spatial distribution

The COVID-19 outbreak began in late 2019 and rapidly spread globally. The main objective of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of the coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city.

Methods and Material: 

The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Spatial statistics methods in Arc GIS software were used to analyze the results. The data collection method was library-based, and the statistical population of the study consisted of individuals infected with coronavirus disease in the five districts of Ardabil city in 2020. Statistical methods including central mean, standard deviation ellipse, and nearest neighbor analysis were used to investigate disease distribution patterns.

The results show that the spatial distribution of coronavirus disease in different districts of Ardabil city was heterogeneous. In district one, the values are (z-score: 7.72) and (p-value: 0.000), and the distribution of patients was observed as dispersed and regular with a high concentration in the central part of the city. In district two, the values are (z-score: -4.96) and (p-value: 0.00001), showing a clustered pattern with the disease spreading from southwest to northeast. In district three, the values are (z-score: -0.52) and (p-value: 0.6013), and the distribution of patients was random in the northeast direction. In district four, the values are (z-score: -1.96) and (p-value: 0.094), with a clustered distribution of patients from south to north. In district five, the values are (z-score: -3.24) and (p-value: 0.0011), exhibiting a clustered pattern spreading from east to west.

With the importance of finding the spatial dimension of phenomena, their spatial distribution has become one of the important topics in the field of urban and regional planning. Today, various issues have affected the cities. Its fashion and spatial dimensions are among these issues. One of the effective causes in changing the nature of markets and its businesses is the issue of fashion. Globalization and the power of production have caused fashion to play an important role in the economy and transform it from a local issue to an industry based on the global division of labor.In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the prevalence and distribution pattern of women's hair salons (as one of the examples of fashion) in District 9 of Mashhad. According to the purpose of the study, this research is descriptive-analytical. For this purpose, by studying the documents related to the topic, a conceptual model was developed. Further, by referring to the guild system of Mashhad city, the location of all women's hairdressing salons was identified. At this stage, 1237 women's hairdressing salons were identified in the 9th district of Mashhad city, and by using the address, they were spatialized and a database was formed in the ARC-GIS environment. In this database, in addition to their location, the time of establishment (in terms of year, month and day) was determined. Further, using spatial statistics models such as center of gravity, the spatial distribution of hairdressing salons and its relationship with the spatial distribution of the female population were investigated for distribution. Then, by using hot spot analysis models and the "time cube" model, the specialized ranks of barbershops and their geographic distribution in terms of time were shown in the form of 16 separate patterns, and based on that, the distribution of barbershops in space was modeled. Also, using The coefficients of autocorrelation and its changes were identified based on the scatter diagram, the stable and unstable ranges of barbershops in the spatial area of the region. Finally, by using variables such as population distribution, land price and the presence of barbershops in space, the role of each Actions were taken to continue the activity of barbershops. In the first step, through documentary studies, the concepts and ideas related to spatial diffusion were collected and the conceptual model of the research was compiled. In the next step, while collecting the information of each hairdressing salon, create a location information database in the ARC-GIS environment. In this database, the location of all hair salons was determined on the map of Mashhad. Also, by using population layers and spatialization of land-rent price and using spatial analysis models (such as space-time cube, hot-cold spots, center of gravity and distribution direction) and statistical models (such as scatter correlation coefficient) the issue was analyzed. . The results showed that 59% of hair salons (with an average activity of 2.3 years) were closed during the period under investigation. The criteria related to the stability of hairdressing salons showed that the population index (absolutely) and land price (relatively) do not have a significant effect on the continuation of their activity, while the number of hairdressing salons in a location (presence threshold) is more related to their stability. In total, Chaharcheshmeh, Honrestan, Sarafarazan and Rezashahr neighborhoods were identified as the most stable areas for the activity of barbershops. Complementary results showed that the spread of barbershops occurs in three stages, and in the meantime, the approach of barbershops is changing from the pattern of access for everyone to the desire for special situations. It seems that "branding" plays an important role in this change. Finally, by carefully looking at the distribution of hair salons in the 9th district of Mashhad, the pattern of their distribution in space can be modeled as follows:• The first stage: high concentration of barbershops in the core of their creation at the beginning of the period• Second stage: Spatial diffusion of hairdressing salons from the primary core in the entire range and not tending to become nucleated in a specific location• The third stage: tending to the decentralization of barbershops and gathering in specific areas at the end of the period (currently)In fact, this pattern can show the important point that the desire of barbershop managers has changed from the pattern of "barbershop accessible to everyone" to "barbershop branding" over time.The effort of the present study was to depict a part of the hidden dimensions of the diffusion layers of women's hair salons (as one of the examples of the fashion fields) in the urban space. The importance of this topic is significant from two perspectives: first) that the subject of fashion and its spatial reflections have inadvertently invaded the atmosphere of cities and localities, and second) the manner of its dissemination in the space, the lack of attention to these special cultural and economic reflections It will carry space. This study showed that the spatial distribution of hair salons in the 9th district of Mashhad is moving from the pattern of "access for all" to the pattern of "tendency to special situations". In this process, "branding" seems to have a prominent role. The findings indicate that branding in the space does not aim to make services accessible to everyone, but tries to draw attention to itself by establishing itself in special situations while gaining special status and value. This can happen through being "seen", "known" and "surpassed". On the other hand, the findings showed that fierce competitive conditions have cast a shadow on fashion spaces, such that, meanwhile, a large part of these spaces were able to compete and were forced to close. This study showed that the activity in this field is accompanied by many risks for the stability of the activity, which failure to pay attention to it can face serious challenges to its operators.

