric analysis was carried out based on mathematical or software modeling. In this study, field data was used to determine the impact of each of the parameters, considering environmental factors and operating conditions. In this model, according to the widely used solution-diffusion model, the water flux through the membrane is given by: (1) Where C1 is a conversion factor, Kw the water permeability, A the membrane area, ∆P the difference between the feed and permeate sides of the membrane pressure and ∆π the osmotic pressure difference across the membrane. By extending the proposed equation, mathematical modeling of reverse osmosis desalination system was developed. In this modeling, the permeate flux was assigned as the dependent variable and other parameters (such as temperature, pressure and feed concentration) as the independent variable. Finally diagrams of pressure, temperature and feed concentration in relationship with permeate flux were drawn using MATLAB 2012. The Reverse Osmosis Systems Analysis (ROSA) was supplied by Dow-Filmtec Company. This software was designed to evaluate the efficacy of RO system with RO membranes and Nanofilteration. So, after mathematical modeling, software modeling with ROSA was performed with the same conditions and assumptions. According to the modeling, results were more consistent in temperature of 15 to 30 degrees. Raising and decreasing the temperature increased the difference between the results. These differences may be due to the distance from the standard conditions and low impact of raising and decreasing the temperature in mathematical equations. Because in software modeling assigning the pressure as constant was not possible, the influence of pressure on other parameters was unknown. The empirical and field studies have shown that inlet pressure increased by increasing the rate of efficiency and leads to a linear increase of permeate flux and specific energy rate. With increasing the temperature, permeate flux had a non-linear increase. However, with constant flux, increase in temperature caused a decrease in brine. While, the lower feed water temperature resulted in the better quality of permeate. In addition, the operation of reverse osmosis systems requires large amounts of energy at low temperatures to reduce water permeability. Quality of feed water has a direct impact on the permeate quality. As the amount of dissolved solids in the feed water is higher, the amount of salt in the permeate water will increase. The arrangement of membranes was also evaluated. Water quality in series was better than parallel mode; however, more pressure was needed. Finally, as a case study, the desalination system with 20 cubic meters per hour capacity in Nina oil plan was intended. According to the desired permeate water quality and to achieve maximum efficiency, the single-stage device was designed with four parallel pressure vessels. Six membranes were placed in a pressure vessel. Life of each membrane according to feed pressure and recovery was assumed as 5 years, approximately. Also to the design, the efficiency of 65% was expected for this system. One of the main challenges for desalination system is the brine which has a high volume and concentration. Due to the analysis of the brine, it can be used for green space of factory. The pre-treatment system included different filters such as sand, carbon, 20 micron and 5 micron filters as well as UV lamp and antiscalant injection. Also, caustic soda in the post-treatment was used to adjust the pH. The results of this study are extracted as fallowing: (1) The pressure and temperature are always inconsistent factors in maintaining water quality and quantity of permeate. Rising feed pressure increases permeate quality, but on the other hand, needs stronger pump and increases costs. Increasing temperature increases the efficiency while reduces the quality of permeate. Hence, the pressure and temperature should be optimized. (2) Feed concentrate has a direct impact on permeate quality. The important factor in reducing the salt in the feed water, and eventually increasing water quality, is using a suitable pretreatment system. (3) Designing as an important factor in the efficiency, cost and water consumption, requires engineering experience and vision. To increase the efficiency, two-stage or water-returning system can be designed. Also, the membrane arrangement affects the efficiency and quality of permeate water.

Spur dikes as one of the main structures in river restoration practices are used for protecting and shaping the river banks and main channels. These structures growing from the river natural banks, having suitable length and angle relative to the flow direction and cause deviation of the flow from the riversides and driving it to the central axis of the river. In this study, the numerical hydrodynamic and sediment transport model “CCHE2D” was used to simulate the flow pattern and streambed changes around the spur dikes. Two separate series of experimental data were used to assess the numerical model outputs. The accuracy of the model outputs were evaluated through common statistical parameters including RMSE, MARE, REmax and R2. Comparison of the experimental results with the simulated values revealed that the CCHE2D was reasonably capable to simulate the flow pattern around the both of single and series of spur dikes with high accuracy (correlation coefficient=0.755-0.955). The bed changes around the series of spur dikes were simulated with acceptable accuracy, revealed that the CCHE2D model could precisely predict the maximum scouring depth with correlation coefficient of 0.990, but overestimated the width of scour hole around the spur dike in comparison with experimental observations. Furthermore, both the numerical results and experimental observations showed that the erosion depth of main channel had a direct relation with the length of spur dike.

