sajad papi

Bakhtiari clan and its khans made many political-military activities to get political power during the periods of Afsharid and Zand. One of the first activities is Alimoradkhan Mamivand’s uprising. This is the first uprising that happened in Iran after Nadershah's coronation. In 1148 A.H., Alimoradkhan raised up in the Middle Zagros region to remove Nadershah and return the monarchy to the Safavid dynasty. Although this uprising failed quickly, but it had important consequences in Bakhtiari region. This research, with an analytical approach, answers the basic questions: what were the grounds of Alimoradkhan's uprising and what were its consequences? The data show that Alimoradkhan raised up a great uprising in the Middle Zagros region by using Bakhtiari warriors present in Nadershah's army dissatisfaction, the people's tendency to Safavid dynasty, the Bakhtiari mountainous region, and finally the people's dissatisfaction about the economic pressures of the Afsharid government. The most important consequences of this unsuccessful and short-lived uprising were extensive losses of life and property damages to the people of the Middle Zagros region, the deportation of more than 10,000 Bakhtiari nomads to Khorasan, and planning for the widespread presence of the Bakhtiari in Nadershah's subsequent conquests, especially the conquest of Kandahar.

always been one of the controversial issues in the history of Islam. In the contemporary period, some researchers, especially some orientalists, highlighted the violent encounters of the Prophet (PBUH) with some of his opponents and accused the Prophet (PBUH) of violence. In addition to historical sources, the most important and reliable source for recognizing the behavior of the Prophet (PBUH) in relation to the opponents are the verses of the Qur'an and the interpretations and traditions related to those verses. In the meantime, Majma‘ al-Bayan fi-Tafsir al-Qur'an (compiled in 536) is one of the most important and comprehensive commentaries. This commentary is known for its comprehensiveness and fairness in examining different opinions. Therefore, the present article, relying on the interpretation of Majma‘ al-Bayan, analyzes and examines the life of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) in the face of opponents (Pagans, people of the book (Ahl al-kitāb), hypocrites (Munāfiq) and the like). The current research seeks to answer the basic question that the method of confronting the Prophet (PBUH) with the opponents was based on what principles? The findings of the research show that the behavior of the Prophet (PBUH) in dealing with opponents was based on two main strategies of interaction with opponents and confrontation with opponents (enemies) and in line with these two main strategies, the Holy Prophet also used different strategies in dealing with opponents and adversarys of Islam. These solutions have been different according to the different nature of the actions of the opponents and adversarys of Islam.

The significant role of oxidative stress in the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases, including renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, has been thoroughly studied in this research. In this study, the protective role of indole-acetic acid on antioxidant, apoptotic and histopathological parameters in a rat model of renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury were investigated.

We divided 40 rats into the following four groups (n = 10 per group): healthy control, IR control, IR + indole-acetic acid 40 mg/kg, and IR + indole-acetic acid 60 mg/kg. After two weeks, the rats were anesthetized and their kidneys were removed. The effects of indole-acetic acid on biochemical parameters [glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were measured by spectrophotometry and expression of apoptotic genes (BAX and Bcl2) using real-time RT-PCR. Tubular necrosis was evaluated using a histopathological study.

There were significant improvements in biochemical parameters (GPx), expression of the apoptotic genes (BAX) and tubular necrosis in rats treated with indole-acetic acid.

Indole-acetic acid could reduce the effects of factors involved in the pathogenesis of IR, including oxidative stress, apoptosis and tubular necrosis. It can be recommended that, indoleacetic acid may be useful for amelioration of damages caused by IR.

Renal ischemia-reperfusion can lead to acute renal failure. The use of antioxidants is a good way to reduce the damage caused by renal ischemia-reperfusion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of indole-3-acetic acid on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through its antioxidant properties in a rat model.

Forty male rats were treated for 2 weeks in four groups included (control group, ischemia-reperfusion control group, ischemia-reperfusion group with 40 mg/kg indole acetic acid treatment and ischemia-reperfusion group with 60 mg/kg indole acetic acid treatment). Then, the blood sample was taken from the heart. Serum urea and creatinine levels were measured using biochemical kits and superoxide dismutase enzyme levels were measured using photometric methods.

The results showed that ischemia-reperfusion caused a significant increase in urea )P≤0/05) and creatinine) P≤0/05) levels and a significant decrease in the level of superoxide dismutase in ischemia-reperfusion rats compared to the control group. However, indole acetic acid caused a significant decrease in serum urea) P≤0/05) and creatinine e)P≤0/05) levels and a non-significant increase in superoxide dismutase enzyme compared to the ischemia-reperfusion control group )P>0/05).

The use of indol acetic acid was involved in reducing the renal biochemical parameters of urea and creatinine, which were increased due to ischemia-reperfusion injury, and caused the level of Super oxide dismutase enzyme to increase non-significant.

Bahrain has long been the destination of many Iranian immigrants, including Bushehri immigrants due to its geographical proximity and cultural commonalities with the northern shores of the Persian Gulf, especially Bushehr port. These immigrants were always considered as one of the most effective social groups in Bahrain due to their significant population. A clear example of these immigrants is the Bushehri family. Since emigration in 1860 up to now, this family has played a significant role in various areas of Bahrain society and is considered as one of the most effective families in this country. This study seeks to consider various reasons of Bushehri people migration to Bahrain and the role of these immigrants in the developments of Bahrain society, relying on the role and the position of the Bushehri family in that country during the last two centuries (especially before the independence of this country) by taking analytical view to the library, internet, and field researches. Results indicate that in the 19th and 20th centuries factors such as the geographical proximity of Bushehr to Bahrain, the appropriate economic status of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf, and the cultural and religious similarities of these two lands, have caused the migration of many Bushehri people to Bahrain. The significant population and economic ability of these immigrants have made them important and influential social groups in various areas of Bahrain society.