interpretive-structural modeling

Therefore, the purpose of this article is to design a sustainable project management model based on fuzzy screening and structural-interpretive modeling in Khatam-al-Anbia camp. The statistical population of this research includes ten experts who are familiar with the subject of the research and experts and project managers in Khatam-ul-Anbia camp. From this community, 118 managers and experts have been determined as a statistical sample. Three questionnaires were used to collect data. Fuzzy screening methods, exploratory factor analysis and structural-interpretive modeling have been used to analyze the data. The results of fuzzy screening show that out of the total of 43 factors affecting sustainable project management, 13 factors have been removed and 30 factors have been approved by experts. Also, the results of exploratory factor analysis show that 30 factors affecting sustainable project management can be classified into six main components. Finally, the findings of the structural-interpretive modeling section show that the identification of the project's capabilities and framework as the basis of the sustainable project management model is the most influential component of the compiled model, and the project managers of Khatam-al-Anbia camp to achieve management Sustainable projects should pay serious attention to this component. Also, the main component of implementation has been determined as the most influential main component of the model.

Among the ineffective management styles, there is a style and manner that, in terms of insight and precision, exhibits excessive attention to detail. In terms of managerial decision, it is known as micromanagement. The managers who adopt this style, lack flexibility and agility to change, and sometimes, due to lack of foresight and excessive micro-vision, They put the organization in trouble. Therefore, this current research aims to present the emergence model of micromanagement and how it was formed using interpretive structural modeling methods. 

This research is based on a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research with a sequential exploratory design in the analogical inductive paradigm. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose, employing content analysis in the qualitative phase, and survey method in the quantitative phase. The statistical community of research consists of experts, and its sample members have been selected using Snowball sampling method based on the principle of theoretical adequacy.  The information-gathering tool in the qualitative part of the interview is a semi-structured interview the validity and reliability of which were tested usingthe content method, theoretical validity, and encoder and mediator reliability. Moreover, the tool for gathering information in the quantitative part is a questionnaire the validity and reliability of which were measured using content validity method and retest reliability methods.

The results of the test, based on identification of micromanagement components and presenting a model for how to form this ineffective style indicate that the micromanagement model in this research had four main levels based on formation platforms, correlated and interferer factors, the main factors of micromanagement, and its consequences. The findings indicate that the short-sightedness, a lack of forward-looking culture, a culture based on limited rationality, fast feedback syndrome, a narrow-minded personality, low motivation for change, poisonous effect of success, management based on satisfactory solution, non-learning management, structural pressure, intellectual stagnation, closed communication, displacement of principals and subordinates, and a lack of systemic thinking cause the emergence of micromanagement in organizations.

Providing appropriate public services plays a vital role in improving public efficacy and governance quality. In this context, leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) in public administration can enhance decision-making quality in the public sector, improve the efficacy of public service delivery to citizens, and increase their satisfaction with governance. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the functions of AI in enhancing the quality of public services. Based on a review of scientific literature in the field of AI functionalities and using thematic analysis, 11 fundamental AI functions for improving administrative systems were identified. In the next phase, the identified functions were structured into four levels using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method. Among these, data-driven decision-making facilitation in the public sector emerged as the foundational function at the fourth level, recognized as the most critical AI functionality for enhancing administrative efficacy. Additionally, functions such as improving service quality and economic productivity, reducing the costs of ill-informed decisions, and enhancing transparency, accountability, and public trust were identified as the primary outcomes of AI, categorized at the first level. Furthermore, functionalities including process automation and intelligence, leveraging collective intelligence and increased citizen engagement, personalized service delivery, enhancing the quality and intelligence of human resource management, intelligent diagnosis in public service delivery, and enabling inter-organizational smart interaction were identified as pivotal variables with leverage effects in achieving AI-driven administrative efficacy and public service delivery.