Historical Helakoo dam with more than 700 years age is located in Seyedi district that is 16km far from north of Kerman city .This dam was constructed for supplying the Agricultural water and Flood Control on Seyedi river. The dam height in upstream is varied between 9.6m-10m and in downstream is decreased to 8m. The length of dam crest in upstream is 43 meter and in downstream is 32. In this study the dam stability was investigated with review of the literature, Field visits, measurement and theoretical calculation. The results of this study were shown that the technical instruments, environmental condition, Site Suitable Location, necessary lateral structures were considered. The dam remarkable lateral structures are Include emergency weir, intake tower and intake mouths. In addition the result showed that the dam stability criteria’s include of Overturning and Sliding stability are 1.86 and 1.36 respectively that is in the acceptable domain

Due to increasing evapotranspiration and water resources scarcity, accurate estimation of crop water requirement is quite necessary. The existing improvements and the development of smart and automated devices in the field of agriculture have made lots of progress in agricultural required plant-environment measurements. In this study, design, construction and calibration of a portable small weighing smart lysimeter has been introduced. This device is capable of direct measurement for determination of crop evapotranspiration, crop coefficient and also to find the behavior of chemical compounds at desired soil depth and water. This study was conducted in an experimental farm located in Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman during years 2016-2017. In order to design the device the inner tank dimension was considered as 27 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height with stainless steel cover and outer cylinder with 40 cm diameter. Because of this weighing system, an aluminum alloy single point load cell has been used where it has 60 kg rated capacity. An automatic weather station installed near small lysimeter and recorded weather data such as rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, sunshine hours and intensity of radiation. On the other hand for supplying crop water use, an automatic irrigation system with known time distances was installed near lysimeter’s setup. An automatic drainage sensor at the bottom of lysimeter’s cylinder determines excess water amount. Measuring soil moisture and soil temperature at desired depth are possible by their sensors. Load cell calibration was done by applied known weights to the small lysimeter. Then correlation diagram between known weights and lysimeter weight changes resulted in R2=0.9998. Other sensors also were calibrated. Finally, lysimeter gets ready for cultivation surrounding a farm.

In this study, local scour around complex pier experimentally investigated. Complex pier consisted of a column, a pile cap which is rested on array of piles. Experiments were conducted on clear-water condition. To see the geometric parameters (pile cap upstream extension, pile group arrangement, pile group upstream extension, and pile cap thickness) effect on scour depth, six physical models of complex pier were built and applied in this study. These experimental results were compared with theoretical equations. The results showed that some of the existing theoretical existing equations provide an appropriate estimation for scour depth. On the other hand, others did not provide acceptable values. The result showed that, by increasing pile cap thickness, the pile cap undercutting elevation was decreased. When the number of piles in line with flow increased the maximum scour depth was also decreased.

Introduction Water allocation in arid and semi-arid regions is considered a human challenge all around the world. The need for optimum utilization of water resources, especially in agricultural use, is very important. Agriculture, which uses the greatest percentage of most water resources, has also penetrated in human life and culture. The aim of this study is to provide an approach to allocate and optimize water use in Dez basin using WEAP model.
Methodology The date regarding the users of water resources in Dez basin including the agricultural, domestic and industrial water demands, the precipitation, and the flow of rivers were collected from 2009 to 2014. All data were averaged monthly. The conceptual model was defined in WEAP. In term of model calibration, 60 percent of runoff data were used. The other 30 percent of remaining data were employed for the validation part. The optimum utilization policy of water resources in various scenarios were defined in WEAP. The scenarios were tested based on cropping pattern changes, reducing agricultural area, and the changes in irrigated and rain-fed ratio. All scenarios were compared by the reference scenario. In this scenario, the lowest percentage of need was related to the Western Dose. In this scenario, the course was 100 percent selected for drinking and industrial purposes in cities (Dezful, Andimeshk, Shoosh, Safi Abad, Dezab, Mardrood, Hor, Hamza and Saleh Shahr) and the entire villages of the region and some small industries due to the priority of providing higher, water use efficiency. On the other hand, due to the water withdrawal, regardless of the needs of the downstream and the transition to Karkheh, the percentage of providing low consumption needs as well as the percentage of the environmental need was not satisfactory. In order to improve the status of the reference scenario and the basin, two scenarios were defined. Considering that the agricultural sector is the largest water consumer in the region, it would be possible to significantly balance the supply-demand balance between water supply and demand by reducing the consumption in this sector. The scenarios were designed to reduce water consumption in agriculture and increase its economic efficiency in the basin. In all scenarios, the objective function was to optimize the benefit by cost ratio. In the scenarios implemented, the confidence level of other water uses, including the needs of the plain, downstream, environmental requirements, and energy requirements, was calculated to be 100%. In the second scenario, the water consumption of each product was studied in each plain. Regarding the diversity of products, in each plain, the products with high crop yields were considered and given the amount of water consumed by each plant. Moreover, the performance and the guaranteed price of purchasing those high-value products were identified and replaced with low-cost products. Finally, in the third scenario, by varying the percentage of irrigated and rain-fed products, the study of the amount of water saved versus the decline in the production of products was studied. Then, by evaluating the price of water versus crop products, the efficiency of this scenario was examined. Also, for each plain, the optimal percentage of irrigated and rain-fed area was determined. The optimal water and dry crop percentage was estimated based on the performance of these products and the amount of water consumed.