Population growth in cities worldwide, particularly in developing countries, is recognized as a prominent and prevailing phenomenon of the modern era. However, this population growth is expected to decline in the coming decades as generational renewal rates decrease, leading to an aging population. These demographic changes have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to introduce the concepts of "active aging" and "age-friendly cities," which have now gained widespread attention in urban planning practices. This study investigates and analyzes the spatial distribution pattern of the elderly population in Qom. The necessity of this research arises from the increasing elderly population, which demands more precise and suitable urban planning for this age group. Neglecting the spatial distribution and specific needs of the elderly can result in social inequalities and a lower quality of life for this population. By utilizing objective data, software tools, and spatial analysis models, this research created and analyzed hot and cold spot maps for 2010 and 2015. The findings reveal significant changes in the spatial distribution patterns of the elderly population in Qom. These quantitative and qualitative changes underscore the importance of implementing age-friendly city policies in line with WHO recommendations, highlighting the need for urban planners to give special attention to this issue.

Considering the critical importance of the response time of fire stations in reaching the incident scene and the necessity of examining the spatial distribution of these centers to identify areas lacking standard coverage, the main objective is to determine the spatial-temporal distribution of fire stations in Neyshabur and to designate uncovered areas so that the areas requiring the construction of these centers can be identified as a result.

The method is descriptive-analytical, and data collection was done through library and field sources. The data used in this study includes road data, fire stations, and the boundary of Neyshabur. Subsequently, the spatial-temporal distribution of fire stations along the roads was analyzed using the Network Analysis Extension in ArcGIS 10.8 software.

Research results indicate that the spatial-temporal distribution of fire stations in Neyshabur shows that reaching the incident location within the standard time (4 minutes) is only satisfactory in the city center. However, the western, northern, northwestern, southern, and southwestern outskirts of the city, covered by these centers, are not within the standard time range.

Approximately 25 square kilometers of the city's outskirts are within the inaccessible range of fire stations, while 14 square kilometers from the city center are within the accessible range. Therefore, the priority of constructing new fire stations on the outskirts of the city is well highlighted. It can be concluded that following the horizontal expansion of the city, establishing essential land-uses is of great importance.

Innovation:

 Spatial distribution analysis of fire stations using a Geographic Information System and assessing the accessibility level to the incident site considering constraints. The findings can assist urban managers in the study area in identifying and establishing more numerous and logical fire stations.