which has informational content and is used by investors in financial analysis and forecasting. Investors can predict stock returns based on risk factors.Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to identify and stratify the factors that determine risk affecting the stock returns of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The identification of risk determinants was carried out with the qualitative content analysis method of the research background and semi-structured interviews based on the theoretical saturation technique with 18 professors of accounting, financial management and economics. The validity and reliability of the interviews were confirmed by the method of relative content validity and Cohen's kappa index, respectively. Coding of interviews using MAXQDA software led to the identification of 12 risk determining factors. In order to stratify the identified risk determining factors, the opinions of 61 middle and senior managers of the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange were used with the purposeful sampling method and with the help of a questionnaire. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using content validity and test-post-test method. The factors identified by the interpretive structural method led to the formation of seven levels, the most effective macroeconomic factors and the most effective liquidity and financial reporting factors. modeling the factors that determine the risk affecting stock returns can lead to reducing the theoretical gap of the research and inform managers, investors and policy makers about the importance of the most influential factors so that by strengthening these factors they can invest.

Today, creative tourism is one of the most important ways to improve the economic status of cities, but despite the benefits of developing this model of tourism, its implementation is not easy and there are numerous challenges to its realization. In this regard, the city of Nain is one of the urban areas that, despite benefiting from various forms of tourism, namely historical, agricultural, natural, handicrafts and physical, and allocating a share of the city's economy to this activity, faces challenges in various dimensions in realizing creative tourism. Therefore, the present study aims to identify and model the challenges of creative tourism in the city of Nain, to form the basis for proper policy and decision-making by the authorities in this field, and ultimately to remove the obstacles to realizing creative tourism in the city.

The research type is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the research consists of two levels including officials, city managers and city tourism activists, and academic experts and specialists. The sampling method is judgmental and the sample size for the first group is 17 people in the form of semi-structured interviews based on theoretical saturation and for the second group, 10 people in the form of questionnaires. The data collection method is field-based and its tool is semi-structured interviews in the field of creative tourism challenges and a questionnaire developed by the researcher in the field of modeling creative tourism challenges. To design the interview protocol, after reviewing the relevant literature, the PESTEL technique was used to design questions. Pairwise comparisons between factors were used to design researcher-made questionnaires. Thematic analysis was used to analyze data in the stage of identifying creative tourism challenges and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) was used to model creative tourism challenges.

The results of the interviews revealed 39 challenges of creative tourism in the city, which were divided into 17 subcategories, including "presence of various types of pollution in the city's tourism space", "excessive use of the city's pristine and natural space", "ignorance of local customs and traditions", "lack of use of traditional elements in the recreation of urban spaces", "lack of motivation and willingness to invest", "weakness of government finances in supporting various tourism sectors", "lack of concerned managers in the tourism sector", "divergence of tourism sector managers and lack of teamwork", "lack of necessary tools for guidance and advertising", "lack of primary tourism infrastructure", "weakness of executive management of the tourism sector", "lack of training, preparation and accompanying the host community in tourism activities", "lack of necessary preparation for tourists to familiarize themselves with the culture of the local community", "lack of educational and specialized centers in the tourism sector", "lack of interactions and communications with tourism sector activists in all parts of the country and the world", "ignorance of the city's tourism capacities", "Lack of planning to implement traditional and local ceremonies continuously throughout the year" and 9 main categories including "Existence of environmental pollutants and damage to nature tourism", "Forgetting the original culture and identity of the city", "Lack of a sustainable tourism economy", "Lack of a unified policy and strategy in the field of tourism", "Lack of facilities, equipment and services in the field of tourism", "Lack of creative and convergent management", "Lack of culture and trust building for the local community and tourists", "Lack of specialized and practical training", "Lack of a comprehensive tourism package to offer" were categorized. Next, in order to more accurately analyze the challenges of the city's creative tourism, their interpretative structural model was drawn and the position of each challenge was examined in it.