Electronic weather stations have increased the availability of weather data for computing hourly and daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo). There is a rational question applied for different climate conditions whether the sum of hourly ETo computation may differ from direct computed daily ETo. In this study for the Kerman area, daily and hourly reference crop water consumption were estimated by the Penman-Monteith equation, using meteorological data collected in one hour intervals by an automatic weather station at Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Kerman city, Iran. The direct computed daily evapotranspiration values were compared with the sum of hourly computed evapotranspiration values. Results indicated that there is a distinctive difference between the values as calculated for this experimental station. Based on two tail 95% level t-test, the direct computed daily ETo was greater than the sum of hourly computed ETo. Finally, the relationship of daily and sum of hourly ETo for the study area were presented which can be utilized to compare and convert the computed values.

Suction caissons generally used as anchor for large offshore structures. Uplift capacity is the main issue in their stabilities. If this issue doesn’t calculate correctly, suction caisson may be collapsed. During recent years, many Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been used for suction caisson uplift capacity prediction. One of this method is Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH). In this study, a model based on GMDH and a hybrid model GMDH-ANN were developed using programing code in MATLAB software. For validating developed methods, several statistical indices are calculated. Also the results of Finite Element Method (FEM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were compared with developed methods. Comparison of these results showed that these developed methods had good performance in suction caisson uplift capacity.

When very large floating structure) VLFS (is heavily loaded in the central portion, the difference deflection between its central section and its corners would increase. One cost effective solution for reducing the differential deflection is gill cell. Gill cells are compartments in the VLFS that the buoyancy forces are eliminated at their locations. In this study, for examine the gill cells behavior, an experimental model was fabricated. Results showed that model with 10% of gill cells had best performance in difference deflection reduction. Also, model with 5% of gill cells and triangular arrangement in its corners had highest degree of bending moment reduction. Dynamic experiments results showed that the use of gill cells against the waves isn’t effective.

Stability of soil and water resources in agriculture, above all depends on the type of resource utilization and cropping pattern. Nowadays, Maximization of factors such as income, job opportunities and minimization costs as the economic and social aspects along with the limitations of arable land and water is considered. One of the most important questions is the issue of sustainability, how to evaluate, measure and analyze sustainability. One of the methods and models to assess the stability is mathematical programming approaches. Application of these models for agricultural planning has a long history and a wide range. But using a particular type of this models to assess the sustainability, means fractional models is a new topic. Lara and Stancu-Minasian (1999) examined the theoretical aspects of this model in a research titled as “Fractional programming: A tool for the assessment of sustainability”. As mentioned above, there are three main objectives for sustainable crop pattern, maximization income and job opportunities and minimization costs (In this case water consumption). Using fractional programming provides the possibility to make three goals in two goals which include maximization of “the net profit/water consumption” and “making job opportunity/water consumption”. In this way, the number of solutions is lower and therefore the decision-making process is easier. Fractional programming for planning and optimization cropping pattern has not been done yet. This paper is being studied to evaluate the stability in the agricultural systems of Bajestan plain in the Razavi Khorasan province; and also determine the best cropping pattern according to that. There are about 10,000 hectares of agricultural lands in the plains Bajestan. These lands are cultivated in seven major crops which include barley, saffron, wheat, pistachios, cotton, pomegranate and melon. Now the area under cultivation of these crops is 2250, 1630, 1500, 1400, 1200, 1350 and 670 hectares, respectively. In this region, about 70% of the working population are employed in agriculture.To verify the effectiveness of the fractional models first of all, three mono goal linear models were prepared. The goal of each of these three models was maximization income and maximization job opportunities and minimization water consumption. By solving those models, three cropping patterns A1, B1 and C1 was obtained. For combination the triple dimensions of social, economic, and environmental, two relative criteria have been explained as the indications to evaluate system stability. Thus, In the next step, by dividing each of the two functions (maximization income and maximization job opportunities) to water consumption, two new objective function were obtained in the form of fractional model. In fact, this two models represent two sustainability index. By solving those models, two cropping patterns A2 and B2 was obtained. Finally, an ideal fractional/mathematical programing model was prepared in which the last two functions were optimized. Optimization in relationships “the net profit/water consumption” and “making job opportunity/water consumption” leads to new copping pattern (C2).In optimized cropping pattern the area of barley, saffron, wheat, pistachios, cotton, pomegranate and melon obtained 111.4, 1608, 110.8, 7202.3, 103.1, 404.8 and 159.5 hectares, respectively. With the aim of maximizing the net profit, two relative criteria (“the net profit/water consumption” and “making job opportunity/water consumption”) in fractional model to the linear increase 17.3% and 19.0%, respectively. With the aim of maximizing “making job opportunity”, two relative criteria in fractional model to the linear increase 25.2% and 22.1%, respectively. In multi-goals programing approach, two relative criteria in fractional model to the linear increase 32.4% and 42.5%, respectively. Overall, the ratio of income to water consumption in three cropping pattern of linear programming (A1, B1 and C1) is lower than three cropping pattern of fractional programming (A2, B2 and C2). The values are respectively 17.8%, 26.7% and 33.3%. Also, the ratio of making job opportunity to water consumption in three cropping pattern of linear programming (A1, B1 and C1) is lower than three cropping pattern of fractional programming (A2, B2 and C2). The values are respectively 18.9%, 22.1% and 42.5%. It can be concluded that fractional models in terms of both sustainability index are superior to the linear models. These results are consistent with previous results and confirm it, such as Castrodeza et al. (2005), Maros et al. (2009), Hu et al. (2010) and Sabaghi et al.