Since long ago,mosques have been a place to establish cultural and artistic centers,and this is important,they started their work officially and actively at the same time as the Islamic revolution of Iran in line with cultural activities as institutional bases.This research aims to investigate the cultural and artistic centers of the country's mosques on a provincial scale with regard to the territorial extent and population rate in a twenty-year horizon(2015-2036)It is for the fair distribution of these centers in the provinces of the country with the knowledge of the cultural heritage and its place in the planning of the country's cultural development. This research is applied and mixed in terms of purpose; In the first stage, by examining the sections of library studies, a questionnaire was used to analyze the documents in the SPSS12 and in the second stage, the spatial analysis software (ARCGIS)was used for spatial analysis. Findings and results are also from examining the opinions of experts for the purposes of these centers, in order of educational, promotional and research aspects, and they have taken into consideration the indicators of distributional justice, balance and population.The available statistics of the number of these centers until 2015,and the provincial population according to the ratio between the two and the distribution justice study until the horizon of 2036,in order to reach the per capita rate of the average favorable situation in the provinces of the country,itis necessary to build 4907 artistic cultural centers in mosques. the provinces of the country

Today, not paying attention to the correct distribution of educational centers in cities has created many problems for citizens and students. For this reason, it is very important to identify the spatial distribution pattern of schools and the key factors affecting it. The research is correlation type and its purpose is to explain the significant impact of key variables affecting the distribution of schools in the neighborhoods of Ardabil city. OLS regression analysis and GWR have been used in ArcGIS software. The relationship between the spatial distribution of schools and the spatial distribution of the population in Ardabil city was carried out with OLS regression and according to the results, the key variables affecting the spatial distribution of schools were identified. The effect coefficient of each of the key variables was calculated with both types of regression and the maps obtained from the coefficients were analyzed with GIS analytical functions. The result shows that the distribution of schools in Ardabil city did not follow the population distribution, but cultural, religious and sports factors had more effects on this distribution. Thus, the variable of cultural and religious uses has had the greatest impact on the spatial distribution of schools in the old construction areas and its informal settlements, and the least in the newly built areas and towns. Also, the biggest disproportion between the population density and the distribution of schools is seen in the central areas of the city, which are mainly located in the geographical territory of a municipality.

The rural entrepreneurial ecosystem plays a pivotal role in stimulating entrepreneurship and employment in rural areas. By leveraging entrepreneurship in rural regions, it is possible to address the challenges faced by these areas and create dynamic and innovative economies. Despite favorable climatic, geographic, connectivity, and accessibility conditions, Alborz province has experienced inappropriate economic conditions in its rural areas in recent years, including rising unemployment rates, low economic participation rates, and income disparities between rural and urban households. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the status of the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem in Alborz province as a key economic indicator.

This research was conducted within a quantitative research methodology. Data collection was carried out through a combination of library research and field surveys, with questionnaires being the primary tool in the field. The statistical population comprised the villages of Alborz province, from which a sample of 33 villages was selected. Using the Cochran formula, a sample size of 380 individuals was determined for completing the questionnaires. For data analysis, statistical tests such as chi-square, one-sample t-test, ANOVA, Duncan’s post hoc test, and Kriging interpolation were employed.

The research findings indicate that the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem in Alborz province is in a suboptimal state. Out of the ten key indicator groups examined, including business indicators, financial indicators, educational indicators, human capital indicators, support indicators, market and customer indicators, social indicators, cultural indicators, infrastructure indicators, and innovation, research, and development indicators, only two groups were found to be in a favorable condition, while the remaining eight groups were in an unfavorable state. Additionally, the geographical distribution of the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem's status varies across the province.

The presence of hard infrastructure such as access to transportation networks and urban centers is insufficient on its own to foster the development of an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Concurrently, the development of soft infrastructure, including financial services, education, various support systems, human and social capital, and research and development, must also be prioritized.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of good urban governance with an emphasis on spatial justice in the five regions of Urmia. The method of the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Data collection is in the form of documents and field surveys. Data collection tools are in several forms: observation, questionnaire, interview. The statistical population of this study is the residents of 5 Regions of Urmia city. Using Cochran's formula, 384 numbers have been obtained which have been randomly distributed. To evaluate the status of good urban governance, the following indicators have been used: participation, efficiency, and effectiveness, transparency, justice and equality, accountability, responsibility, rule of law, and consensus. Data analysis was performed quantitatively using statistical methods such as one-sample t-test, Kruskal–Wallis and Spearman correlation, and SPSS and GIS software to analyze the data. The results of this study indicate that based on the analysis of per capita status of service Land uses, Region 5 has gained the first rank and Region 3 has gained the last rank. According to the evaluation results of good urban governance indicators, regions one, four, and five had a higher level than the average, and regions two and three had a lower level than the average. The results of correlation evaluation between independent and dependent components indicate that there is a strong direct relationship between them. According to the ranking results of the Kruskal–Wallis test, region one has the first rank, and region two has the fifth rank. Finally, according to the results of the Spearman test, there is a direct relationship between the distribution of land uses and indicators of good urban governance.

