mohammad mazhari

New governance provides a theoretical framework for the two-way interaction between government and citizens, which requires effective organization of public administration structures. Its most important feature is inherent pluralism. It, therefore, follows multiple foundational principles. This paper aimes to explore the requirements of new governance, examine their interrelations, and look at the situation in Iran in this domain. Thus, using a library method, relevant resources were gathered, and regulatory tools, soft law, and public-private participation were identified as the main components. These were then analyzed descriptively and analytically, first independently and then in interaction with each other. Based on the research findings: 1. The three mentioned components have a relationship of convergence and mutual dependence; 2. A necessary prerequisite for their realization is the adoption of a decentralized approach to regulation; 3. Reforming the law on the implementation of the general policies of Article 44 is deemed essential for moving from state regulation towards decentralized regulation; 4. Establishing specific legislation regarding contracts between the private and public sectors, which  can pave the way for the realization of new governance in public administration in Iran.

The welfare state theory is one of the key concepts of public law and it is considered one of the bases of modern governance. Although some scholars state that the era of the welfare state is over, and they claim that the world has entered the era of the post-regulatory state. Doubtless, regulatory and post-regulatory states are highly connected with the welfare state. If we study the foundations and history of the formation of the welfare state, we find that the economic crises caused by the classical economy obliged Western States to consider the theory of the welfare state as a response to the crisis. Meanwhile, it is clear that Marx had pondered and warned about the drawbacks of classical economics. To this end, the main question of this article is what is the role of Karl Marx's criticisms of the liberal economy on the emergence of welfare state theory? The results of this research show that the concept of the welfare state emerged after Marx, and the ideas of this philosopher regarding welfare have a lot of differences with the welfare state theory. This research is doctrinal research, and the descriptive-analytical method has also been used to analyze the data.

Administrative integrity and the right to access integrity administration are among the most important rights of citizens. Considering the close relationship between corruption and integrity, the principle of legality with the guarantee of public interest as an objective and specific criterion can end many aspects of corruption and provide administrative integrity. This article, with a comparative approach, seeks to answer the question that what are the scope and challenges of the principle of legality in order to achieve and ensure administrative integrity with regard to the positive laws of Iran and the European :union:? The investigations conducted in a comparative manner with a descriptive-analytical method among library and documentary sources show that this principle is facing challenges in each of the legal systems of Iran and the European :union:, which lead to the occurrence of corruption and damage to administrative integrity. The conflict between the two principles of legal certainty and legality, both of which are aspects of the principle of the rule of law in the positive law of the European :union: and according to the concept of the government in terms of monitorability and being in the position of a plaintiff in the positive law of Iran, is one of the most important challenges of this principle to ensure  administrative integrity

The general policies of the system are among those that have a normative hierarchy in the legal system of the Islamic Republic.This is why the predicted mechanism to monitor the implementation of these policies is placed in direct balance and discipline.Therefore, the question that arises is, what kind of supervision is the supervisor on the implementation of these policies? In this regard, considering that the concept of the general policies of the system is specific to the constitutional rights system of our country and does not have a similar example in other countries, therefore, in the first place, the need to understand and then implement it is of double importance. Now in the legal system under discussion, based on part (1-4) of the annex to the verdict of the 8th period of the Council of Expediency of the System, the institution of the Supreme Board of Supervision of the implementation of the general policies of the system as an independent institution of the Council of Expediency of the System, alongside the Guardian Council, supervises the He has taken over the implementation of the general policies of the system. This institution is independent from the Assembly but is formed by the members of the Assembly. Based on this, the way of monitoring the implementation of the general policies of the system since the beginning of this concept in the normative structure of our country until now, in order to improve the monitoring method, will be considered and examined in this article.

