mohammad mohammadnejad

West Azerbaijan Province, due to its geographical and economic characteristics, has undergone significant changes in the labor market and employment. This study aims to investigate the trends in employment changes across three sectors: agriculture, industry, and services during the years 2011, 2016, and 2021. The primary objective of this research is to identify the pattern of employment changes and its impact on the urban development of West Azerbaijan Province.

This is a descriptive-analytical study, and the data were collected from library resources and the statistical yearbooks of the country and province. For data analysis, the Shift-Share model was utilized to assess the impact of national and structural factors on employment, and the Location Quotient model was used to differentiate between primary and non-primary jobs.

The findings of this study reveal that between 2011 and 2021, employment in the agricultural and industrial sectors decreased, with the share of employment in agriculture falling from 37.2% to 30.4%, and in industry from 24.8% to 22.3%. In contrast, the public services sector experienced significant growth, with the share of employment in this sector increasing from 23.1% to 30.1%. These changes indicate a shift in labor from the agricultural and industrial sectors to the services sector. The main conclusion of the research shows that employment in agriculture and industry has declined and shifted towards services, highlighting the need for a balanced strengthening of these sectors for sustainable urban development.

The emergence of metaverse cities is a novel phenomenon and a necessity for the future of urban environments globally. The urban metaverse results in the creation of enhanced, resilient, and sustainable cities, facilitating future urban decision-making for city managers. The primary reason for the explosion of the metaverse is that it brings limitless imagination to people. The emerging metaverse technology will undoubtedly inject new vitality into smart cities, open up more practical scenarios, and propel them forward.

This research aims to discuss digitalization and the impact of digital twins on the advancement of modern cities, as well as the core content and key technologies of smart cities. This study is considered fundamental research. It is question - driven and conducted through documentary and library research. Additionally, it is a qualitative exploratory study that employs qualitative content analysis to answer the research questions. Information gathering tools in this research include library sources such as books, articles, theses, development plans, and internet resources.

Overall, this research serves as a significant reference for the overall development and practical application of smart cities based on digital twins, enhancing the overall operational efficiency and governance level of cities.

The Metaverse, as a virtual world and an interactive digital environment, can assist cities in adapting to climate change. This study examines the challenges and opportunities presented by the Metaverse in the context of climate change and urban resilience. The primary objective is to analyze the role of the Metaverse in urban climate adaptation, identify existing challenges, and leverage potential opportunities.

This research is qualitative and exploratory in nature, utilizing qualitative content analysis and the review of documents and library resources.

The results indicate that the Metaverse, with its significant potential, can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving early warning systems, and creating new economic opportunities. Additionally, this technology can reduce the need for physical travel, thereby aiding in better natural disaster prediction and enhancing preparedness for climate change. However, challenges such as high energy consumption, unequal access to technology, security and privacy issues, and cultural and social resistance must be addressed.

The success of the Metaverse in combating climate change and improving urban quality of life depends on the ability to manage these challenges and intelligently utilize the opportunities it presents. To fully capitalize on these opportunities and address the challenges, measures such as reducing energy consumption, improving access to technology, strengthening cybersecurity, and enhancing education related to new technologies are essential.

Examining the impact of the virtual world on the real world, particularly in the domain of transportation and traffic, is of significant importance. While the metaverse offers potential benefits for the future of transportation, it must be approached with a critical perspective. This theoretical study investigates the influence of the metaverse on real-world transportation systems.

The primary aim of this study is to challenge our understanding of the metaverse and its implications for transportation, identify its opportunities and challenges, and propose an agenda for future research. This foundational research adopts a document-based and literature review approach. The findings suggest that transportation policymakers must remain aware of metaverse trends and critically evaluate their feasibility.

