mojtaba araghizadeh

Drones now have many useful functions, ranging from monitoring pipelines, photography, filming, and as hobby for teenagers. Despite diversity of civil and military uses of drones for countries, they have threats for critical infrstructures and key assets. Nowadays, they are used beside war fighter planes. Drone attacks can be done by commercial drones dropping bombs, firing a missile, or crashing into a target. One of the main concerns is the unauthorized use of drones near critical infrastructure, public events, and sensitive locations. For instance, drones flying near airports or nuclear power plants pose a serious threat to security. Unauthorized drone activities can interfere with operations, compromise safety, and even facilitate criminal acts. Furthermore, because of their high efficiency and low cost among manned planes, they are more favorate for world armies. The availability of advanced navigation and satellite communication technologies has revolutionised the use of drones, making them more versatile. They can now endure missions by 40 hours, far beyond the capabilities of human crew. With in-flight refuelling and ultra-efficient solar power, the drones can provide an even greater range of operation. Meanwhile, in order to deter drone threats, diversive actions have done in the world, called "Counter-drone technologies or systems". Counter-drone technology encompasses a wide range of ways that allow you to detect, classify, and mitigate unmanned aerial vehicles. Parallel of using drones in the world, developing of counter-drone technologies is on process. More of these technologies are based on electronic and cyber defense methods. The growth of Counter-drone technology is related to the increase in concerns about the threat that drones pose in civilian and military infrastructures. Counter drone systems have become essential for the safety and security of critical infrastructures. Counter-drone systems detect and intercept the unknown drones by taking into account their flight path, physical properties such as size and kinetic energy, the number of swarming drones, and the likely damage which could be caused. Counter-drone systems are fixed or preferably portable and have the capability of defending the facilities like military establishments and sites, airports, petroleum facilities, and etc. by quickly detecting multiple drones at sufficient distances.Drone detection technology works to detect drones in the airspace. The most popular ways to detect drones electronic and cyber defense are: acoustic sensors, electro-optical and infra-red sensors, RADAR and radio ferequency sensors. Acoustic sensors can involve one or multiple microphones and software. These technologies can detect drones by engine sound to calculate distance and direction. Optical sensors (cameras) utilize multiple wavelengths (thermal, infrared, etc.) for day or night drone detection, and the technology is evolving quickly to extend range and intelligence with AI capabilities. Radar uses radio waves to determine distance and speed of objects. It is accurate and identifies hundreds of targets simultaneously, including all drone types (piloted or autonomous) in many weather conditions. RF sensors consist of one or multiple antennas of various ranges to detect communications between and drone and its controller (human operator). Although for drone mitigation or interception, the best are electro- magnetic pulse (EMP) or high power microwave (HPM), laser guns, electromagnetic field, jamming and spoofing.This research is aimed to develop prioritized solutions of electronic and cyber defense in drone detection and defense.In this research which is applicative in nature, the most popular methods in electronic and cyber defense were identified and analyzed using of a mixed methodology after a literature review on drone detection and defense systems. Then by using of library studies and expert opinions, 12 criteria were gathered and prioritized using AHP method. These 12 criteria were: response time- cost- side effects- operator skills-ability to detect autonomous drones- range- accuracy- intensity of effect- ability to drone landing- ability to build in the country- accessibility to system details.In this process, it was known that performance accuracy and functional range of detection systems have the best points. Then each of drone detection and defense was marked and by multiplying scores in weight of each criteria, final scores of each drone detection and defense system was identified in order to prioritizing them.At last, it became clear that for drone detection based on determined criteria the best method is RADAR based method and for defense is HPM. So, using of laser systems and cyber spoofing with a slight difference were on next steps of drone defense.

This research is aim to identify the main and the most updated scientific fields and sub-fields of "Critical Infrastructure Protection". Gaining this goal, current situation of this science is identified in the world and its available to have futurology and processology for our nations experts. The other goal of this paper was introducing the most pioneer countries and international researchers in this field.This research is applicable in nature and is done by scientometrics based on co-word analysis method. Authors' reasearches dedicated that no paper with this methodology has been done on the topic of critical infrastructure so far in our country. For gathering raw data we used Web of Science website and results analyzing and clustering maps drawing were done using VOSviewer software. For drawing sub-clusters diagrams, Xmind software was used.Results of this research showed that critical infrastructure protection as a multi-disciplinary science covers a wide area of issues. But the most important issues or topics on which international researches have been focused are topics like "key products and resources", "cyberspace and banking", "cascading effects", "Industrial control systems", "scada", "cyber attacks", "terrorism" and "food and water resources security". The most pioneer countries are USA, Italy and Germany and Messrs. Steven Rinaldi, Ted g. Lewis and Gerald Brown were known as the most cited international authors in critical infrastructure protection field.