The dominance of the Muslim population in Islamic countries and the institution of Islam as the central foundation of people's lives has always led to the integration of religion with the management of jurisprudence in governance. Sometimes this influence is so strong that it can even be identified in the deeper layers of the legal system. Although in countries like Malaysia and Egypt efforts have been made to consider a minimal role for religion in governance, a thorough examination of the subject will reveal the positive effects of religion in their constitutional legal systems. This research aims to answer the question of how the condition of 'belief and practical commitment to Islam' is considered in holding governmental positions in Malaysia and Egypt, given the emphasis of their constitutions on the necessity of attention to Islam. According to the hypothesis of this study, religion acts as an identity-forming element in many layers of the legal system in the constitutional frameworks of Malaysia and Egypt. However, the governance perceptions in these two countries sometimes diminish the role of religion in many areas based on the separation of religion from politics, thus the condition of 'belief and practical commitment to Islam' in holding governmental positions has not been sufficiently adhered to as one of the jurisprudential requirements. This descriptive-analytical research has produced a novel perspective on the constitutional laws of the studied countries, as these Islamic countries, despite sharing a common core of Islamic thought, exhibit significant differences in the extent of its application at the higher levels of political structure, fundamental norms, and constitutional adjudication.

Open data are data produced or recomended by the government or institutions which are under government control, and can be freely used, reused and redistributed by anyone. For the purpose of a person to be able to express his thoughts, he must be able to freely expose them to the public. The existence of laws governing access to information (such as: The Access to Information Act, The Data Protection Act and The personal data protection Act) is one of the indicators of readiness for open government.The openness of data is closely related to transparency and accountability, therefore, attention has been paid to this issue in various countries. The subject of this article is to investigate the legal status of open data in the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Turkey. This essay compares the subject laws of Iran and Turkey in the field of open data and aims to represent the commonalities and differences between the two countries and the possibility of legal convergence of them.The present study, by the descriptive method and the qualitative content analysis of the documents, proposes the hypothesis that both countries have recognized the right to access information with limitations. Finally, the main proposition is that in the studied countries, since the law of freedom of information has not been able to meet the explicit requirements of the government, therefore, there is no deep and accurate understanding of the concept of open data.

Banks and credit institutions have a crucial position in the economy of countries , playing a determining and decisive role in the circulation of money and wealth within the society . Monitoring the activities of these institutions is essential to ensure the proper functioning of the country's economic system. The primary goal isto maintain the stability of the financial system and enhance public trust among depositors and bank customers . This articleseeks to address the main question:which legal authorities are responsible for supervising banks and credit institutions, and to what extent do their legal jurisdictions extend?Through a descriptive-analyticalapproach and utilizing library sources, this article concludes that the current regulations and monitoring methods for banks and credit institutions lack sufficient preventive and prohibitive power. Therefore, reforms and revisions are necessary in the realm of regulation and implementation of these rules, including adherence to the principle of independence of the Central Bank.

The European Court of Human Rights has, in several instances, equated life imprisonment with Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which prohibits torture. Over time, the judges have shifted from a conservative to a more progressive viewpoint, considering life imprisonment contrary to the principles prohibiting torture, as well as inhuman and degrading treatment. In this research, through descriptive and deductive analysis, we will explore the criteria laid down by th European Court's for life imprisonment not to be violative of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. These criteria include: the proportionality between crime and penalty, the provision of future prisoner release not only in rules and norms but also in practice, the allowance for parole for those convicted of crimes related to public security, and the prohibition of extradition to third countries that do not adhere to the standards set by the European Court. While these viewpoints undoubtedly enhance the safeguarding of human rights for those sentenced to life imprisonment, they may also pose challenges to the defense of public order in the member states of the convention.

In the 7th principle of the Constitution, local councils are considered at the level of Islamic Consultative Assembly as one of the main decision-making bodies of the country. Participating in decision-making and running the country requires authority and power. Since local councils are actually local parliaments, have the local councils like the parliament enough authority and power to fulfill this fundamental role and how to obtain a suitable model from the parliament for better governance of councils. In order to clarify the issue, it’s necessary to consider the similarities and differences of the local councils and Islamic assembly. They are similar in terms of the legal regulations that are enforceable, the bounding of all approvals on the Islamic laws, being directly selected by people, the consultative and supervisory aspect and the membership of minorities. However, the local councils differ in terms of the limits of legislation, competency, publicity, cancellation of membership and dissolution. Therefore, the local councils are considered as the entity with just consultative and cooperative nature and without the least supervisory or decision making and governance power.

