s. kakoolaki

This study examined the dietary impacts of essential oils from garlic (Allium sativum), black seed (Nigella sativa), and black caraway (Carum carvi) on the hematological and immunological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A total of 200 fish, each with an average initial weight of 225 ± 10 g, were divided into five groups, each consisting of three replicates with 40 fish per group. The fish were fed for eight weeks with a diet supplemented with 0.2% of the herbal essential oils, while a control group received an unsupplemented diet. The hematological indices, including hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), the number of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs), and immune responses, including serum lysozyme and complement levels (C3 and C4), were studied. The analysis showed no significant differences in erythrocyte indices or leukocyte profiles between the control group and the groups receiving essential oils (p>0.05). The control group exhibited the highest values for RBC, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Hct, and WBC, while the highest percentages of lymphocytes and monocytes were found in the black seed and black caraway groups, respectively. On day 28 of the experiment, there were no significant differences in lysozyme activity among the control and treatments (p>0.05), while a significant difference was observed for black caraway essential oil on day 56 (p<0.05). A significant difference between the control group and all treatments was reported for C3 value on day 28 (p<0.05). Comparisons from days 28 to 56 indicated significant changes for the control versus mixed essential oil, garlic essential oil, and black caraway essential oil (p<0.05). C4 and plasma protein values showed no significant differences between the control group and treatments on both days (p>0.05), however, significant differences were noted when comparing values from days 28 and 56 for the control and treatments of mixed essential oil, black seed essential oil, and black caraway essential oil (p<0.05). The results of this study demonstrated that dietary garlic essential oil significantly enhanced immune functions and TNF-α expression levels in rainbow trout compared to black caraway or black seed essential oils (p<0.05). However, all essential oils boosted immune parameters like lysozyme activity and complement levels, but garlic essential oil showed the most promising results.

It is well known that ammonia nitrogen is a major pollutant in aquaculture, which can have toxic effects on fish. When absorbed in toxic concentrations, ammonia nitrogen can enter the bloodstream of fish, affecting blood parameters, immune responses, and causing oxidative damage and neurotoxicity. Recently, a study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of ammonia on the blood, liver, growth, tissue damage, and immune indices of Cyprinus rubrofuscus in the presence of formaldehyde bisulfite sodium (FBS). The study involved 360 C. rubrofuscus, which were randomly distributed among 24 aquaria with a ratio of FBS to ammonia set at 31mg/L:1mg/L. The experiment was conducted with 15 fish in 6 treatments and 4 repetitions until 50% mortality was observed. The growth, histology, hematology, immunity, liver enzymatic and biochemical features of the fish were studied, and the results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) and Duncan’s test. The study found that the blood, immune, and liver indices of koi fish changed in the presence of FBS. Additionally, adding FBS to aquarium water reduced nitrogen compounds in fish storage tanks, further reducing the nitrogen compounds in fish aquaria.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by Vibrio spp., is a new farmed penaeid shrimp bacterial disease. Several strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were identified as the etiological agent of AHPND. Probiotics are low-cost, non-pathogenic, and largely non-toxic source that have antibacterial functions and applications. According to the outbreak of AHPND in the south of Iran, it is necessary to conduct a meta-analysis to determine the effect of the bacterial strains in different studies on AHPND. The present meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the current evidence on the effects of probiotics on AHPND under laboratory conditions. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to quantitatively review the responses of shrimp to probiotic interventions to determine the effect of different treatment on reducing mortality during the outbreak of AHPND and evaluating the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). According to the results, probiotic administration via water & feed and, via water more than spray on, or mix to feed, have been affected on survival rate (SR) to prevention of AHPND, and mono-strain probiotics were better than multi-strain probiotic in order to decrease mortality. To study design to evaluate the effects of probiotic on SR, SGR and FCR, longer experiments (60 days) are better, for evaluating the effect of the probiotics, and mono-strain probiotics increased SR more than multi-strain probiotics, after challenge with V. parahaemolyticus. gram positive and spore-forming bacteria showed greater improvement in SGR and FCR, but greater improvement in SR were observed in gram positive and non-spore forming bacteria.