The present study has identified and modeled the challenges of creative tourism in the city of Nain. The results of the theoretical study of the research show that creative tourism is a type of tourism that distinguishes and develops the creative experiences of tourists and prioritizes sustainability. However, there have always been obstacles and challenges to the sustainability of this type of tourism, which include infrastructure challenges such as the lack of adequate and suitable accommodation and amenities, as well as a weak structure for creating jobs, inadequate education, lack of smart technologies, lack of guidelines, and inadequate training. On the other hand, comparing the research findings with theoretical foundations shows that Nain city is one of the urban areas that, despite benefiting from various forms of tourism and allocating a share of the city's economy to this activity, faces challenges in the field of creative tourism, including the lack of specialized training centers in various fields of tourism, a shortage of specialized personnel in the field of tourism, the lack of facilities and equipment necessary for the development of city tourism, lack of investment in various tourism affairs, and the weakness and incompetence of tourism sector managers. These challenges can hinder the path of creative and dynamic economic formation and ultimately the sustainable development of the city's tourism. Therefore, the results of the present study show that there are several challenges in the development of creative tourism in this city. The output of the structural model showed that the challenge of lack of creative and convergent management is the most important of all challenges; Because experts believe that the lack of creative and convergent management in the city of Nain has led to the lack of support from senior city managers for the tourism sector, the lack of alignment between executive institutions and the private sector in this area, the lack of a real and concerned custodian in the city's tourism sector, and the inability of executive managers to actualize the city's existing capacities and capabilities in the tourism sector.

The research aims to identify and analyze the factors affecting the development and internationalization of academic digital entrepreneurship in Iran and design a conceptual framework for it. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 22 experts (faculty members and government administrators) in this field and 37 determinants were identified. The factors were categorized into six groups education, ecosystem, infrastructure, government, university, and international affairs. The method of this research is mixed (qualitative-quantitative), and thematic analysis and interpretive structural modeling methods have been used as statistical methods. The research software used in the qualitative section, which includes thematic analysis and factor coding, is MaxQDA2020, and the quantitative section, which contains the interpretive structural modeling, ISM matrix, and MICMAC analysis is MS Excel. Based on the results, the relationship between dimensions was determined and a conceptual framework with four levels was presented. The groups of education, ecosystem, and international affairs were placed at the first level, the government dimension at the second, the university at the third, and the infrastructure at the fourth level. MICMAC analysis was also reported for all dimensions and the dimensions were placed in one of the four variable groups based on the degree of influence and the degree of dependence, which according to the diagram of the dimensions of education, government, university, and international affairs are linkage quadrants, the infrastructure as the most key factor or driver quadrant and finally the ecosystem were reported as the dependent quadrant.

The industrial development is directly related to its knowledge and skills. Therefore, improving the capabilities of graduates is a critical issue for any national higher education system. In this regard, the training provided is necessary in accordance with the requirements of the labor market and industry. Effective engagements between industry and higher education can play a vital role in training competent graduates who are able to start new businesses and create jobs.The purpose of the present study is to identify and level the factors affecting higher education based on industry needs in Islamic Azad University. The research method is applied in terms of purpose, and from the point of view of collecting data, it is of mixed type. The sampling method is purposeful in both qualitative and quantitative sections. The statistical population included the faculty members of Islamic Azad University, the Damavand branch, and managers and activists of industries in Damavand city. In the qualitative section, the data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, and in the interpretive structural modeling section, the main data collection tool was a questionnaire. The results of the qualitative part showed that twelve factors include employability skills training, curriculum development, industrial partnerships, educational planning and development, entrepreneurial, legal and legal culture, government support, policymaking, finance, infrastructure, HR policies development, Educational and research policies have an impact on higher education based on industry needs in Islamic Azad University. Based on the results of interpretative structural modeling, the most dependence was in the variables of HR development policies and educational policies. Meanwhile, the industrial partnerships had less dependence and the highest role.