A proper conducting of affairs has no consensual definition in the administrative law of Iran. Examination of the developments of the administration-inspection process in the West, especially in the United Kingdom, shows that the lack of a legal and explicit definition of that concept and zero limitation to minor samples is a substantial policy to ensure the proper inspection process and safeguard citizenship rights and peoples fundamental freedoms. This research tries to evaluate the evolution of this concept and examine the status of a "proper conducting of affairs" in administrative law. Results show that the “state of affairs” is those intransitive and necessary policies, programs, and measures for the administration of public affairs that are within the framework of the principle of separation of powers the task of decision-making and their implementation in areas beyond the legal missions, is entrusted to the government as to safeguarding citizenship rights, human dignity and social justice.

During the past years, based on predetermined goals, relatively appropriate financial resources have been spent in the field of agricultural research and natural resources. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of research activities in Iran has always been accompanied by many debates by its supporters and opponents. With this approach, this study, with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of watershed research, evaluates and measures the effectiveness of applied research projects including flood spreading, rain catchment surface system, underground dam and various soil protection treatments in Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, Kermanshah, Fars, Tehran, Qazvin, Zanjan and Semnan provinces. In order to investigate this issue, the key research projects that are based on solving the problems of watersheds in the aforementioned provinces, their identification and effectiveness in achieving the goals of watershed management from an economic and social point of view were examined. In the current research, the effectiveness of the research was evaluated using the cost-benefit method and the level of satisfaction of watershed criteria before and after the implementation of measures. The research results showed that in all the selected provinces, the implemented research projects were economically and socially effective, and among them, flood spreading projects had the highest economic index with an average benefit-cost ratio of 24. 5.

The right to a healthy environment reflects fundamental values such as the right to life, the right to health, and the right to a standard and quality of life that belongs to different generations of humans in the present and future. Trawel net fishing has been carried out in the Persian Gulf for some time, which, according to experts, violates the right to a healthy environment and its fundamental values. In trawel net fishing, a large fish trapping net in the shape of a bag is used, which is attached to the back of a floating vessel and catches marine organisms at different depths with a coverage coefficient of 90%, causing serious damage to the marine ecosystem. Preservation of the environment is done by supporting the protection and improvement of the environment and preventing and preventing any kind of pollution and destructive actions that cause the balance and suitability of the environment to be disturbed. Preservation of various animal species, including aquatic animals, is an example of environmental protection.In this research, we aim to answer the question through a descriptive and library method of investigation, whether it is possible to impose restrictions or prohibitions on this type of fishing in the Iranian legal system. Which laws and regulations can be relied upon to address the damage caused by trammel net fishing to the environment and natural resources? To this end, the constitution, ordinary laws, and regulations are first examined, followed by the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran,

Considering the importance and major role of medicinal plants in the agricultural economy of the country, along with the diversity of climatic conditions and the suitable potential for producing various medicinal plants, this study, aims to provide an economic analysis of the cultivation and production of cumin, which is considered one of the important medicinal plants in Khorasan Razavi province, based on relevant indicators. To this end, economic indicators such as the cost of producing cumin per unit area, the break even point of production, profit margins, and rate of return have been calculated and analyzed through field studies and data and statistics published by relevant organizations. The results indicate that based on the information and statistics obtained from the average field data in the year 2023, the breakeven point for production is equal to 232.5 kilograms per hectare. In other words, the higher the production per unit area exceeds this amount, the profit for the cumin farmer will increase. The profit margin for green cumin producers is around 980,000 rials, and the maximum rate of return for cultivating and producing cumin is about 50%. Overall, the research results indicate that cumin is economically beneficial, and given this plant's lower water requirements compared to other common crops, promoting its cultivation is advisable in the current water crisis.

Examining the process of constitutionalism in Iran shows that the intellectual currents and thoughts related to the law and legalism of that time, not only could not limit the power of the law-abiding system of the monarchy, but it was also the tyranny that With relatively long survival after the constitution, it blocked the way for any evolution and maturity of the fundamental concept of law and its place in the control of government affairs. The debate that finally ended with the collapse of the authoritarian system after the Islamic revolution has left this tradition of thought, which is the main specialty of the Legislative Assembly in general issues of society. However, by reflecting on the contemporary jurisprudential thoughts as well as the intellectual developments of recent centuries, the concept of law in the West can be seen that the rule of law no longer means that the legislator wants to enact any law, nor necessarily any text that The approval of the legislator is called a law. Therefore, assuming that there is a significant difference between the intellectual thoughts of the constitutional era and the current public law in relation to the concept and functional scope of the law, the conducted research tries to analyze the related documents and information data using the method libraries have been collected, to this question that in the public law of our country, to what extent is the interference of the law in controlling the authorities of the government, and basically, how far is the moderation of this interference? Give a logical answer.