This research aimed to investigate the relationship between the spatial distribution of socio-economic classes and environmental benefits and burdens in Tehran. The components of the independent variable include green space coverage, the number of clean days, and the environment's health. With equal Euclidean distance, 62866 random points are the basis for preparing data and creating information layers for each GIS index. Spatial analysis (Interpolation-IDW), Spatial Join, and Fuzzy Overlay functions in ArcGIS are employed to analyze the data. Findings show that the correlation between the distribution of social classes and the distribution of the number of days with clean air is direct, and it has an inverse relationship with green space coverage and environmental health. In general, there is an inverse relationship between the spatial distribution of economic classes and environmental factors in Tehran. Spatially, in the west of the city, the areas with the highest correlation are located next to the areas with the lowest correlation. Over time, the spatial relation between economic classes distribution and environmental benefits and burdens has been moderated.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the temporal changes and spatial distribution of the total cloud cover of the sky in the Ormia Lake drainage basin. In order to achieve the goals of this research, observational data on total cloud cover of the sky at five selected meteorological stations and the product of total cloud cover of the sky (CFFCM) from MODIS sensors (Tera and Aqua) were used. The observed cloudiness values according to the ICAO standard were classified into five classes: cloudless sky, slightly cloudy, partly cloudy, semi-cloudy, and full cloudy, and the sky cloudiness changes were investigated. Pearson's correlation test was also used in order to investigate the relationship between the total cloud cover of the sky and the elements of precipitation, temperature, evaporation, and sunshine hours.The findings of the research showed that in the study area, the sky is mostly clear (28.7%) and slightly cloudy (23.9%), and only about 30% of the cases are semi-cloudy and full cloudy.In the examination of the frequency of occurrence of each of the cloudy classes, it was found that, in most cases, there was an increasing trend in the clear and slightly cloudy classes and a decreasing trend in the semi-cloudy and full cloudy classes.The study of the correlation coefficients between the total cloud cover of the sky and climatic parameters showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the cloudiness of the sky and annual precipitation and an inverse relationship with temperature, evaporation, and sunshine hours, which is weaker in the case of annual temperature than the rest of the parameters, and also that the relationships established with observational data are more logical than those established with those established with satellite data. Investigating the spatial distribution of average seasonal cloudiness showed that cloudiness in winter and autumn is different from spring and especially summer. The highest amount of winter (summer) cloudiness is observed in the southern (northern) half of the Ormia Lake drainage basin, and this arrangement is consistent with the seasonal synoptic currents and the distribution of altitudes.

 This research aims to investigate the spatial distribution of public services and measure the level of satisfaction of residents with the quality of access to them in Torbat Heydarieh.

Method and data: 

This research was done using a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the legal area of Tarbiat Heydarieh and the samples were selected using stratified probability sampling. The required data was collected using library and field methods. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.

 The spatial analysis of the distribution and dispersion of public services based on Moran's index shows that educational services and green spaces are irregular and clustered, health and treatment services are regular, and administrative and commercial uses are scattered. The results of the mean comparison test showed that the overall level of satisfaction of the residents with the quality of public services is greater than the average. The correlation coefficient results between the variable of income level and satisfaction with access to services show a significant positive correlation between the two variables.

 The findings of this research underscore the importance of fair distribution of public services in enhancing the quality of life and residential satisfaction of the residents. Planning for equitable distribution, proportional to the number and density of the population in different areas of the city, with a special focus on the underserved areas, is of paramount importance for urban planners and policymakers.

Innovation: 

This research stands out from similar studies due to its comprehensive approach. In addition to measuring the level of satisfaction of residents by different neighborhoods and the type of services, it also measures and analyzes satisfaction based on income groups. This unique aspect provides a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between public service access and satisfaction, contributing to a more holistic approach to urban planning.