Developing a digital twin for transportation infrastructure is both complex and costly, requiring stakeholder collaboration. A cost-benefit analysis is essential to ensure the practicality of such integration. Brand managers can leverage the metaverse to create immersive experiences and enhance brand awareness. Moreover, the metaverse enables virtual tours and virtual test drives. The paper concludes that despite the challenges, the metaverse offers numerous opportunities and demands substantial investment. Finally, recommendations for future research are provided, emphasizing the need to examine the benefits, technical requirements, and socio-economic implications of integrating the metaverse into transportation.

Urban heat islands (UHIs) are a growing concern in metropolitan areas, leading to temperature differences between urban centers and surrounding areas due to various ecological, morphological, topographical, and demographic factors. Major Iranian cities have undergone rapid land-use transformations and expanding urbanization, facing the challenge of UHIs.

  This study investigates UHIs in Tabriz, focusing on District 1, Neighborhood 1 as the first area and District 6, Neighborhood 4 as the second area. The study employed Landsat 8 remote sensing images to analyze UHIs in Tabriz, Iran. The images were acquired for the summer season, representing the period of maximum UHI intensity. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated to assess vegetation cover, while land surface temperature (LST) was derived using the single-channel algorithm. Morphological indicators were extracted from OpenStreetMap data.Findings and

The study aims to extract, locate, and analyze UHIs in the study area using specific formulas and prepare relevant maps, focusing on ecological and morphological indicators. The minimum and maximum temperatures in District 1 were 15.88°C and 37.65°C, respectively, while in District 6, they were 24.11°C and 40.87°C. Analyzing the extracted maps based on the selected ecological indicators (vegetation cover, wind, solar radiation, and elevation) and morphological indicators (building height, building density, building façade, and building roofs) in both districts, we concluded that District 1 is cooler due to several factors: higher elevation, better reception of prevailing northeastern winds, more suitable street orientations, lower building heights (mostly one-story), and a higher prevalence of reflective roofs compared to District 6. Although District 6 has better vegetation cover and lower building density.

Urban resilience refers to the capacity of an urban system, over both temporal and spatial scales, to maintain or rapidly return to desired past functionalities in the face of disruptions or changes. Climate change essentially refers to the warming of the Earth's surface caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Urban ecological resilience refers to the capacity of ecological systems within cities to absorb disturbances and maintain necessary and intrinsic feedbacks, processes, and structures. Climate resilience is a subset of urban ecological resilience, denoting a city's potential to address problems arising from sudden weather phenomena and hazards influenced by climate change. Mitigating climate change focuses on five key factors: urban form, construction, artificial environment, urban infrastructure, transportation, and carbon production. Our research aims to contribute to current knowledge and deeper understanding and better identification of climate change and its effects on human life and urban climate quality, utilizing the features of urban green infrastructure, particularly in Tabriz city. We intend to report the effects of climate change and examine the components of resilience using previous studies by evaluating climatic elements. In this study, we employ the Park Cooling Effects method on Land Surface Temperature (LST) using urban green infrastructure. As an example, we sampled from the Bagh-e-Fajr in Tabriz, located in the city center. We have concluded that the presence of green spaces and urban green infrastructure plays a significant role in climate resilience and reducing land surface temperature.

Simultaneously with the growing trend of urbanization in Iran and the social and economic developments of the cities, inadequacies in the social and economic fields have disrupted life in the cities. In the meantime, technological growth and progress in the last few decades has created new perspectives on the effects of information and communication technology in the city. In such a situation, the smart city has been considered by planners as a strategy to reduce the problems of urban population growth and rapid urbanization. Urmia, as the tenth most populated city in the country and the second largest city in the northwest of the country, has seen significant growth in recent decades, Therefore, it will be an important issue to measure and evaluate the feasibility of the smart city indicators and examine and solve the challenges ahead in the development process of this city. The current research under the title of evaluating the realization of smart city indicators in Iranian cities is a case study of Urmia city in terms of method, descriptive-analytical and in terms of practical purpose, which was initially prepared using library studies, existing documents and information on the theoretical charge of smart cities, and since the main goal of this research is to evaluate the realization of smart city indicators. Therefore, it is a survey research and in the end, SPSS software and VIKOR model will be used as tools to analyze the data collected in the study area for data analysis and to calculate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire.