In most of the countries of the world, both developed and under-developed, applied and developmental research in various economic and social sectors, including agriculture and natural resources is very important. To implement executive projects based on the results of research over the past years based on predetermined goals, financial, resources and relatively appropriate facilities in the agriculture and natural resources sector, including the watershed sector, have been considered and spent. Nevertheless, it has always been accompanied by many discussions from supporters and opponents. This article is the result of a study to evaluate the effectiveness of watershed management projects implemented based on the results of research in the Chandab Watershed of Tehran Province. which includes effective, flood distribution, rain catchment surface system, catchments, underground dam, water supply channels, flood expansion channels, and sediment catchment in this area. To investigate this issue, research projects based on solving the problems and issues of the study area, and the results in the form of watershed management plans and projects to control runoff and soil erosion, improve the condition of vegetation, and finally improve the economic and social status of watershed residents in the operational area have been implemented.

To investigate this issue, research projects based on solving the problems and issues governing the study area, and their results in the form of watershed management plans and projects to control runoff and soil erosion, improve the condition of vegetation, and finally the improvement of the economic and social status of watershed residents in the region has been operationalized and implemented their identification and effectiveness in achieving the set goals of watershed management have been studied and analyzed from an economic and social point of view. This study is a descriptive and descriptive type, and the data required for the research was collected in the field by filling out the questionnaire from the residents and beneficiaries of the studied watershed and reviewing the financial reports for the expenses incurred. Before completing the questionnaire, its reliability and validity were measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The estimated alpha coefficient was 0.87, which indicates integration and coordination in the framework of the questionnaire. Then, the present value of the cost and income during the period was estimated. The benefit-cost method (B/C), rate of return and profit, satisfaction level, and economic efficiency index have been tested and analyzed.

The results of the research showed that the farmers and villagers living in the studied watershed are fully satisfied with the implementation of the underground dam projects and watershed flood distribution catchments, and the implementation of these projects in the state of the watershed in terms of improving vegetation, control Floods, development of agriculture, animal, husbandry and improvement of income and livelihood of villagers have had significant positive effects. The selected projects implemented are economically and socially effective and have economic and social, justification. Thus, the benefit-cost ratio is estimated at 1.85 units, and the economic efficiency index is at 0.85 units.

The study results show that the watershed projects implemented in the study area are economically and socially effective. From a social, point of view, most of the users living in the studied area are fully satisfied with the implementation of watershed management projects. Considering the economic and social justification of watershed management projects, it is recommended to develop the implementation of watershed management operations in this and other watershed areas. For the local, people to benefit from the achievements of these projects and also to satisfy the local, people from the previous projects, it is suggested that these projects be carried out within the boundaries of the land of the beneficiaries so that the maximum participation of the beneficiaries is realized. To provide the possibility of entrusting the maintenance of watershed operations in watershed areas to the local, people and users with a specific and defined mechanism.

The modern democratic framework is underpinned by the concept of representation, particularly within the realm of public finance. Central to this concept is the principle that any imposition of taxation must be sanctioned by the representatives of the people, establishing a foundation for governmental accountability in financial and budgetary matters to the parliament. The role of parliamentary oversight, executed by supervisory organizations like the "National Supreme Audit Institutions," is pivotal in ensuring transparency and adherence to financial regulations. This study aims to unravel the intricate relationship between the theoretical foundations and practical procedures that delineate the jurisdiction of the Iranian Supreme Audit Court of Iran, tracing its historical origins and examining its evolution through legislative procedures.

Research Question:

This research endeavors to address a fundamental question: what are the challenges and requirements constraining the Supreme Audit Court's oversight of the government's financial performance in the current legal system of Iran? By scrutinizing the legal constraints imposed on the court since the Iranian Constitutional Revolution [Asr-e-Mashrooteh] and exploring their impact on the Court's goals post the Islamic Revolution, this study seeks to uncover the nuanced dynamics shaping the institution's jurisdiction.

