zohre alizadeh

The camelthorn (Alhagi maurorum) is one of the compatible plant species with arid and semi-arid regions that is important for forage production, soil protection and medicine. This research was carried out in order to investigate the genetic diversity of camelthorn ecotypes, to determine the similarities and differences between ecotypes and to recognize the genetic structure of different camelthorn ecotypes using ISSR and SCoT markers.
 
The 22 ecotypes from different regions of North, Razavi and South Khorasan provinces were studied. The DNA was extracted by the CTAB method. The 12 ISSR and 18 SCoT primers were used in the molecular analysis.
 
The polymorphism percentages in the two markers were 99.42% and 95.42%, respectively. In the ISSR and SCoT markers, the IS5, IS8, IS10 and S2, S4, S6, S7, and S10 primers amplified the highest number of bands, respectively, and the IS1, IS2, IS3, IS6 and S1 amplified the lowest bands, respectively. In the ISSR and SCoT markers, the IS6 (0.44) and S12 (0.44) primers had the highest PIC value, respectively, and the IS4 (0.09) and S1(0.04) primers had the lowest PIC value. In the ISSR marker, the IS6 primer had the highest and the IS2, and IS10 primers had the lowest Nei genetic diversity index and Shannon information index, respectively. In the SCoT marker, the S14 primer had the highest, and the S1 primer had the lowest Nei genetic diversity index and Shannon information index, respectively. The cluster analysis classified the ecotypes into three groups. The molecular analysis of variance showed that the 9%, 14% and 91%, 86% of the total genetic variation were related to the within and between groups in ISSR and SCoT markers, respectively.
 
This study demonstrated the accuracy of the ISSR and SCoT markers in identifying high levels of polymorphism and was appropriate for investigating the genetic diversity amongst camelthorn ecotypes. The IS6 and S12, and S14 primers were recognized as the best primers in this study, and it is suggested that these primers be considered in future studies. In total, the results showed that the diversity within populations was higher than the diversity between populations, which indicates that the geographical distribution does not follow of genetic diversity in the camelthorn plant.

 Wheat is one of the most important and strategic plants that is important because of nutritional value. The knowledge of genetic control and inheritance of yield components is essential to selecting the best breeding method. Therefore, comprehensive and accurate information about the genetic parameters controlling yield components should be considered in deciding to select the appropriate breeding method to maximum grain yield.

 The seven genotypes, including Alvand, Anfaram9, Chamran2, Back Cross-Roshan, Ofogh, goods and local variety Sorkh-Dane and 21 hybrids from them was studied in a 7 × 7 one-way Diallel designs during 2015-2016.

 Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes. Griffing's diallel analysis showed that the general and specific combining ability was significant in all traits. The best genotypes were BC-Roshan and Sorkh-Dane and the worst genotypes were Ofogh and Ghods because of general combing ability. BC-Roshan × Chamran2 and Alvand × Ghods were the best hybrids and Ofogh × BC-Roshan, Ofogh × Sorkh-Dane and Anfarm9 × BC-Roshan were the worst hybrids in most traits. Hayman's variance analysis showed that the additive and non-additive component of variance were significant in all of the traits. Based on Hayman's variance analysis, the heterosis (b1 component was significant) and unequal frequency of dominant and recessive alleles (b2 component was significant) were seen in most traits. Based on Hayman's variance analysis, the specific combining ability (b3 component was significant) of all traits was significant and emphasized the results of Griffing analysis. The results of this research indicate that for the introduction of a new variety or varieties in the Southern Khorasan region, it is recommended to use the local variety Sorkh-Dane in crossing in the figure. 

 The present study showed that although the local cultivar Sorkh-Daneh does not have a high economic yield, but it has a high general and specific combining ability in mating with other cultivars. Therefore, it is recommended to use this local cultivar in mating with other cultivars so as not to be forgotten.