One of the main reason for bridge collapses may be flood flow scour. This interesting subject attracted many researchers، resulting in improvement of many theoretical and experimental works. In this study، local scour around complex pier was experimentally investigated. The experiments were carried out in a concrete rectangular flume. The flume was 0. 77 m wide، 0. 6 m deep and 21. 85 m long. The flume was filled by uniform sand with median size of d50=0. 71 mm and geometric standard deviation of σg= 1. 135. Complex pier consisted of a column، a pile cap that was rested on array of piles. The experiments were conducted using clear-water condition. To observe the geometric parameters effect (pile cap upstream extension، pile group arrangement، pile group upstream extension، and pile cap thickness) on scour depth، six models of complex pier were performed. A total of 82 experiments were carried out to study local scour. To evaluate the complex pier scour depth commonly procedures such as HEC-18، Coleman (2005)، Sheppard et al. (2004)، and Ataie-Ashtiani et al. (2010) were applied. The results show that، there is a good agreement between measured data and theoretical estimation and also there was no harmony between a measured and estimated data. The collected data were used to evaluate some leading existing theoretical and experimental methods for calculation the maximum scour depth around the complex piers.

In this paper, a new framework has been developed for compatibility analysis of predictive climatic variables distribution with reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in probabilistic analysis of water requirement. Initially, measured monthly meteorological data of four cities of Iran including Kerman, Shiraz, Ramsar and Babolsar synoptic weather station recorded from 1961 to 2003 were considered based on De Martonne climate classification. Then monthly ETo was calculated using FAO-Penman-Moentith (FAO-PM), and optimum Probability distribution function (PDF) was determined. The Chow method has been used for frequency analysis, and compatibility analysis was implemented on results. Based on the results, the Generalized Pareto (GP) was selected as optimum PDF for ETo. Results showed that the optimum PDF for minimum and maximum temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity is GP which had compatibility with EToPDF. Eventually, obtained results in compatibility analysis framework were confirmed using Correlation analysis. The proposed methodology developed in this research has application capability in probability scheduling of design water requirement, and can be utilized to optimize probability estimate of water requirement.

Drought is a climate phenomenon which might occur in any climate condition and all regions on the earth. Effective drought management depends on the application of appropriate drought indices. Drought indices are variables which are used to detect and characterize drought conditions. In this study, it was tried to predict drought occurrence,based on the standard precipitation index (SPI), using k-nearest neighbor modeling. The model was tested by using data of precipitation stations in Bam, Kerman Province. The results showed that the model gives reasonable predictions of drought situation in the region. Finally, the efficiency and precision of the model was quantified by some statistical coefficients. Appropriate values of the correlation coefficient, mean absolute error, root mean square error, efficiency of model and coefficient of residual mass indicated that the present model is suitable and efficient.

The exact estimation of the amount of water consumed by a plant through the calculation of evaporation and perspiration is a method of improving agricultural water management. Most of the calculations of evaporation and perspiration are done according to the data collected from the reference stations, but aerological data are mostly taken from non reference stations. To consult these kinds of data for the calculation of evaporation and perspiration in development planning, may cause great mistakes. To overcome these mistakes, data should be corrected. In this research the effect of temperature data correction is investigated and the effect of correction is compared with the results from weighting lysimeter. Temperature correction did not affect the Hargreavs - Samani method, but Fao 24, priestly-tylore and Jensen- Haisepass were the most appropriate methods for the calculations of evaporation and perspiration.