In line with city and population studies as well as population planning of people in cities, which has a long history, the city has been the main focus of human gathering, and for years, it has taken first place among human settlements in attracting the population, which has been able to make many changes. In order to create according to the attraction of the population in the cities, these developments can manifest themselves in the form of physical, social, economic, and managerial developments. These developments lead the city towards the current conditions and give the city a different identity from the settlements. Based on this, social issues in the city are first in the ranking of urban studies because this is the main way of shaping all issues. In this regard, if the urban management group pays special attention to social relations from the beginning of planning in the city, maybe in the future, they will see fewer challenges, especially in urban worn-out textures. It will lead the city to social prosperity and the level of social participation, which will greatly expand among the localities so that the city can be considered a logical, healthy, and effective focal point by maintaining social identity for residents. With this assumption, social studies in line with successful urban management are essential and successful results of urban planning at the local level. It tries to show the strengthening of relations in the city from a social point of view and guide the city management towards sustainable urban control. However, the urban management complex may face different challenges in this regard because urban neighborhoods are one of the micro and concrete centers for forming cultural identities and social affiliations and strengthening neighborhood values and norms in the form of a sense of social belonging and neighborhood relations. Therefore, in the structure of urban neighborhoods, the role of social capital is as a set of norms, informal values, customary laws, and moral obligations that interact with each other and are always discussed and examined by researchers in urban studies and cause identification of people in groups, and facilitate social relations in cities. Based on this, due to the population density and various ethnic migrations in the neighborhoods of Bushehr, it has become essential that the level of trust of the residents of that area is less towards each other, and this issue has caused major concerns. In this regard, the present research has been scrutinized to evaluate social capital. It has shown that social capital directly affects the institutionalization of urban management and development. With this assumption, the present research has been aimed at answering whether the spatial distribution of social capital in different neighborhoods of Bushehr is distributed similarly or not..

Since the purpose and application will be different depending on the type of research subject, the present research is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of method. Since articles, books, and other written sources were used in the present research and researchers were present at the research site and collected their data in this field, this research was of library and field type. The research's statistical population includes all Bushehr citizens, whose number is unlimited. The statistical sample was based on the well-known Cochran formula; 384 people were obtained. In order to obtain better information, the researcher collected 403 questionnaires. 

In the current research, which is a social issue, according to the statistical analysis, different results have been created; therefore, in order to obtain the scientific results of the research, Cronbach's alpha has been used first to check the reliability of the research variables, and then to check the dimensions of social capital in Kruskal-Wallis test has been exerted in different areas of Bushehr city. Also, data analysis has shown that the significance of topics such as social trust in this test (0.223), social participation (0.001), social cohesion (0.029), local institutions (0.046), social security (0.367), responsibility (0.048), normative orientation (0.418), satisfaction (0.032) and social interaction (0.041). In the continuation of the research findings, the results of the investigations have shown no significant difference in terms of social trust, social security, or normativity in different areas of Bushehr. However, there is a significant difference in terms of social participation, social cohesion, local institutions, social responsibility, satisfaction, and social interaction. Moreover, finally, according to the results of the research, it has been suggested to city officials that one of the components that city managers in Bushehr can trust more is the discussion of trust in local social institutions such as Basij, the mosque's board of trustees, etc. City managers can think about planning and strengthening their multiples among the urban neighborhoods of Bushehr.

City managers in Bushehr should strengthen the activities of mosques and mobilize neighborhoods in their agenda to increase people's trust in these groups, make citizens able to go to mosques with peace of mind and use the presence of elders in order to solve problems. In this regard, one of the strategies that Bushehr city managers and officials can effectively demonstrate is how to establish positive and constructive communication between citizens, the Islamic Council, and the neighborhood council. In such a way, people believe they can refer to their neighborhood council to resolve neighborhood issues with peace of mind.

only be implemented when the aforementioned land uses have balanced distribution across the city. In this regard, the present study is to investigate and evaluate learning land uses from the perspective of spatial justice for attain of the learning city approach in Zanjan; And the main goal of this research is to find out the spatial equilibrium in the distribution of learning land uses of Zanjan city, in order to develop the learning city approach. The research method was descriptive-analytical and data collection has done by using the library-documentary method. In addition, in order to analyze the findings, after describing the basic concepts of the learning city and taking into account the principles and indicators governing it, from two indicators of capacity and social justice have been used in the framework of comparing per capita and desirable levels, Nearest Neighborhood (NN) and entropy techniques. The results of the analysis of the distribution of learning land uses in the current situation indicate that the distribution of these land uses in the city are concentrated and clustered, with spatial imbalances. In such a way they show very high qualitative and quantitative differences between the three urban areas, especially indicated in the eastern margin of district two. Such a problem has hampered the development of the learning city approach in Zanjan and has resulted in the concentration of these services in the center of the city and their shortage in the peripheral areas as made a profound inequalities between the residential areas of the city. Therefore, the results of the research provide suggestions for reorganizing learning land uses to establish a spatial justice approach at the city level.