Research Hypothesis:

The research is grounded in the hypothesis that misunderstandings inherited from the Constitutional Era regarding the functions and duties of the Supreme Audit Court, coupled with the post-revolutionary Constitutional Council's inability to rectify these misconceptions, have resulted in the exclusion of a significant portion of public treasury resources from the Court's oversight. This exclusion has relegated financial supervision to the considerations of the national budget. The overarching hypothesis posits that a comprehensive oversight role for the Supreme Audit Court over the entire public treasury is an imperative that has been neglected.

Methodology & Framework, if Applicable:

The methodology employed in this research is primarily descriptive-analytical. Drawing on extensive library documents, legal texts, and scientific and legal procedures, the study meticulously examines the evolution of the Supreme Audit Court's jurisdiction from its establishment to the present. A thorough exploration of legislative procedures, both constitional and ordinary, is undertaken to unravel ambiguities and challenges in depicting the relationship between the Court's goals and the obligation of audited institutions. The framework of analysis is rooted in the examination of intellectual-legal backgrounds, with a focus on understanding the theoretical foundations and practical procedures that have shaped the court's jurisdiction.
     The study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges and limitations faced by the Supreme Audit Court in its financial oversight activities. Notably, it seeks to identify essential requirements governing the court's jurisdiction and evaluate the impact of historical legal constraints on its ability to achieve the lofty goals envisioned by the framers of the Persian Constitutional Amendment of 1907 and the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
     We will delve into the detailed results and discussions of the research findings, followed by a conclusive synthesis of the identified challenges and potential avenues for reform within the jurisdiction of the Supreme Audit Court of Iran.

The historical trajectory of the Supreme Audit Court of Iran reveals a complex evolution marked by significant jurisdictional fluctuations. Established under the principles (101) and (103) of the Persian Constitutional Amendment of 1907, the Court initially operated under the supervision of the Ministry of Finance. However, the lack of expertise among its founders, coupled with inadequate awareness and the influence of translated texts and Western models, resulted in inefficiencies. Notably, the Court's supervisory position over the government's financial affairs was transferred to the internal auditor of the executive branch in the 1352 SH amendments to the Audit Court Law. The inefficiencies persisted due to the absence of systematic accountability and regular financial management responsiveness by the political-administrative currents of the time.
     Post the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1357 SH, the Court's fundamental role as the guardian of the public treasury was preserved within the Islamic framework. However, deficiencies in the regulatory text of Article (55) of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran hindered the complete establishment of the Court's role. Challenges emerged, including the interpretative theory of the Guardian Council, leading to the exclusion of a significant portion of the public treasury's financial resources from the Court's oversight.
     Despite interpretative theories, it is argued that the term "approved credits" mentioned in Article (55) may be confined to the overall national budget, but limiting the jurisdiction of the Supreme Audit Court in addressing these matters is deemed unacceptable. This potential limitation not only casts doubt on the legal functions of the Court but fundamentally challenges its legal personality in safeguarding the public treasury. The conflict between constitutional principles and provisions of current Audit Court laws raises substantial concerns regarding the Court's ability to fulfill its supervisory role effectively.

The journey of the Supreme Audit Court of Iran reflects the intricate interplay between historical developments, constitutional principles, and evolving legislative frameworks. While the Court's establishment aimed to be an independent and comprehensive supervisor of the country's income and expenditure, its early inefficiencies, rooted in a lack of expertise and awareness, led to jurisdictional adjustments over time. The post-revolution preservation of the Court's role as the guardian of the public treasury encountered challenges due to deficiencies in the constitutional text.
     The research underscores the need for clarity and precision in delineating the foundations and limits of the audit jurisdiction of the Supreme Audit Court. The recommendation is put forth that Article (55) of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran be revised, transferring these matters to ordinary law. This move, it is argued, will enable a more specialized, detailed, and non-constitutional approach to defining the Court's audit jurisdiction. Such a step is imperative to address the identified challenges, ensuring the Court can effectively fulfill its role as a vital safeguard of the public treasury within the evolving legal landscape of Iran.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training combined with calorie restriction on the expression of HSP70 and HSP60 in the myocardium of male rats.