The present investigation was carried out to study the inflammatory response of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to the fungus Aphanomyces invadans infection which is known as a causative agent of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS). Thirty two carps with an average length of 13cm (±2cm) were injected intramuscularly with 0.1 ml of the Aphanomyces invadans spore suspension. Two injected fish were sacrificed by an overdose of 10% benzocaine, at 6 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 14, 18, 22, 28, 35 and 42 days after inoculation. Blocks of tissue were fixed in 10% buffered formalin then processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Grocott and periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) for histologic examinations. A chronic inflammatory response, consisted of cellular infiltration, vascularization, fibrosis and granulomata formation, occurred after inoculation of spores of Aphanomyces invadans at water temperature of 27°C (± 1.5°C). Macrophages which infiltrated the lesion area in early stages took on an epithelioid configuration at 3 days post injection. In addition to classical Langhans and foreign body type of giant cells which were observed 3 days after infection, also intermediate type was seen in the lesion area. With continuing healing, giant cells reduced in number by 14 days and disappeared at 18 days after injection. Muscle regeneration started at 3 days and the defect area was filled by new muscle bundles by 14 days. Fibroplasia, along with vascularization, started at 3 days and well developed granulomata formed by 10 days and then fully matured granulomata which filled the whole defect area and were surrounded by the normal muscle bundles were observed by 18 days post injection. It is apparent from the results of the present study that healthy carp resist Aphanomyces invadans infection at high temperatures (27°C) by an active defence mechanism and employing a strong inflammatory response.

Heracleum persicum (HP) is an annual herbbelonging to Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family and traditionally cultivated in Iran for its medicinal properties. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of H. persicum extract has shown that it possesses antioxidant properties, which may be attributed that to the presence of furanocoumarin compounds. In an experiment involving Danio rerio were, six groups of fish were exposed to different concentration of HA-PA ranging from 470 to 500 mg distributed among six groups in triplicates included G1 (control), G2 (1000 mg/kg), G3 (2000 mg/kg), G4 (4000 mg/kg), G5 (8000 mg/kg) and G6 (16000 mg/kg). The probit value for HA-HP and associated concentrations indicated low toxicity in D. rerio. The LC50 of HA-HP for D. rerio exposed to various concentrations for 24 hrs was found to be 6020.37 mg/kg with lower and upper bounds of 4477.5 and 8117.9, respectively at a 95% confidence limit. The maximum value of buccal movement rate was observed in animals exposed to 16000 mg/kg of HA-HP measuring between 134.0-192.66 N/min. However, increased doses of HA-HP led to respiratory distress and a decrease in oxygen uptake in fish. Moribund fish were observed at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg with signs of darting swimming, circular movement, and settling on the bottom of the aquarium for up to 12 hrs. The exposure of D. rerio to increasing concentration of HA-HP also resulted in the Loss of schooling behavior, which could affect their ability to move in coordination with their peers. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the LD50 of HA-HP for D. rerio after 24 hrs is high indicating it can be used safely as an immunostimulant or for other purposes in fish at lower dosages.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physico-chemical criteria of yogurt fortified with fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) obtained from Fresh Abu mullet (Planiliza abu) fish weighing 40 g during 21-day refrigeration. A hundred milliliters of final milk were inoculated with starter culture, and fermented for 4-5 hours until the pH reached to 4.6. The yogurts were divided in two groups in triplicate and each group was prepared in triplicate. Yogurts supplemented with nanoencapsulated hydrolysates exhibited a slight reduction in pH and augmented acidity particularly up to three weeks of refrigeration. The pH of nanoemulsion-FPH yogurt was initially 4.52 and reached 4.01 in third week with a significant difference (p<0.05) compared with that of the control at the same time (3.80). The pH value of the fortified yogurt showed acceptable limit on day 7 (4.35) but it was remarkably decreased on day 14 (4.19, p<0.5). The upmost and the least values of viscosity of nano-FPH yogurt samples were respectively 4187.3 and 4046.6 (cps) on days 1 and 21. The viscosity values of control were ranged from 3716.0 to 4042.0, respectively in 21 and 1 days of refrigeration. Moreover, the maximum and minimum water holding capacity (WHC) value of nano-FPH yogurt samples 92.5% and 86.2%, respectively on days 1 and 21. It is concluded that the incorporation of the FPH in the form of nanoencapsulation offered superior physico-chemical advantages than those of control yogurt samples.