The aim of the present study is to dynamically model the spatial-temporal characteristics of dust in the south and southeast of Iran with REG-CM4 model using monthly dust data and RegCM4 data. For this purpose, the dust distribution of the IDW method along with the dust diagrams were plotted. The RegCM4 model was implemented with the paired Lambert image imaging system for 40 km horizontal separation with the paired chemistry model. The location of monthly and annual dust distribution shows the highest amounts of dust for the cities of Zabol, Bandar Abbas, Zahedan and Jask compared to Sirjan, Kahnooj and Lar stations. The highest frequency of dust in Sistan and Baluchestan (48%), Hormozgan (27%) and Fars provinces with 16% and the lowest frequency for Kerman province (9%). In general, the summer seasons (at Sistan station) and the winter (Kerman station) have the highest and minimum dust events, respectively. The time survey also has the highest amount of dust for the warm months of the year and the lowest for the cold months of the year. July at Zabol station and November and December at Sirjan station have the highest and lowest dust levels, respectively. The RegCM4 climate model also shows maximum dust on the southeast, south and south coasts for different variables.

How the first human settlements came to be is an important issue, and from different scientific perspectives, different answers can be given; because the creation or degeneration of these settlements is not the choice of individuals; it depends on countless human and natural conditions. Studies show that the establishment of human societies on the ground has always been done in order to achieve maximum natural resources such as water resources, adequate vegetation and access to arable land, this effort is undoubtedly based on the principles that today It is interpreted as the science of location. At the beginning of human life, natural hazards were unknown to humans until their occurrence. Natural are also safe. Natural disasters are born of natural elements and factors, but human profiteering intervention in nature affects the quantity and quality of many natural disasters. Considering the mentioned cases, environmental factors, especially geomorphology, have played an important role in locating residential areas throughout history. Accordingly, in this study, environmental factors affecting the distribution of ancient settlements in Piranshahr have been investigated.

In this research, in order to achieve the desired goals, a 30-meter-high digital model, a layer of ancient sites identified in the region (Masoumian, 2021), a 1: 100000 geological map and a 1: 50,000 topographic map of the region have been used. The most important tool used in the research was ArcGIS and also in this research the combined model of fuzzy logic and AHP has been used. This research has generally been done in two stages. In the first stage, after preparing the layer of ancient sites in the region, the location of ancient sites in terms of slope, slope classes, elevation classes, distance classes from the river, lithology units and geomorphological units are analyzed and thus the distribution status of sites Ancient has been analyzed in relation to environmental conditions. In the second stage, in order to identify areas prone to ancient settlements, the results of the previous stage have been used and using the integrated model of AHP fuzzy areas, a map of areas prone to ancient settlements has been prepared.

In this study, in order to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on the distribution of ancient settlements, first the location of 67 ancient sites in Piranshahr city has been determined. According to the results, a large part of the ancient settlements are located in the slope classes less than 10%, so that 32 ancient sites (equivalent to 47.8% of the identified sites) are located in this class. In terms of slope, a large part of the ancient settlements are located in the northern directions so that 36 ancient sites (38.8% of the identified sites) are located in the northwest to northeast. In terms of height, a large part of the ancient sites are located in the altitude classes of 1250 to 1650, so that in this category there are 56 ancient sites (equivalent to 83.6% of the identified sites). In terms of distance from the river, a large part of the ancient sites are located near the river, with 48 ancient sites (equivalent to 71.6% of the identified sites), located less than 500 meters from the river. They had. Lithologically, a large part of the settlements are located on Quaternary alluvial sediments, so that 37 ancient sites (equivalent to 55.2% of the identified sites) are located in this unit. Also, in terms of geomorphology, a large part of the ancient sites are located in the alluvial plain unit, so that 37 ancient sites (equivalent to 55.2% of the identified sites) are located in this unit.

