mohammadali esmaili

Detecting cardiovascular disease [CVD] at its earliest stage is vital to effectively manage patients and improve their chances of full recuperation. Currently, identifying CVD during its initial development has become a significant concern for global health. The remarkable attributes of nanoscale electrochemical biosensors make them highly appropriate for detecting CVD biomarkers in bodily fluids even in extremely low quantities.  The unique advantages of biosensors that use electrochemistry, which include increased sensitivity and stability through electrode surface nanostructuring, as well as bioreceptors with heightened affinity and selectivity, have prompted exploration of new electrochemical biosensing techniques as viable alternatives to traditional methods for clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease.  In this review, current information on electrochemical biosensing techniques and signal amplification tactics employing nanomaterials for detecting myoglobin, a biomarker for cardiovascular disease, is presented. Future research efforts must prioritize the discovery of new, specific biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. Additionally, it is crucial to develop real-time analysis techniques for these biomarkers, as well as point-of-care validation assays that have excellent selectivity and sensitivity.

Morphine is a non-synthetic narcotic that derived from opium; it is used for the treatment of pain and it is toxic during overdose or when abused. In comparison to conventional analytical techniques, like HPLC, electroanalytical methods have advantages like simplicity, ease of operation, and miniaturization. Today, electroanalytical sensors are used in agriculture, food, oil, and biomedical applications. In addition to the versatility of reporting signals, such as voltages, currents, power outputs, or electrochemical impedances, electrochemical sensing has low theoretical detection limits due to differences between Faradaic and non-Faradaic currents. In this review, different electrochemical sensing modification-based techniques for determining the morphine content of samples have been investigated. Furthermore, we present the performance of reported electrochemical sensors toward morphine detection, including their detection range (LDR), detection limit (LOD), and modification of electrodes. It is our belief that the information in this manuscript can serve as a platform for future research on developing sensitive electrodes for morphine and other drugs.

Male development is greatly influenced by testosterone, which also helps to build bone and muscle, as well as the testis, penis, and prostate.  Endocrinology relies heavily on hormone and related biomarkers measurements. Chromatographic techniques are commonly used to analyze hormones because they offer excellent separation and quantification capabilities. Due to their usability, portability, simplicity, and sensitivity, electrochemical biosensors have grown more and more in popularity over time for hormone detection. Electrochemical biosensors are divided into four groups: impedimetric, potentiometric, amperometric, and conductometric. Biosensors based on electrochemistry are ideal for early clinical analysis, but their commercialization is hindered by poor reproducibility. An overview of electrochemical biosensors that detect testosterone hormones is presented in our review. After an introduction to biosensors and electrochemical biosensors, testosterone hormone, the immobilization process and analytical performance of the electrochemical biosensors will be discussed. The linear ranges, the limits of detection, reproducibilities, and regenerations of developed biosensors are discussed in this paper.

The field experiment has been conducted as a split split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replicaitons at Rice Research Institute of Mazandaran Province, Amol, in 2017. In this experiment, the seeds are sown in seedling box with different six bed treatments. These beds include S1: sulfur bed with 50% rice bran, S2: sulfur-free soil with 25% rice bran, S3: sulfur bed with 25% rice bran, S4: sulfur bed with Thiobacillus and 50% rice bran, S5: sulfur-free bed with wood compost and 25% rice bran, and S6: sulfur bed with Thiobacillus with 25% bran rice. After some measurements, the seedling is transplanted in the main field. In the field, different beds in box, seedling number per hill (3 and 5) and planting space (20×20 cm, 30×14cm) are assigned to the main plot, sub plot, and sub sub plot, respectively. The results of main cultivation show that the highest grain yield (5043 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (12319 kg.ha-1) are obtained from the treatment of bed soil with sulfur with 50% bran. Planting arrangement treatment in ratoon cultivation on number of hollow seeds (4.1), grain yield (1617 kg.ha-1), number of plants per hill treatment on number of tillers (10.3), leaf area (10.6 cm2), panicle length (20.4 cm) and grain yield (1613 kg.ha-1), and seedling type treatment on tiller number (10.4) show a statistically significant difference. Seedling grown in sulfur with 50% rice brain display the best performance in terms of yield and yield components in both main and ratoon cropping.