The present research was conducted on 600 zebrafish in four parallel groups, including two control and two experimental groups. The experimental groups (T1, T2) were fed commercial fish feed, along with probiotic Lacticaseibacillus casei, while the other two groups (T3, C) only received commercial feed. At the end of four weeks of the feeding, Fish in the groups T2 and T3 were divided and exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila at two concentrations included 1.5×108 (T2 and T3) and1.5×104 (N2 and N3). In this study, the colonization of Lactobacillus in the gastrointestinal tract in the first and last days of the feeding, weight and length in days 0, 15 and 30, and intestinal histology and expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) genes using real-time PCR method on days 0, 15, 30 and 35 were done. Based on the results of the present study, feeding with L. casei led to the improved the expression of immune-related genes, enhancement epithelial integrity and goblet cells in the intestine, and weight and length of zebrafish (p<0.05). While it had no significant effect on the rate of colonization of Lactobacillus in the gastrointestinal tract (p>0.05). This results revealed that probiotic feeding led to the reduction of the mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNF-α genes before exposure to the A. hydrophila (p<0.05). while, after exposure, there was a significant increase in the expression level of genes. This elevation was significantly higher in T3 and N3 than in T2 and N2 (p<0.05). As the results indicated, dietary supplementation of L. casei can be effective in enhancement of growth and protection of zebrafish against A. hydrophila by improving their mucosal immunity and modulating inflammatory responses. Since zebrafish is an animal model with genetic compatibility with humans and A. hydrophila pathogenicity in humans, the results obtained can be generalized to humans.

Vibrio alginolyticus causes severe health problems in marine fish production each year. Among various therapeutic strategies, vaccination is the most economic, efficient and environmentally-friendly approach against microbial infections. Evaluation of formalin-killed Vibrio alginolyticus vaccine aquired from native isolates was carried out using a total of 200 Asian seabass juveniles (55±6.43 g), which were divided among three groups, including (I) control (non-vaccinated), (II) vaccinated with killed V. alginolyticus and (III) killed vaccine with oral booster. Fish were vaccinated intraperitoneally. Blood samples were taken from fish in each group at three, five, and eight weeks after immunization to assess the antibody levels against V. alginolyticus infection. The efficacy of the killed vaccine was appraised five weeks after the start of the initial vaccination by challenging with twofold LD50 (3.66×108) equivalent of the live suspension of V. alginolyticus through intraperitoneal injection. The results of ELISA showed that there were not any significant differences in antibody response among different groups before vaccination (p>0.05). Also, the mean antibody titer of the group immunized killed-V. alginolyticus with oral booster was significantly higher than the other groups five weeks after the vaccination. The vaccined fish demonstrated higher survival rates than the control with relative percent survival (RPS) of 84.62 and 76.92%, respectively. It is concluded that vaccination could be an effective method to protect farmed Asian sea bass against vibriosis caused by pathogenic V. alginolyticus.

The purpose of this study is to use a seaweed called Scenedesmus acuminates to reduce infection and heal wounds. Sixty rats were divided into four treatment groups, and sampling was done on the third, seventh, and fourteenth days after wound formation. No treatment was done on the first group, the control group. The second group was treated with 25% zinc oxide as the drug of choice. The third and fourth groups were treated with 3% and 7% Scenedesmus acuminates seaweed ointment. The back wounds of mice were infected with 50 microliters of 2x108 CFU/mL Staphylococcus containing suspension. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (CD68) were performed to compare the number of macrophages on tissue samples. On the third day after wounding, macrophages (CD68) were present in the algae group by 7% more than in the other groups. On the seventh day, fibroplasia and collagen synthesis in the algae group was 7% better than in the other two groups. On the 14th day, the accumulation of new blood vessels in the algae was 7% more than the others. The best result regarding the CD68 (macrophage) molecule expression level was seen in the 7% algae group on the 7th and 14th days. On the third, seventh, and fourteenth days, when macrophages are helpful, algae groups were better than others. The use of algae ointment can reduce the bacterial load of the wound and is better than the administration of zinc oxide.