Environmental conditions have played an important role in the settlement of residential areas in the past and today. Considering that the knowledge of the effective factors in location selection has an important role in various planning, in this study, the effective environmental factors in the establishment of ancient sites in Piranshahr city have been analyzed. Based on the results, the distribution of ancient sites was directly related to environmental conditions, so that the highest density of ancient sites in low-slope areas, low-lying areas, areas near the river, north slope directions, unit Quaternary alluvium as well as unit of alluvial plains. According to the results obtained at this stage, areas prone to the establishment of ancient settlements in Piranshahr city have been identified that based on the results, the middle areas of Piranshahr city due to the conditions, are prone to the development of ancient settlements. The results of this study have shown that environmental conditions in the past have played a major role in the distribution of residential areas and by examining the environmental conditions of each area to a large extent can be found the existence of ancient sites in that area.

The intensification of air pollution under the influence of various factors, including population growth and urbanization, is the concern of activists in this field. It is necessary to check the pollutants carefully using precise techniques. In this study, elements of NO2, CO, and Particulate Matter effective in air pollution were analyzed spatially and temporally (monthly, annually) using the TROPOMI instrument of Sentinel 5 sensor in East Azerbaijan province. Investigations showed that in the cold season, more areas of the region experience the presence of CO and NO2 pollutants, which are mainly caused by fossil fuels, industries, and residential areas. But their concentration is high in the hot and cold seasons respectively. Evidence shows that in densely populated areas, we are facing high concentrations and the presence of NO2. A high concentration of suspended particles is also seen in the summer season. According to the findings, all three elements have a high distribution in the cold season; on the other hand, the concentration and spatial distribution of pollutants is influenced by factors such as weather, topographical conditions, and industrial centers.

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are integrated and concentrated moisture paths that can influence precipitation in different countries. In this research, we aim to quantify the spatial distribution of ARs for 147 synoptic stations in Iran, their precipitation contributions, and their relation to total precipitation for six cold months of the year for 25 years (1995-2020). In this regard, the atmospheric rivers were identified based on the geographical location of each station and its precipitation characteristics. Then statistical analysis was used to determine the precipitation share and spatial distribution. As a result, on average, 8% of all studied times are associated with atmospheric rivers throughout the country. In addition, approximately 51% of the events identified have resulted in precipitation. In terms of location, most of the stations on the western slopes of Zagros and some coastal stations in the south have experienced all these events as rainy. This phenomenon is estimated to have provided between 6 and 69 percent of the country's total rainfall during six months of cold weather. There is a maximum share of this in the country's southern regions, and this share has decreased with the increase in latitude. Furthermore, the rise in AR precipitation is associated with an increase in total monthly rainfall in 84% of the studied stations. There is a spatial dissimilarity in the rain-affected by the phenomenon at different times.

Urban planning, since it is related to the allocation and distribution of scarce resources among different places in the city, its reliance on the criteria of spatial distribution of urban services, it is necessary.

Research purpose:

The purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial distribution of urban service uses in urban centers of Mazandaran province.

The present research is of applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical. The data required for the research were collected using the library method and documents from the statistical yearbook of Mazandaran province in 2017. In this study, to measure the spatial distribution of urban services, the indicators of recreational-welfare services, transportation services, urban infrastructure, urban development, urban green space, educational services, health services and cultural services have been used. Vikor model has been used to rank the urban centers of Mazandaran cities based on the status of urban services development.Geographical area of research The study area is the city centers of Mazandaran province.

Findings show that only 7 cities of the province, which include urban areas of 4 cities of Babolsar, Fereydunkenar, Kelardasht and Ramsar, are in fully-owned, well-off and semi-well-served groups, and their citizens are in a position to enjoy urban services. They have an ideal. In other words, providing services to citizens in the cities of Babolsar, Bahnmir, Hadi Shahr, Fereydunkenar, Kelardasht, Ramsar and Katalam and Sadatshahr is largely acceptable.

Conclusion :

The results show that nearly 90% of the cities of Mazandaran province in terms of urban service indicators are unfavorable and below average and the lack of urban services considered in the study is felt in proportion to the population of these cities.