Decision-making is the essence of management and a key factor in the success of individuals, organizations, and societies. Moreover, unlike many managerial and governance issues that are purely procedural, decision-making is directly influenced by doctrinal and value-based teachings. While numerous studies in the fields of Islamic management and governance have addressed this area, the lack of a holistic and structured perspective has led to fragmentation and a lack of synergy among these studies. The primary aim of this research is to meta-study previous studies to present a comprehensive and integrated depiction of the dimensions of Islamic decision-making, thereby identifying the major trends within this knowledge domain. Based on this objective, the central research question is: how can the dimensions and themes of Islamic decision-making be systematically categorized to clearly identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of these studies and uncover gaps in this research field? The methodology of this study is grounded in a systematic review. To this end, the researcher, along with a team of experts, first developed a systematic review protocol. Peer-reviewed scholarly articles in Persian, English, and Arabic were selected as the scope of the review. Two search strategies were employed: a keyword-based strategy and a source-oriented strategy. For the keyword-based strategy, a set of terms related to Islamic decision-making, including religious decision-making, was selected and searched in the three target languages across eight relevant academic databases. For the source-oriented strategy, seven journals focused on Islamic decision-making were comprehensively examined. As a result of these two strategies, a total of 11,159 scientific works were reviewed. After removing duplicates, invalid, or irrelevant works through several stages of screening, 395 scientific works remained within the scope of the study. The findings indicate that the body of knowledge on Islamic decision-making consists of ten fundamental themes: critical meta-paradigmatic foundationalism, affirmative theorizing, refinement of intra-paradigmatic theories, limitation of applied theories, commercialization of theories, stylistics of Islamic decision-making, operational biography research, community-nation experience documentation, and the integration of these axes. The key results show that each theme plays a distinct role in explaining and advancing the paradigm of Islamic decision-making. Strengths of these studies include linking Islamic theories to contemporary scientific theories, laying the groundwork for applied research, and developing Islamic decision-making knowledge at the international level. Conversely, notable weaknesses include insufficient focus on theory-centric approaches, repetition of topics, and a lack of robust methodology in applied studies. Finally, the research offers a conceptual model for the synergy and integration of these works. Using interpretive structural modeling, the relationships and roles of each trend within the framework of Islamic decision-making knowledge were clarified. This model emphasizes the foundational role of critical meta-paradigmatic foundationalism and affirmative theorizing, highlighting their prevalence in the pre-scientific stage of Islamic management knowledge. It also identifies four practical axes—commercialization of theories, stylistics, operational biography research, and community-nation experience documentation—as pivotal in making Islamic decision-making knowledge more applicable. In conclusion, theoretical and practical recommendations aligned with systematic review standards were provided.

In the digital era, users and customers can affect a brand and its different dimensions by creating various contents on social media. One of such effects is brand loyalty. This study aims to develop a model for brand loyalty through user-generated content on social media by analyzing whether such contents can influence other users to become loyal to a brand. For this purpose, research synthesis methods were employed to review the research literature and extract important factors. The extracted factors included user-generated content, word-of-mouth advertising, brand identity, brand association, brand image, brand equity, competitive advantage, brand trust, customer satisfaction, and brand loyalty. The interpretive structural modeling (ISM) expertise method was then adopted to analyze the relationships between factors and extract a model for the effects of user-generated content on brand loyalty. According to the research findings, some suggestions and insights were made for marketing managers of companies to benefit from the research results. JEL Classification: M15 , M31 , L82 , N30.

This research aims to rank the dimensions of the organizational culture model based on Islamic resistance in the school of Martyr Haj Qasem Soleimani using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). This study follows a mixed-method approach (qualitative and quantitative) and is developmental-applied in its objective, utilizing a survey methodology. The data collection method combines both library research and field studies, employing documents, expert interviews, and questionnaires as tools.The statistical population of this research includes university professors, experts in the field of Islamic resistance culture, senior managers of the governorate, and comrades of Martyr Soleimani, selected through purposive sampling, estimated at 21 individuals. Data analysis in this study was conducted using NVIVO version 11, EXCEL version 2019, and SPSS version 26 software.The qualitative data collected resulted in the extraction of 99 initial codes, 33 basic themes, and 11 organizing themes. The results indicate that the 11 themes of the organizational culture model based on Islamic resistance in the school of Martyr Haj Qasem Soleimani in the governorate of Sistan and Baluchestan are categorized into three levels. The most influential themes identified are: "strategy-oriented culture," "culture of promoting Islamic values," "commitment-oriented culture," "culture of resistance and perseverance," and "culture of participation and cooperation." The most impacted themes include: "justice-oriented culture," "ethical culture," "culture of accepting criticism," and "culture of Jihad and revolutionary spirit."