The present study investigates the effect of combined application of biochar, Azospirillium lipofrom bacteria and nitrogen in two flooding and intermittent irrigation methods on yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘Tarom Hashemi’). The experiment is done in split-split plot arrangement based on a complete randomized block design with three replications at the research farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University between two consecutive years of 2017 and 2018. The treatments are two irrigation methods (flooding and alternation irrigation regimes) as main plot and nine fertilizers levels (100%, 75%, and 50% nitrogen in combination with control (without biochar), 20 and 10 tons of biochar per hectare) and seedling inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum (inoculation and non-inoculated control) as sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. According to the significance of the studied factors’ effects on the measured traits, application of 20 tons of biochar along with 75% to 100% of the recommended nitrogen show the greatest impact on rice yield and yield components in both intermittent and flooding irrigation methods. Since, the effectiveness of biochar in imtermittent irrigation is more significant, it can be concluded that the application of 20 tons of biochar per hectare plus 75% to 100% of the recommended nitrogen could greatly compensate the yield reduction due to reduced water consumption in intermittent irrigation, compared to the flooding irrigation.

Rice is a staple food source and the most important grain in developing countries, which is most commonly consumed by more than 90 percent of the world populations. Moreover, this plant is produced and consumed in Asia. However this major crop faces severe limitations such as water scarcity and other environmental stresses. Limited water resources along with climate change effects, have increased attention to methods which improve water use efficiency in crops such as rice cultivation. On the other hand, traditional irrigation methods for rice production often waste considerable fraction of irrigation water. Therefore, it is necessary to modify irrigation and other farming methods. Furthermore, using biochar and nitrogen fixing bacteria as organic biofertilizers can be effective methods to improve water use efficiency and yield attributes of rice plant. Therefore, the present research was conducted to investigate the effect of biochar and Azosprillum lipoferum rhizobacteria on yield and water use efficiency on Tarom Hashemi rice cultivar of under flooded and alternating irrigation regimes. 

This study was conducted at the research fields of the Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2017 and 2018. The experimental site is located at 36º 39ʹ42ʺ N latitude and 53º03´54ʺ E longitude with -11 m above sea level. Soil samples were taken from depths of 0-30 cm before land preparation. The experiment was done in factorial split-split plot arrangement with complete randomized blocks based design with three replications. Treatments included two irrigation management methods (flooding and irrigation regimes) in combination with nine fertilizers levels (100% of recommended nitrogen or N100, N100+ 10 ton biochar or biochar 10, N100+ biochar 20, N75, N75+ biochar 10, N100+ biochar 20, N50, n50+ biochar 10 and N100+ biochar 20) as main plots and seedling inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum bacteria (without inoculation was also included as control) as sub plots.Plot ridges were covered by plastic sheets and inserted into the soil at 50 cm to prevent water flowing from one plot to the others. The plots were then leveled and 3-4 leaf seedlings stage. A specific number of seedlings were gently washed and placed for 30 minutes in a pan containing 10 L of water mixed with 1 L of bacterial inoculum. Carboxymethyl cellulose, 15 g, was added to increase adhesion of bacteria into the plant roots. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied according to the results of soil analysis. Weeds and pests were controlled mechanically or by hand and no herbicides or pesticides were used.

Results showed that biochar and nitrogen fertilizers, irrigation methods, and seedling inoculation with bacteria had significant effects on water use efficiency indices. Comparison of means of interaction effects showed that the highest paddy yield (5950.43 and 5330.78 kg/ha, respectively) were observed by flooding irrigation method in combination with N50 + biochar 20 treatment and inoculated by Azospirillum lipoferum bacteria and alternating irrigation management method which was along with N50 + biochar 20 without inoculation. Alternating irrigation plots experienced water shortage in some growth stages and therefore slightly lower paddy yield is acceptable. Application of biochar 20 and flooding or alternating methods which treated by N75 and N50, respectively showed 49.1% increase in economic efficiency index.