This research aimed to study the histological effects of the acute water-soluble fraction of diesel (WSFD) on the liver, gill, and kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were divided into four experimental groups; control (group1) (G1) without WSFD, and three groups of WSFD with densities of 4% (G2), 8% (G3), and 16% (G4). After 48 hours of exposure, sampling of liver, gill, and kidney was performed from all experimental groups, simultaneously. The results showed that the main alterations observed in the gill included goblet cell increasing, epithelial lifting, complete and incomplete fusion, filamentous edema, blood congestion, aneurysm, and infiltration of inflammatory cells causing the rank of gill tissue lesions in the G4 (3.30) and G3 (2.70) significantly differed from the G1(0.00) (p<0.005). Sever sinusoid dilation, sever blood congestion, hypertrophy a of nucleus, nucleus in lateral position, cytoplasmic vacuolization and pyknotic nucleus were observed in the liver. The rank of liver tissue lesions in the G4 (3.30) and G3 (2.70) significantly differed from the G1(0.00, p<0.005). Tubular disorganization, shrinkage and necrosis of tubule, and melanomacrophage aggregation were observed in the kidney. The rank of kidney tissue lesions in the G4 (3.30) significantly differed compared to the G1 and G2 (0.00) (p<0.005). Total lesion rank of whole aforementioned tissues in G4 (9.70) significantly differed from the G1 (0.00) and G2 (3.70) (p<0.05). The results showed that WSFD causes pathological lesions incidence in the fish liver, gill, and kidney and increase in WSFD level causes more severe tissue damages.

This study investigated the effect of the water-soluble fraction of diesel (WSFD) on common carp behavioral, biochemical, and growth responses. Fish were divided into four groups, including control group (G1) and three exposures of 4% (G2), 8% (G3), and 16% (G4) WSFD. After 168 hours, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and daily growth rate (DGR) were calculated, and blood samples were taken. The results showed a significant difference between the growth indices of the G1 and the exposure groups (p<0.05). The mean of WG, SGR, and DGR indices (7.00 g, 1.85 %, 0.99, respectively) in the G2 had a significant difference with the G3 (4.44 g, 1.12 %, 0.64, respectively) and the G4 (0.89 g, 0.25 %, 0.12, respectively) (p<0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference between growth indices in the G3 and the G4 (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between the mean cortisol and serum glucose levels of the G1 (3.18 µg/dl, 61.33 mg/dl) and the G4 (10.70 µg/dl /ml, 108.33 mg/dl) (p<0.05). Swimming pattern changes, activity level, food intake, and gill movements occurred due to WSFD exposure. The fish behavior was expected in the G1 and G2. However, with increasing the concentration of the WSFD to 16%, an imbalance was observed with swimming changes, loss of appetite, decreased mobility, and impaired breathing. The present study's findings showed that WSFD exposure causes growth retardation, disturbance of biochemical blood factors, and behavioral changes in fish.

The objectives to this research were to determine the haematological changes in Oryctolagus cuniculus as an animal model in response to killed hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) virulent to Oncorhynchus mykiss. This study composed of 5 groups; Treatment 1 (T1) with 1cc virus, treatment 2 (T2) with 0.5cc virus and 0.5cc adjuvant, treatment 3 (T3) with 0.75cc virus and 0.25cc adjuvant, treatment 4 (T4) with 0.25cc virus and 0.75cc adjuvant, and a control for a period of 4 months, once a month IM injection in 5 group of three New Zealand rabbits with health certification prepared by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. After 15 days, blood parameters, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), mean hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells (MCH), red blood cells (RBC), average concentration of red blood cell (MCHC), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (SEG), lymphocytes (Lyn), eosinophil (Eos), aspirate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT).The results showed that ALT, AST, HCT, HGB and WBC concentrations of all rabbits significantly were difference (p < 0.05). T2 (0.5cc virus and 0.5cc adjuvant) and T3 (0.75cc virus and 0.25cc adjuvant) showed higher ALT, AST, HCT and WBCs among other treatments in all 4 blood samplings and among these treatments, T2 with lower levels of ALT and AST (indicating less pressure on the liver) and higher levels of WBCs which can lead to greater amount of neutralizing polyclonal antibodies indicated better results.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on growth parameters and hematological parameters and immune system response of Mugil cephalus larvae encountered with Photobacterium damselae. Two hundred and forty M. cephalus larvae with a mean weight of 5g were randomly divided into 12 equal groups, each containing 3 replicates. Fish were fed with diets containing 50, 100 and 200mg garlic extract/Kg of food for 8 weeks. Based on the results, significant difference was observed comparing final weight, specific growth rate (SGR), daily growth rate (DGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 100 and 200mg garlic extract/Kg of food treatments and other treatments (p<0.05). Also, in 100 mg garlic extract/Kg treatment, red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, PCV counts, globulin, total protein and albumin were significantly higher than those of control and 200mg garlic extract/Kg of food (p<0.05). The immune indices (lysozyme activity, serum total immunoglobulin (Ig) content, phagocytic activity and respiratory burst activity) significantly increased in 100mg garlic extract/Kg treatment compared to those of other treatments, especially control (p<0.05). The results revealed that treatments containing 50 and 100mg garlic extract/Kg food had the highest survival after challenging with P. damselae compared to survival of other treatments (p<0.05). In conclusion, results suggested that dietary administration of garlic extract; especially in 100mg garlic extract/Kg concentration is recommended for enhancing growth performance, nutritional function, immunity and resistance of M. cephalus larvae against the bacterium P. damselae.