By changing the approach of the budgeting system in the Ministry of ICT to the performance-based budgeting approach, the possibility of performance-based payment, was provided. Despite the use of this method, the goal of using was not achieved. This research by interviews with 15 experts and specialists in the field of human resources,and based on the interpretive structural approach and using the theme analysis method and the MICMAC the requirements for the design and implementation of the performance-based payment model was analyzed. Based on the research findings, 6 components of "organization readiness", "effective interaction and communication", "transparent procedures", "fair system design", "legal procedures" and "documented procedures" were identified as performance-based payment requirements. Based on the drawing of the interaction network model between the components of 4 levels of components, the organizational readiness component at the fourth level was identified as one of the requirements and factors of financial stability and stability, collaborative management style and agile and flexible organizational structure as the themes of this component. The component of effective interaction and communication with high influence and leadership was identified as the most effective and the least affected of other components with the themes of informing the processes, getting feedback from the experience of employees, the existence of program liaisons and holding feedback meetings. 2 components of legal and documented procedures were identified as dynamic components in the model. The components of fair system design and transparent procedures had the most dependence and the least effect on other components.

The aim of this study is to identify and analyze the relationships between strategic environmental factors affecting the capital market, highlighting the importance of understanding them in the dynamics of the capital market. 

This research is both developmental-applied in terms of its purpose and mixed-method in terms of data collection. The participants in the qualitative and quantitative sections of the study include 16 senior managers and experts from the Tehran Stock Exchange and over-the-counter (OTC) market, selected based on theoretical, purposive, and accessibility sampling methods until theoretical saturation. The components of the model were identified, categorized, and determined through content analysis and semi-structured interviews with experts, and then their relationships and levels were established using the interpretive-structural modeling approach. The validity ratio of the model’s indices was assessed and evaluated through content validity. 

The findings of the qualitative section indicate that the strategic environmental factors in the capital market consist of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors, along with 81 indices and 15 factors. According to the findings of the quantitative section, "regional political-economic conditions," "economic policies," "dominant political conditions," and "environmental conditions" are the most influential factors on other factors in the capital market, while "government business regulations on the capital market" and "regulations related to the capital market" are in the second tier of influence. On the other hand, "corporate regulations in the capital market" and "economic factors related to companies in the capital market" are the most affected by environmental factors. 

These findings and the model suggest that managers should improve the capital market through political factors, and investors should focus on macroeconomic and political events when planning.

Considering the nature of the technology of software robots such as Chat GPT and their relationship with processing, retrieving and communicating knowledge and information, one of the areas that are affected by them is the field of higher education. This research has been done with the aim of identifying the key challenges of using Chat GPT in higher education and the upcoming opportunities for it as one of the artificial intelligence technologies. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and the implementation process is such that first the challenges related to the subject are identified based on the literature review and then to reach the importance, leveling and connections between the challenges raised in the use of Chat GPT using the structural modeling method. Various challenges in the field of using Chat GPT in higher education, including incorrect information and low reliability, plagiarism, inequality of hardware and software equipment, lack of skills and knowledge of professors and students, lack of skills and knowledge of professors and students, the lack of application in some sciences, and the lack of emotional relationship between chatbots and humans were widely discussed. The results of the research showed that the challenge of inequality of hardware and software equipment and lack of skills, knowledge of professors and students at the first level, the challenge of incorrect information, low reliability and plagiarism at the second level and the challenge of lack of application in some sciences and lack of emotional relationship at the third level were placed.

With the advent of new technologies, the fourth industrial revolution has caused change and transformation in the manufacturing and service industries of leading countries.

This study seeks to provide an appropriate model for achieving sustainable development, as well as identifying the factors affecting sustainable development with the approach of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

In this study, we tried to identify and categorize the obstacles to sustainable development as well as the opportunities of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 in order to create sustainable development by examining the literature and the opinion of experts during the Delphi technique. Then, the interpretive structural modeling approach was used to level and determine the relationships between stability barriers. In the next step, the opportunities of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 were ranked by the fuzzy AHP method.