In general, application of 20 ton biachar along with 75% nitrogen fertilizers led to 42.8% increase in economic advantages in alternating irrigation method as compared to the flooding systems. These observation indicates beneficial effect of fertilizer in economic advantage enhancement in rice cultivation.

The current study aims to investigate the relationship of miR-24 expression with plasma methotrexate (MTX) levels, therapy-related toxicities, and event-free survival (EFS) in Iranian pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients.

The study included 74 ALL patients in consolidation phase and 41 healthy children. RNA was extracted from plasma, polyadenylated, and reverse transcribed. miR-24 expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Plasma MTX concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 48 h after high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) injection. The diagnosis of ALL was further subclassified as B-ALL or T-ALL via flow cytometry.

miR-24 expression was less in pediatric ALL patients than in the control group (p = 0.0038). Furthermore, downregulation of miR-24 was correlated with intermediate-to high-grade HD-MTX therapy toxicities (p = 0.025). Nevertheless, no statistically significant associations were seen between miR-24 levels and plasma MTX levels 48 h after HD-MTX administration (p > 0.05) or EFS in pediatric ALL patients (p > 0.05).

miR-24 expression may contribute to interindividual variability in response to intermediate-to high-grade HD-MTX therapy toxicities under Berlin Frankfurt Munster (BFM) treatment.

The current study aimed to investigate the relationship of genetic polymorphism and plasma methotrexate (MTX) levels, toxicity experience and event free survival (EFS) in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

The study included 74 ALL patients. Polymerase chain reaction and genotyping of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) rs1801133, MTHFR rs1801131, ATP-binding cassette superfamily B1 (ABCB1) rs1045642, ATP-binding cassette superfamily G2 (ABCG2) rs2231142 and solute carrier 19A1 (SLC19A1) rs1051266 genetic variations were performed. The plasma MTX levels were investigated at 48 hr after the first dose of MTX infusion.

MTHFR rs1801133 TT genotype, ABCBa1 rs1045642 CT genotype and ABCG2 rs2231142 CA genotype revealed a statistically significant association with the MTX plasma levels (P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.05, respectively). The MTHFR rs1801133 TT genotype had a statistically significant association with hematopoietic toxicity (P<0.01) and interventions (P<0.05). The MTHFR rs1801131 AC genotype was related to the decreased hepatic toxicity (P<0.05). The SLC19A1 rs 1051266 GA genotype was related to the increased hepatic toxicity (P<0.05). Only the ABCB1 rs1045642 CT and TT genotypes had a statistically significant correlation with EFS (P<0.05, P<0.05, respectively).   

Our findings showed that genetic polymorphism could be associated with plasma MTX levels, toxicity experienced and EFS in Iranian pediatric ALL.

Epigenetic changes play an essential role in cancer pathogenesis. It has been established by next-generation sequencing that more than 50% of the human cancers carry mutations in mechanisms involved in the organization of the chromatin and epigenetic regulations. DNA methylation is among the most common epigenetic changes in leukemia. In contrast to DNA mutations which are passively inherited from DNA replication, epimutations, for example, the hypermethylation and epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes, must be actively maintained because of being reversible. Actually, the reversibility of epimutations by small-molecule inhibitors provides the basis for the use of such inhibitors in new cancer therapy strategies. However, DNA methylation mechanism and its role in leukemia are not fully understood; there are some serious concerns about the use of these drugs. In this study, we will review the mechanisms of DNA methylation and the genes that are methylated in leukemia. Moreover, new interesting findings of the epigenetic changes causeed by adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma have been fully discussed.

Platelet components (PCs) have widespread applications in clinical cases. Since PCs store in room temperature (between 20-24°C), they are susceptible to bacterial contamination. There are varied approaches for identifying bacterial contamination in PCs. These methods categorized into two groups: Firstly, culture based methods and secondly, non-culture based methods. Both of them have a couple of merits and demerits. BacT/ALERT is a culture-based technique, which has been approved by the food and drug administration. Although sensitivity and specificity of this method could be debatable and is not universal. This method is considered as gold standard contemporary method and it is far more dependable and superb in comparison with the contamination detection methods. It is assumed that, application of rapid methods play an important role in detection of bacterial contamination in the future. Accordingly, this study aimed to represent a summary of each method, which was used for bacterial contamination detection in PCs with detailed assessment of culture-based methods, specifically BacT/ALERT.