Considering the increasing rate of antibiotic resistance and consequently the need for using alternative compounds to increase immunity and prevent diseases, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of Lacticaseibacillus casei on the growth indices and intestinal morphology of adult zebrafish. This study was conducted on 80 zebrafish (mean weight: 0.25±0.05 g and mean length: 2.5±0.05 cm), which were assigned to four groups with two replications. Three of the groups received L. casei at each of the concentrations of 1.5×104, 1.5×107, 1.5×108 CFU/ml, and one served as the control, which was fed with the basic diet. Samples were collected to examine the weight (W), length (TL), condition factor (CF), and intestinal morphological changes of the fish at the end of the study. The results showed that the probiotic diet boosted the weight and length of the fish compared to the control group (p>0.05). Based on these results, feeding with L. casei probiotic exerted the most potent and least impact on the growth of the fish at the concentrations of 1.5×108 CFU/ml and 1.5×107 CFU/ml, respectively. There was also a significant change in intestinal villous length after receiving the probiotic diet compared with the control group (p<0.05). However, intestinal villous length was not significantly different comparing the groups receiving different concentrations of the probiotic (p>0.05). Based on the results of this study and observed increased length of intestinal villous after being fed with L. casei, which will subsequently increase the nutrient absorption and growth of fish, it is recommended to use this probiotic at the indicated concentrations (1.5×108 CFU/ml) as a dietary supplement.

Wound healing in humans and animals, occurs with a completely complex and advanced mechanism of stages: inflammation, proliferation, repair and regeneration. So far, many health and financial costs have been incurred in human society due to a lack of timely repairs. Therefore, in modern knowledge to heal all kinds of wounds, reduce repair time and prevent infection, much consideration is paid to the use of natural treatment methods and the use of biological science. In the meantime, seas have opened up a wide range of natural medicines for us. If new pharmacological findings show positive results from aquatic effects such as sea cucumber, sea urchin, starfish, algae and their products such as alginate and chitosan, they can be introduced as antibacterial, anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, anti-protozoan and anti-fungal compounds. In these products, many repair factors have been proven such as prevention of wounds from infections caused by bacterial, fungal and viral microorganisms, ease of use of the product, cheapness and availability, the ability to clean secretions and protect the skin, prevent the growth of granular tissue and repair fast without allergenic reactions. According to studies, Sea-derived products may increase pro-inflammatory factors and inhibit inflammatory factors, thereby enhancing wound healing. These factors increase the production of cytokines in wound sites. By increasing the command of phagocytic cells, cytokines cleanse the wound and prevent infection. In addition, stimulation of keratinocyte migration to wound edges, proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts, and regulation of extracellular matrix proteins are mediated by the release of extra cytokines and growth factors.