The accurate locating and design of industrial areas can be considered a robust step taken to improve the environment, develop industries, and accurate and logical growth of urban and rural areas. In this research, the number of pollutants is measured during the 30 days of November 2023 to examine and analyze the impact of industrial uses of Tabriz City on its air pollution, and its location and placement in Tabriz have increased the air pollution indicators. The mentioned indicators are revised and examined based on the collected data and available data of research through Geographic Information System (GIS) and using library and analytical methods such as the IDW method.

the variables examined in this study included pollutants and their types over the 30 days of November 2022 in Tabriz Metropolis, which is done through library and data collection methods. Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and (PM10), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Ozon were collected based on the point method in Kajvar, Hakim Nezami, Azerbaijan Square, Hotel Marmar, Namaz Square, Rah Ahan, Bagheshmal, Abresan, and Behdasht Stations. These data are prepared and expressed as pollutant distribution maps for each pollutant in the form of descriptive maps through ARC GIS software based on the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method.

The results show that the location of industrial areas in Tabriz does not affect the air pollution rate of Tabriz, and has no negative effect on increasing air pollution in Tabriz.

The increase in the population of cities and along with it the horizontal growth of cities has caused a change in the use of pure agricultural lands as well as neglecting the central and old fabric of cities.Among the approaches raised in criticism of these issues, we can mention the Infill development of the city, which seeks to exploit vacant lands, improve and renovate worn-out structures, and redevelop and use unused land capacities in the city. The main goal of this research is to analyze the potential of Infill development in the 4th region of Urmia. The research in terms of practical purpose and research method in this research is descriptive-analytical. First, by using studies and library and documentary sources, the indicators of intermediate development including 9 main criteria were determined and by using a questionnaire, experts related to the subject who were available, were selected to these indicators and the components were scored and the final weight of the main indicators was obtained through AHP. Therefore, by having the layer related to each index in the Arc GIS software and applying the weighting and layering of the layers, the weighted overlay analyzer has been used to evaluate the development potential of Infill development in the 4th region of Urmia city. The results of the overlay map show that about 10% of the lands in the region have very high potential (very suitable), 24% of the lands in the region have high potential (suitable), 11% of the lands have medium potential, and about 50% of the lands in the region have Low potential for Infill development.

With the development of industries and the expansion of human activities and the production of hazardous wastes, it is necessary to dispose of them in a suitable place that has the least threat to human life, and requires basic considerations about the site's vulnerability to natural and human hazards, ease of insulation and the risk of environmental pollution. Examining this issue seems very simple, which is why at the level of executive projects, each specialist considers himself entitled to location projects; unaware that each environment has certain complexities, the neglect of which may lead to great human and environmental waste. Accordingly, in this study, we first tried to improve the criteria for Iran according to geographical conditions by studying valid international standards and guidelines regarding the location of landfills for special waste. Second, with a geographical approach to the subject, by combining layers, the accuracy of the desired factors will increase, and by combining 46 maps or information layers, 35 desired factors will be selected with high accuracy. Third, by understanding that questionnaire-based methods such as hierarchical analysis (AHP) can not achieve reliable results in the evaluation of layers, new corrective methods can be proposed that lead to satisfactory results. Fourth, a geographical understanding of the phenomena can help assess the validity of the results in the final stages and, depending on its specialization, be effective in a particular type of site selection. We need 70 hectares In this study . Land location including the area that is not cause damage to environment elements and is close to industrial centers and roads but away from residential areas, airports and tourist areas was identified only in four places in the west of the province and on or near the Iranian-Iraqi border. Geomorphological studies also give proitey to one of them .