A total of 27 male rats were randomly divided into three groups (9 rats in each group): control, caloric restriction, and caloric restriction with high-intensity interval training. During the study, the control group had free access to water and food, but the amount of food in the food restriction group was limited to 50% and the calorie restriction-exercise group was limited to 25% of the control group. The restriction-exercise group was subjected to intense interval training for eight weeks. The gene expression of apoptotic indicators HSP70 and HSP60 was assessed using the real-time PCR method. The data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test and ANOVA test.

Body weight in both calorie restriction groups significantly decreased (P=0.001). The results of the post hoc test showed a significant increase in the expression of HSP70 and HSP60 genes in the myocardium of male rats in the calorie-restricted-exercise group compared to the calorie-restricted and control groups (P=0.001). Additionally, no significant difference was observed between the two restriction and control groups in terms of HSP70 and HSP60 (P=0.102).

The combination of high-intensity interval training and mild food restriction significantly increased HSP60 and HSP70 expression.

New governance through regulatory governance seeks to reduce direct government intervention and redefine its role in the public sector. In order to adapt to the new conditions, the traditional public administration is bound to carry out reforms; In this regard, the aim of the research is to discover the elements of the transformation of the French public administration, and to analyze their relationship with regulatory governance. Therefore, by using the library method and the descriptive-analytical method, various factors of the evolution of public administration and the practical fields of realizing regulatory governance in France were investigated. According to the findings of the research, the four new tools for the transformation of the French public administration are: 1. Budget reforms 2. Simplification 3. Contractualism 4. The effects of multi-level governance in interaction with the European Union, which are in a mutual link with regulatory governance and their objective manifestations are crystallized in the increase of participation, the development of reflexive law and the flexibility of the legal structure. In conclusion, it seems The French government is on the way to adapt to the requirements of the new governance, by exploiting the tools of the new public administration and regulatory governance components, towards the regulatory government with an understanding consistent with its administrative tradition.

Honey bees and beekeeping belong to a large economic organization where the administrators are the beekeepers, the workers are the bees, and the products produced are ecosystem goods and services, mostly incomprehensible, and beekeeping is an inclusive and diverse activity. This activity, which provides multi-systemic advantages to society helps to the sustainable development of rural areas, and helps the development of global sustainability. The increased globalization of honey yield, trading and packaging, the stimulation of international competition, the control of diseases and pests has caused many of the problems and threats that it faces today. In addition, extremely high losses of managed honey bee hives have raised concern about bee health amongst stakeholders and the public. In order to develop policies and strategies for the Khorasan Razavi province beekeeping sector, SWOT analysis was used to find how strengths can be used to realize new opportunities and how weaknesses can reduce progress or magnify organizational threats. In order to achieve these goals, data from various sources from 2019 to 2021 were used and economic studies of apiculture were performed to investigate the opportunities and challenges of Production and trading of honey in different regions of Razavi Khorasan Province, and then strategic intervention options were identified for detection of opportunities.The results showed that the strategic position for the bee group is aggressive. Therefore, it is very important to create and complete the production chains of bee products, as well as to remove mandatory pricing from the priority strategies in the beekeeping sector.

In countries that enjoy local decentralization, city councils are elected by the people as a local body to expedite social, economic, developmental, health, cultural, educational and other welfare programs. The municipality of each city is the executive arm of these councils. In fact, the municipality implements the policies and decisions of the city council. However, there is always the concern that the municipality to be unable or unwilling to implement these policies. Therefore, the supervision of the city council over the mayor and the municipality is an important and fundamental issue and this study tries to answer this question: How does the city council supervise the municipality and what are the similarities and differences between the city council's supervision of municipalities in Iran and Canada? In response to this question, using descriptive and comparative method, it was concluded that although the government system of the two countries are fundamentally different; the former is a unitary states and the latter is a federal state, but in both countries the mayor is appointed as an executive director by the city council. Therefore, the city council monitors the proper performance of the municipality; a priori, during execution and posteriori. by appointing the mayor, setting policies and programs, appointing municipal officials, approving the budget and municipal transactions, monitoring revenue and expenditure accounts, supervising public services, settling of the budget.