In the proposed model of this study, barriers to sustainability in five dimensions of economic, social, environmental, technical and political and opportunities of the fourth industrial revolution in five dimensions of technology and information, environmental, managerial and economic, social and organizational and supply chain management were extracted.

The results of this study showed that political, technical and economic barriers have the greatest impact on sustainability and sustainable development in industry, respectivelyand environmental and social dimensions have the greatest impact on political and technical barriers, respectively. Alsoamong the opportunities of the Industrial Revolution 4.0the information and technological opportunities of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 have the highest rank and the supply chain management has the lowest rank.

In the last few decades, several studies have emphasized the necessity of facilitating creativity in higher education and academic environments. However, researchers have rarely studied reflective creativity and how the university institution can creatively reflect on its procedures and activities and evaluate and revise them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and analyze the strategies for realizing reflective creativity in academic environments.

This research is based on purpose, applied and based on method, exploratory mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The potential participants of the present study included university professors and elites with significant expertise and scientific experience in the field of creativity in higher education. In the qualitative part, the data collection method were semi-structured interviews which was conducted with 25 interviewees using the purposeful sampling method of opting for key experts type and theoretical saturation as a criterion. Also, in the quantitative section, 9 experts responded to the researcher-made questionnaire extracted from the qualitative section using the focus group method. Finally, We employed thematic analysis in the qualitative part qualitative part and the ISM approach in the quantitative part for data analysis.

The results of the qualitative part showed that the strategies for realizing reflective creativity in the university included: 1. Establishing institutional research offices; 2. futurology; 3. Acceptance of pluralism in different dimensions; 4. Free circulation of knowledge and information; 5. Supporting critique and theorizational chairs; 6. Holding open tribune; and 7. designing local creative evaluation systems. The results of the quantitative section also showed that according to experts, the identified strategies are placed in five levels. so strategies 5 and 6 as driver variables at level four; Strategies 1 and 4 as linkage variables at level three; And strategies 2, 3 and 7 were placed as dependent variables at levels two and one.

This research has made it possible to better understand the issue and adopt appropriate policies and measures to realize reflective creativity in academic environments by identifying the strategies and leveling and determining the relationships between them.

The motivation of employees and the attention to the factors influencing it, is on old organizational issue in the field of organizational behavior management, attracting many intellectual and practical consideration and efforts towards the knowledge and practice of management. With the aim of improving the motivation of employees through the presentation of the structural-interpretive model of motivation, this research was carried out in Electric Power Distribution Company in Ilam. First, employing Everett Lee's pull and push factors, the attractions and repulsions of work life affecting the motivation of employees were explored by conducting 17 semi-structured interviews with managers and employees of the company. The qualitative data derived from the interviews were analyzed by thematic analysis. Then, focusing on the 25 identified solutions for improving employees’ motivation, the motivational process model and its stages were presented using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method. Derived from the findings of the research, the attractions and repulsions of 5 main themes in the form of employees’ interactions (employees' relations with managers and employees), organizational environment (internal and external environment), organizational structure, organizational systems (service compensation, training and development, career system and ...), and organizational culture were identified. Subsequently, the identified solutions were classified using the method of interpretative structural modeling according to the relationship between precedence and subordination. The findings indicated that it is necessary to take measures such as strategic planning, career redesigning, process redesigning, organizational structure redesigning, and organization value statement more than other components to improve employees motivation.

Understanding cash flows plays an important role in the study of businesses, as cash flows have a key impact on a company's economic performance. The aim of this research is to identify the factors and indicators influencing cash flows in power plant projects. This study is applied in purpose and employs a library and descriptive research methodology for data collection. Influential factors on cash flows have been identified based on a literature review, and then the relationships between these factors have been determined and analyzed integratively using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) methodology. Finally, through MICMAC analysis, the factors have been assessed based on their influence and susceptibility to other factors. In relation to the factors affecting cash flows, six dimensions were identified: organizational factors, managerial factors, technological factors, economic factors, legal factors, and political factors. Eighteen indicators were recognized in relation to these dimensions. The results indicate that political and legal factors have the greatest influence over other factors, and any improvement in cash flows necessitates reforms in these two areas.