In this study, a linear mathematical programming model is formulated to manage the consumption of electrical energy and fossil fuels in the construction projects simultaneously. The aim is to determine at what time period and for how long each electric machine is employed in the whole project, the optimal number of periodic services for the machines with fossil fuels and optimal service time so that the total objective function value is minimized. The objective function of the proposed problem is the sum of electricity consumption costs, service costs and fossil fuel consumption costs in the whole project. In the proposed model, different intervals are considered for electrical energy consumption and the effects of the average speed of each machine with fossil fuel consumption and the time required to these machines in each day are also applied in decisions-making. For solving the mathematical model, the LINGO optimization software package is employed. For a better understanding of the behavior of the proposed problem, sample problems with different sizes are investigated and the results are interpreted graphically. The results show that the objective function value of the proposed problem increases with an increment in the project completion time and number of machines, the consumption cost of the fossil fuels machines accounts for a significant portion of the objective function value in all samples and also, the contribution of service costs is more than that of the electric machines. Also, the proposed model is implemented for a sample problem and its sensitivity to some parameters are tested. The results of sensitivity analysis show that by increasing the project completion time, the number of intervals selected for the daily use of electric machines, number of service times required for the fossil fuel machinery and consequently the amount of objective function are increased. Also, the model solving time increases logarithmically with an increment in the project completion time.

Natural disasters annually cause an average More than a thousand billion damages to the country. According to experts, Iran is one of the most prone areas of the earthquake and according to official statistics in the last 15 years, 6% of the earthquake casualties were earthquake. In this regard, assessing the seismic vulnerability of different regions of the country in order to reduce the vulnerability of urban communities should be a priority in planning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of topography in magnifying seismic effects in the Kalat-Naderi area of Khorasan Razavi province using Pessina et al. In this regard, first, the digital elevation model of sites prone to magnification of geomorphological effects was investigated. These effects included: ridge, peaks, hills, valleys with features such as slope shape, as well as slope and elevation difference. GIS functions were also used to classify critical areas. The resulting maps can be used to assess large-scale topographic areas of risk and earthquake risk. According to the results of the study, out of the total study area, 74.71% were in the range of low magnification, 21.12% in high class and 4.15% in high class.

Flood is one of the most important natural disasters in the world. More than half of the global flood amage occurs in Asia. One of the types of hazards that affects a large part of the country each year is the flood. Iran is in the high-flood region of the world. The city of Kalat, with its linear pattern along the Kalat River, was affected by the severe flooding of the river and its changes in the urban development process have increased the intensity of flooding. The flood, dated April 24, 1398, was an example of a flood that caused significant damage to agricultural land and residential buildings in the city due to the intensity of rainfall. The purpose of this research is to assess and quantify urban flood risks in the basin area extreme to Kalat Naderi city.
Data and research

This paper relies on field, library and documentary research methods. First, using the topographic maps, the study area was determined. Topographic maps 1: 50000 and 1: 250000 Kalat for mapping elevation, slope, slope direction, drainage network and communication paths (Mapping Organization of Khorasan Razavi) and geological map of 1: 100000 Kalat for geological formations , Lithological and lithological units of the range and main and secondary faults (Geological Survey of Khorasan Razavi), from precipitation data of synoptic stations, climatology, and evapotranspiration for precipitation and temperature maps (Weather Administration of Khorasan Razavi province), from Soil map of the scale with 1: 50000 scale (Research Center of Natural Resources and Agriculture of Khorasan Razavi province) and land use 1: 50000 (Administration The total natural resources of Khorasan Razavi province, satellite images, aerial photos of Band 1 of Mashhad (Kalat Block) with a scale of 1: 40,000 geographic organizations of the Armed Forces were used and the maps of the study area were drawn using the GIS software. To assess areas at risk of flood in the town of Kalat Naderi, and the study area, using the natural and morphological characteristics of the seven effective factors in the occurrence of flood include: hydrologic factor (runoff), geology (lithology), slope, roughness (altitude) Drainage density, distance from main canal or waterway and land use. The factors used in this study were chosen for their general relationship with the dangers of flood and based on Shaban et al method, (2001).