Human rights are one of the most fundamental rights that every individual enjoys inherently and simply as a human being. In contrast, sanctions, as levers of pressure on governments, mainly for various political purposes, directly and indirectly, have many adverse effects on the rights of the citizens of the sanctioned states and overshadow the different dimensions of human rights. Doubts that have always existed about the legality of sanctions are growing in the face of an epidemic, which requires effective treatment in all countries. Therefore, the main question of this research is that in terms of international documents in the field of human rights and health rights, can the sanctions during the global epidemic be considered legitimate? The present study aims to explain the legitimacy of sanctions for violating these obligations of governments by descriptive-analytical method while examining the human rights obligations of governments in the face of epidemics. The results of this study show that if the sanctions violate governments' commitment to international cooperation, respect for human rights, and international health law, they have no legitimacy, and the Security Council or sanctions-imposing governments will be held accountable for violating their obligations.

The origin and concept of human rights is one of the most controversial issues in the philosophy of law, on which the schools have deeply imposed inconsistency. Therefore, the present study utilizes a descriptive-analytical view to examine the viewpoints of some theorists of natural laws and positivism schools to show how the mentioned philosophical-legal discourse has given a new form to the relationship between human rights and politics through institutionalizing a conception of law as manifestation of fundamental rights. The resources were collected through library method. In this regard, the main research question is “what are the effects and consequences of this historical dispute in the interactions of the two rightful concepts of “government” and “citizen”? The results show that naturalists consider human nature or the rulings of the "natural god” as the origin of the creation and imposition of these rights. On contrary, the positivists believe that moral values created in this way cannot establish a fair order of rights. Therefore, they do consider human rights just as a legal system dependent on a certain society. This is an intellectual controversy that eventually led to issuance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights after World War II, in a form inspired by the positivist legal order and with a nature as of human rights.

The present article examines the government responsibility in the domain of food security of citizenship. One of the most important responsibilities of every state is to ensure food security of their citizens. These responsibilities include but are not limited to providing human’s vital needs in order to fulfill their most basic and fundamental right to maintain and sustain life.Critical Review: One of the main challenges of most countries in the world at the moment is availability and reachability of adequate, healthy and nutritious food for their citizens. Food security will be achieved when every person at any time consumes food in sufficient quantity and proportional quality to meet basic dietary requirements. The government is responsible for these two categories because in a scenario that a government neglects the mentioned responsibilities, the health of citizens will be jeopardized and it will cause irreparable damages.Discuss: The purpose of the article is to address the following questions. Providing proper nutrition and nutrition is a prerequisite for community development and health. Food security is one of the most important priorities of the government. The importance of food security is a major concern of the people, and the government is responsible for providing food and amenities, which is in line with the views of Babaei and Sheikh al-Islam.What is the government's responsibility in the rights of food security of citizens? What are the responsibilities and commitments of governments with regards to food right?

The legislative power of the Islamic Consultative Assembly is within the framework of the principles of the general constitution and in line with the principle of separation of powers in general matters, it can enact laws within the limits prescribed by the Constitution. It is not superior and is considered the rule of ordinary law. Accordingly, in this study, the question arises as to why the ratification of treaties and the monitoring of nuclear activities fall within the competence of the Islamic Consultative Assembly? The method used in this research is documentary-library and the type of research is descriptive-analytical. Based on the results of the research, it can be said that one of the most important special features of the parliament Such treaties, treaties, agreements and international agreements, which are, of course, acts of commitment between States which are the exercise of their powers, must be ratified by Parliament. Iran's nuclear activities are one of the most important parts of the foreign policy of the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which in fact determines the type of policy that the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran as an output to the input and environmental demand of society between International updates.

The digital environment creates new opportunities for citizens' political participation. This oversight actually includes a general review of the management of public funds and the activities of public and economic systems, so political oversight processes, through democracy, in the digital environment, condemn inefficient features. The purpose of this article is to describe, differentiate and classify the various forms of governance that can be considered in the current valley of democracies. The results show that there are three main areas of oversight: government oversight, joint oversight and civil oversight. This study has identified four types of civil surveillance typologies (guardian performance, extraction and refinement of confidential information, expansion of issues through alternative journalism, and expansion of representation beyond parliaments), focusing on these issues. This study seeks to answer the question of who exactly are the supervisors in the context of regulatory democracy in the digital environment? Furthermore, how can these processes be identified and differentiated in the international political arena? Findings of the research using descriptive-analytical method and collection of library documents show that by avoiding in-depth analysis of issues involved in meticulous processes, the three main parts that are organized to monitor can be Distinguished based on the actor or leading organization involved.