The aim of this study was to identify different virulence pathogens using Real-Time PCR method for rapid and accurate detection of common viral diseases including Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN), Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) and Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis disease (IPN) in rainbow trout broodstock have been the main generation of reproductive populations maintained in the national plan for production the Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) fish. For this purpose, sampling was carried out on selected farms approved by the National Veterinary Organization in the provinces of Mazandaran, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad and West Azerbaijan. Sampling of fish was done in different age groups and organs and was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. RNA extraction and Real-Time PCR experiments were performed using primers for the diseases. The results obtained using Real-Time PCR testing of healthy and suspected viral fishes showed the presence of VHS and IHN viruses in a number of selected farms, while the pathogenic virus IPN not detected. Based on the results of this study, it seems that Real-Time PCR can be used as a rapid diagnostic method in screening tests for rainbow trout viruses and as a complementary method for virus detection in routine tissue culture experiments.

The COVID-19 pandemic is now spreading throughout the world affecting the agricultural activities including fish and shrimp culture sectors. Most of the shrimp producing countries particularly in South-east Asia have been affected due to the lockdown, quarantine roles and regulations ordered by the countries, which was assigned to reduce and control the COVID-19 pandemic spreading in the globe. The current establishment of the restriction and quarantine roles has significantly reduced the domestic and international transportations that can seriously affect the shrimp supply chain in the world. Further, the labor shortage, delay in shrimp harvesting and insufficient supply for the processing of shrimp in the plants are other impacts due to coronavirus outbreaks. The impacts of COVID-19 disease on world shrimp aquaculture can be numerous and is varied depending on the several factors. For instance shrimp culture in some countries such as India and Thailand could be seriously affected by insufficient SPF-shrimp broodstocks, labor shortage, transport restrictions, delayed harvesting (results in soft-shell shrimp) and uncertainty in shrimp trade whereas in other regions including Indonesia and Vietnam the Coronavirus-side effects on shrimp industry are relatively low. This review addressed the socio-economic impacts due to COVID-19 on the shrimp aquaculture sector in 2020.

An excellent alternative for chemical antimicrobial agents to prevent disease in the shrimp aquaculture is the application of effective probiotics. The present study was evaluated the effect of Bacillus vallismortis IS03 as a native probiotic, isolated from digestive tract of Litopenaeus vannamei on pathogenic Vibrio harveyi under in vitro and in vivo circumstances. Co-cultivation of V. harveyi and B. vallismortis showed significantly (P<0.05) decreased the growth of V. harveyi in the treatment groups compared to the control. Cell-free extracts of B. vallismortis IS03 exhibited more appropriate antibacterial effects on replication of V. harveyi. The highest and lowest inhibitory effects were respectively shown in108 and 106 CFU ml-1 of B. vallismortis IS03 cell-free extracts. The probiotic potential of B. vallismortis IS03 was assessed through the groups of control and the experiments 106, 107 and 108 CFU ml-1 salt water once every 3 days from zoea1 process to end point of the study. The probiotic potential of B. vallismortis IS03 was assessed through the groups of control and the experiments 106, 107 and 108 CFU ml-1 salt water once every 3 days from zoea1 process to end point of the study. Shrimp survival was determined after 10 days of challenge with V. harveyi  at 10 5 CFU ml-1 (for the first 5 days) and 10 7 CFU ml-1  (for the second 5 days).The cumulative mortality in the treatment with 108 CFU ml-1 of  B. vallismortis IS03 reached 11.88% compared to 40.63% in the control group. At the end of the trial, total bacterial counts on TSA, total vibrio on TCBS were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the 108 CFU ml-1 treatment group. Bacillus counts on MYP agar in the treatment groups were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control, also total bacterial counts was lower in the treatment groups, while, no vibrio were grown in the muscle tissues of shrimp treated with probiotics. It is concluded that 108 CFU ml-1 of probiotic, B. vallismortis IS03 has antibacterial efficiency against pathogenic V. harveyi at in vitro and in vivo conditions.