The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of water stress and silver nanoparticles on morphological traits of some saffron ecotypes. The experiment was done in form of split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design format in three replications at research farm of Birjand University with two levels including full and low water irrigation on 10 ecotypes of saffron and at three levels of silver nanoparticles including control treatment (distille water), 55 and 110 ppm. The traits such as germination date (germination), the number of germinated corm, the number of tillers, the number of leaves, leaf length, the pods length and leaf width were measured. The best date of emergence and the largest number of paws in complete irrigation treatment was observed under distilled water treatment (control). The highest number of corm germinated was observed in irrigated conditions at 55 ppm of silver nanoparticles in the Qaeen ecotype. The highest leaf length was observed under drought stress in the treatment with distilled water (control). The largest number of leaves and leaf width were observed under drought stress at 55 ppm of silver nanoparticles. According to the obtained results of this study, some of the traits at the conditions of drought stress under the silver nanoparticles with a concentration of 55 ppm and some of the traits in the full irrigation and lack of use of silver nanoparticles had the best performance, which it could be said that probably, in stress dryness, the amount of ethylene increases. Some of the obtained results of this study can be related to the effect of silver in preventing ethylene activity.

IntroductionSalinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that makes large areas of arable lands substantially or partially unproductive (Ashraf and McNeilly, 2004) and generally causes slowed plant growth rate, smaller leaves, reduced plant height and economic yield (Steppuhn and Raney, 2005). Two oilseed amphidiploids Brassica species including canola (Brassica napusL.) and Indian mustard (B. junceaL.) are relatively salt tolerant amongst oilseed crops. This experiment was conducted to evaluate seed yield, oil yield and yield components of two spring canola cultivars (Hyola 401 & RGS003) and Indian mustard and to compare these genotypes under irrigation with different salinity levels.
Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design (due to lack of uniformity of the light) with three replications in the Research Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, University of Birjand, in 2015. The first factor consisted of four salinity levels including 1.9 (Hoagland solution as control), 5, 10 and 15 dS/m (NaCl in Hoagland solution) and the second one was genotype consisting of two spring canola cultivars (Hyola401 and RGS003) and Indian mustard landrace. The medium was sand culture in pots with 8 plants per 0.123 m2square-sahped cross section pot. Pots were irrigated from planting to emergence stage with distilled water and thereafter with Hogland solution using gravity drip irrigation system. At four-leaf stage, by adding sodium chloride to Hoagland solution, salinity stress was gradually started and continued until the end of maturity. At the end of every two weeks, pots were leached to avoid excessive accumulation of salts. At physiological maturity for each genotye, two randomized selected plants were harvested from each pot to determine seed yield and yield components. Seed oil percentage was measured using Soxhlet extractor (AOAC, 1990) and oil yield was calculated with multiplication of seed oil percentage by seed yield. Seed protein percentage was determined by the Kjeldahl method (Licitra et al., 1996). Data analysis and statistical calculations were done using SPSS and EXCEL softwares. Mean comparisons were accomplished according to FLSD Test, at 5% probability level.
Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance on data demonstrated that the main effect of salinity and genotype on protein percentage and interaction effects of salinity and genotype were not significant on biological yield, while on all other traits were significant at 1% probability level. Results showed that by rising irrigation salinity up to 15 dS/m, amongst all seed and oil yield components the greatest and lowest significant reduction percentage compared to the control, were observed with the number of fertile pods per plant and seed oil percentage , respectively. Mean comparison of evaluated traits illustrated that Hyola 401 had the lowest amount of number of pods per plant and fertile pods per plant and possesed the highest amount of traits including 1000- seed weight and seed oil percentage which were significantly different from those of RGS003 and Indian mustard. Indian mustard in response to different salinity levels, with significant difference in comparison to canola cultivars, showed the lowest amount of evaluated traits including seed number per pod, 1000- seed weight and biological yield. RGS003, with significant difference in comparison to other genotypes, had the highest biological yield. The lowest seed yield of all genotypes was observed with the highest salinity level with a reduction of 73.31, 55.15 and 67.61 percent relative to control, which were achieved with Hyola 401, RGS003 and Indian mustard, respectively. There were not significant differences in oil yield between genotypes in salinity level of 15 dS/m, whereas in other levels Hyola 401 indicated a significant advantage. Correlation analysis of different traits showed that the most effect of salinity on oil yield in canola cultivars and Indian mustard was related to seed yield (r= 0.97**), biological yield (r= 0.75**), 1000- seed weight (r= 0.76**), number of seeds per pod (r= 0.74**), oil percentage (r= 0.64**) and harvest index (r= 0.59**).
ConclusionAmong the applied salinity treatments, the salinity level of 15 dS/m had the greatest effect on reducing studied traits. Seed and oil yield of Hyola 401 in comparison to two other genotypes showed significant advantage in low levels of salinity. However increased salinity level, resulted in a downward turn in yield differences, so that, at 15 dS/m no significant differences were observed.