The final map of hazard zonation of the study area of Kalat city using the hydrologic layers (runoff, drainage density, distance from the waterway). Lithology, slope, altitude, land use using a combination of weights obtained from Shaban method with each layer And their overlay in the environment (GIS Model Builder). Of the total study area, 10.14% are very low, 30.15% are low-risk, 20.35% are in medium risk, 26.42% are at high risk and 12.66% are at very high risk. Therefore, the hydrologic factor (runoff, drainage density, distance from the waterway) is the most valuable and the most important source of flood hazard in the region with value of 49.69 % and the land use agent with a value of 7.67% is the lowest weight It is dedicated to.

The purpose of this study is to zonate the flood risk areas in the Kalat Naderi study area in Khorasan Razavi province. The results indicate that hydrologic factors (runoff, drainage density and distance from the waterway), geology (lithology), elevation and slope have the most important role in the occurrence of hazards in this area. In the study of seven factors, it should be stated that: The runoff factor and rainfall intensity, especially rainfall over 300 mm, were the most important factor in the occurrence of flood hazard in the city of Kalat and the study area. In terms of lithology, clay formation, Neogene red sediments and quaternary alluvium play the most role in the occurrence of flood hazard in the study area. For the gradient, the maximum weight and frequency are in terms of the area of the class (0-10%). For the height class parameter, the maximum weight is for the class of 497- 1000 meters and the lowest weight for the height class 1500-1709 meters. In terms of distance from the waterway and drainage density, the highest score is found in the 0-100 meter waterway. The distance from the main flow of the Kalat River and the greater density of the northern boundary of the city to the main Kalat River has provided critical conditions for the city and the urban infrastructure. For land use, residential areas at high risk of flood have the highest weight. According to the results of the research, the total area of the study area in the city of Kalat was 10.14% in very low risk, 30.15% in low risk, 20.35% in middle class risk, 26.42% in high risk category and 12/66 is in very high risk. Hydrological factor (runoff, drainage density, distance from the waterway) is the most valuable and most important source of flood risk in the studied area in the region with the highest value of 49.69% and the most important land use factor of 7.67% has the lowest weight and impact have given. Also, based on the results of flood risk zoning and according to Shaban method, a large range of Kalat city is at risk of flood, which is more At the entrance to the city and the Darband area and under the northern sub basin, overlooking the city of Kalat, it provides critical conditions for the city and should be given special attention in future plans.

This paper studies the pricing issue in a multi-period and multi-product closed-loop supply chain with price-dependent demands. The aim is to assign a location for the collection and disassemble center, vehicle routing, and material ordering in order to maximize the profit. In the study, a non-linear mathematical model is presented for small scale problems. Due to the NP-hardness of the problem, two met heuristics, genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm, are applied to solve medium and large scale problems. The algorithms are validated by comparing their results with those of the mathematical model. Finally, the performance comparison of the two met heuristics through statistical analysis is demonstrated that the particle swarm optimization algorithm performance outperforms the genetic algorithm.

Mathematical models have been used in many areas of supply chain management. In this paper, we present a mixed-integer non-linear programing (MINLP) model to solve a multi-period, closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) with two echelons consist of producers and customers. In order to satisfy the demands, the producers are be able to order for materials in the beginning of each period for one or more periods. A fleet of heterogeneous vehicles are routed to deliver the products from producers to customers and to pick up defective products from the customers and move them to the collection-repair center. Also, it is assumed that the rate of defective products is related to the price. In the other words, the more expensive product, the less rate of defect. The objective function maximize the profit which comes from total cost which is subtracted from income. The income is divided two part, selling products and wastes, and total cost consists of several part such as, costs of defective products, ordering cost, cost of holding in producers and collection-repair center, transportation costs, and the cost of assigning place for collection-repair center. Finally, computational results are discussed and analyzed for a numerical example in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.