Activated platelets shed microparticles (MPs) in vivo and certainly in vitro under storage. Like platelets, platelet-derived MPs contribute to hemostatic and inflammatory responses. We sought to determine the interactions between platelet MPs and peripheral B lymphocytes in the healthy blood circulation to propose a possible role for platelet MPs in the functioning of B cells.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established to determine the normal interactions between human peripheral blood B lymphocytes and platelet MPs. B cells were isolated and bound to the wells of microtiter plates using coated anti-CD19. Then the presence of attached MPs was surveyed. Also, platelet MPs were separated from human platelet concentrates and applied to confirm the new binding capacities of B cells for these microvesicles.
Platelet MPs were recognized in the wells of ELISA in which only B cells were isolated. So MPs were bound with peripheral blood B cells. Furthermore, using this method, the role of CD40/ CD40L interaction was displayed for the binding.
It seemed that the binding of platelet MPs to B cells normally took place in vivo and a percent of B cells circulate in blood in connection with platelet MPs.

Exploring the question of goodness and badness, Martyr Sadr has aimed to explain the meaning of goodness and badness and their status in the station of realization and affirmation and typology of statements of goodness and badness. According to his view, interpretation of goodness and badness as “expediency and aftermath”, “deserving reward and punishment”, “deserving praise and blame”, “desire and instinct” is not correct but the authentic meaning of goodness and badness is the moral necessity which - regardless of the realm of conventions - has had actuality in the tablet of reality and is other than cosmic necessity. According to him, the difference between essential and canonical goodness and badness is substantial and is not limited to the quality of ascription. He has criticized some of justice-oriented ('adliyyah) theologians for proving essential and rational goodness and badness and regarded the two propositions of “justice is good” and “oppression is bad” as assertoric propositions. According to him, the propositions of goodness and badness are indemonstrable and are among certainties and Muhaqqiq Isfahani’s argument for their being among conventional proposition is not valid. Beside its strong points, Martyr Sadr’s view has some weak points which have been dealt with in the present article.

With a comprehensive view, Mulla Sadra explained affirmative badā’and evidential daba’: According to the affirmative badā’, the obliteration and affirmation occurs in the partial selves of spheres as a degree of Divine science. These obliteration and affirmation occurs because of the influence of the volitional acts of God’s servants on the selves of the spheres. The selves of the spheres are obedient servants of God and their acts truly are attributed to God. Evidential badā’ means the connection of the soul of prophets and God’s friends to the partial souls of spheres and receiving two different reports on a single subject. According to Mulla Sadra, the preserved tablet is the universal soul of the sphere and the tablet of obliteration and affirmation is the partial soul of he spheres. Also he believes that providential knowledge of God and his decree avoid the occurrence of badā’. Beside many strong points, Mulla Sadra’s view has some defects which have been dealt with in this article.

Platelets are anucleated fragments derived from megakaryocytes. It has been demonstrated that platelets play a role in hemostasis and innate immunity. In addition, platelets have a CD40 ligand which is an important molecular marker in motivating immune cells. Thus, platelets also have a role in adaptive immunity as seen by their ability to activate B cells. Since human platelet microparticles (MPs) originate from platelets, we have chosen to examine the effects of MPs on B cell activation. Platelet MPs were isolated from platelet concentrates obtained from theTehranBloodTransfusionCenter. The MPs were co-cultured with B cells isolated from human whole blood with magnetic beads using negative selection. After seven days, the expression of activation markers CD27 and CD86, as well as IgD were evaluated by flow cytometry. In a comparison between test (B cells/MPs) and control (B cells) cells we observed that the expression of activation markers CD27 and CD86 increased during the seven-day co-culture period. However, the expression of IgD antibody decreased. As with platelets, MPs can affect B cell activation during in vitro co-culture.