In the year 2017, Iran had fisheries production amounted to 1 million tons, of which the total aquaculture was about 300 thousand tons that 160 thousand tons of aquaculture was regarding Oncorhynchus mykiss. Increase of fish stocking density in the pond results in escalation of the number of nutrients, the stresses and incidence of diseases. Among these diseases viral diseases could be identified in the field of rearing ponds, such as Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN), Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) and Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN). Unlike other projects that sample is taken from fish tissues known as a sample, in this study each farm was selected as a research unit. According to the layout of the work based on different fields; the positive or negative result of the presence of the pathogens was recorded.  However, aquatic samples were collected from Mazandaran province and Yasuj sites, located in north and southwest of Iran, respectively. Based on the results of Mazandaran area, it was revealed that the increase of bio-safety in the pre-broodstock farms did not have a significant difference (p> 0.05) compared with the increase of immunity level or serum antibodies. This index was relatively equal in fish of other areas. Contrarily, in the pre-broodstock farms, the lysozyme value as a non-specific immunity index had a significant increase, which indicates that the upgrading of the bio-safety level can reduce stress and shift the energy directly to the production.

Aflatoxins are toxic chemicals that are produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus species of fungi. Aflatoxicosis caused by consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated feeds represents one of the serious diseases in most fish species. Due to the lack of information regarding the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on farmed Acipenser stellatus, providing practical information for rearing of A.stellatus is imperative. A. stellatus fingerlings with the mean initial weight of 7.90± 0.12 g were kept in 50 Liter tanks with 10 fish per tank in a one way through water system with well water. Fish were adapted to the rearing conditions. The experimental diets were formulated to contain 1500, 1850, 2300, 2850 and 3500 ppb AFB1 kg-1 diet. Two control diets were also considered. Fish were fed each of the experimental diets in triplicate groups three times a day for 52 days. At the end of the experimental period, there were significant effects (p<0.05) on WG%, final biomass, condition factor (CF), specific growth rate (SGR) and survival rates with the increase in aflatoxin levels in diets. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in blood parameters including WBC, RBC, HB and PCV % and also liver enzymes such as AST, ALT and ALP with the increase in aflatoxin levels in diets. 50% of fingerlings perished after 52 days of feeding at the concentration of 3500 ppb AFB1 kg-1. The results of this study revealed that Acipenser stellatus was relatively resistant to aflatoxin B1.

The use of medicinal plants can be effective in increasing the growth of aquatic organisms and to promote a non-specific immune level to increase resistance to diseases in aquaculture. Zataria multiflora, a plant of the Lamiaceae family, is an example of such medicinal plants containing mainly thymol and carvacrol, with well-known antimicrobial and anti-fungal properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different doses of thyme powder (Zataria multflora) on growth performance and serumic parameters of young common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Therefore, two hundred and forty fish, with initial weight of 20/27±5.13 g, were distributed among the treatments. Food was made with adding the powdered thyme in 4 formulations with 0 (control or Group 1), 50 (Group II), 100 (Group III) and eventually 150 ppm (Group IV) with a size of 4.3 mm. It was fed to the fish 3 to 4 times a day at a rate of 3-4% of their body weight, for 8 weeks. Specific growth rate and serumic parameters including total protein, albumin and globulin were measured and one-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences in the values of the variables studied in different treatments. Results showed that the average weight in group 3 (57/11±4/37) was significantly (p<0/05) increased compared to the control group (38/49±2/61) and other treatments. Specific growth rate followed this pattern and the average of group 3 (1/87±0/17) was significantly (p<0/05) greater than the control as the minimum value (1/08±0/14) and the other groups. There was a significant difference in the amounts of total protein (p=0/005) and globulin (p=0/017) between the 4 groups. Based on the results, powdered thyme is effective in improving growth and serumic parameters of common carp (C. carpio).

white spot disease (WSD) in shrimps causes heavy losses in shrimp farming in the country. Various studies have reported different physical and chemical factors in water for WSD incidence. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of studied risk factors in WSD incidence in shrimp culture farms in West Bahu Kalat (Southeastern Iran) by logistic regression model.

Some factors in water such as: temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH, ammonia, silica, transparency and the amount of phytoplankton and some management factors from 12 pounds of shrimp culture farms located in Sistan and Baluchestan province during two years (2010 and 2011) were measured and recorded. 1180 cultured Litopenaeus vannamei from 12 pounds were tested for identification of the white spot virus (WSV) by Nested-PCR method.

The data analysis with software (PASW Statistics 18, SPSS) showed effects of oxygen, temperature and transparency factors in incidence of WSD in the studied area.

Some risk factors were more importance than others and some risk factors had not affected the incidence of WSD in this study. It seems that WSD incidence related to some ecology of studied area and biologic of host factors are not measured in this study.