نشریه جغرافیای طبیعی
پیاپی 62 (زمستان 1402)

This research investigated the relationship between the natural and geomorphological structures of the region, including: altitude, temperature, distance from the main river and distance from the drainage network, slope, geology, land use and the type of landforms, on the distribution of ancient sites. In this research, hierarchical analysis model was used to spaial selection of the area. After analyzing the data, the relative weight of the options, sub-criteria, criteria and the final weight of the options of each layer was calculated in Excel software. The findings of the research showed that the settlement of the areas was inversely related to the height factor, the distance from the permanent river and the slope, among the geomorphological factors. Barracks and Tepe Mahor have the highest coefficient of importance. About 89% of the enclosures are located in suitable places and less than 3.5% of the enclosures are located in inappropriate locations. According to Pearson's correlation, the factors of slope, height, distance from permanent river were identified as the most important factors in the distribution of ancient sites in bottom Seymareh 2 basin.

Geographical space is a device that forms the logic of the arrangement of formal patterns, processes and the function of social herdings in space. Changes in space over time are the result of various processes and trends governing it. In this regard, this research tries to evaluate and analyze the spatial changes of Sirjan Basin. For this purpose, the basin method and spatial analysis techniques were used. The results of the research show that the rainfall in the last Quaternary was 17 mm in the central parts of the basin and almost 300 mm in the high altitudes. This amount of change in humidity and ambient temperature has caused a fundamental change in the morphogenic system of the region. Currently, there is no active glacier system in the region. Also, the temperature conditions of this basin have increased from -3.6 to 0.86 degrees Celsius. The maximum temperature of the basin has changed from 16.46 in the cooling phase to 17.64 in the present time. Of course So that the highest temperature difference was related to the highest part of the basin and the lowest difference was related to the lowest point of the basin. Tracing the alluvial terraces of the old lake of Sirjan shows 4 terraces around the lake. As the highest terrace was identified at a height of 1719 meters, according to this, the water volume of Sirjan's old lake during the glacial period was 80400 m³.

Today, discussions and concerns about land use changes in rural society have been seriously considered. The main purpose of this research is to identify the influencing factors on land use changes in the villages of Astane Ashrafieh County. In the first part of the research, Landsat satellite images were used to investigate land use changes. In the second part, factors affecting land use changes were analyzed using statistical analysis. Based on this, 28 villages of the County were studied as a case study. The research method was descriptive-analytical.Questionnaire technique was used to collect data and statistical methods were used to analyze data. The results showed that among the independent economic indicators, the benefits of investing in the land and housing sector had the strongest correlation and relationship with land use changes. Among the independent social indicators, the indicators of the role of the owners of the second house in the village and the increase in the number of residential tourists and the need for land for construction had the strongest correlation and connection with land use changes. Among independent physical indicators, tourism in the study area had the highest correlation and relationship with land use changes. Correlation analysis between independent institutional-management indicators and land use changes showed that indicators of the weakness of executive bodies in informing agricultural land owners about the type of land use and the prohibition of land use changes had the highest correlation and a very strong relationship with land use changes in the village.

Air pollutants in Iran's metropolitan areas are among the serious challenges for managers, which also threatens the health of citizens. Monitoring air pollution is an important task in public health. Also, the unavailability of ground station data is often prevented due to the lack of network of ground monitoring stations to know the exact amount of air pollution in different parts of the country. Therefore, the use of remote sensing images in continuous monitoring of air pollutants due to their low cost and low manpower, will be appropriate and cost-effective. In this research, Sentinel 5 satellite images and MODIS sensors have been used for analytical study to detect the average trend of changes and spatial distribution of dust in Khuzestan province. The aim of this study was to use relatively high-resolution satellite data for local monitoring of air quality/air pollution and to investigate the relationship between Sentinel and MODIS image sensors. Findings indicate significant amounts of AOD in several parts of the study area such as Ahvaz, Abadan, Khorramshahr, BandarMahshahr and Bavi. Also, a small amount of fine dust is seen in the southeastern, eastern and northeastern cities of the province. According to the results of this research, as we move from the southeast, east and northeast and move towards the southern and western parts of the province, the amount of fine dust increases.

Climate indices by revealing the climatic diversity of the region, have led to the development of management policies in agriculture, water resources and environment fields. The performance of De Martonne, Ivanov, precipitation effectiveness, continental coefficient, temperature, rainfall anomaly, percent of normal precipitation, vegetation, aridity and Selyaninov indices were investigated using the data of 15 meteorological stations. The effective climate index determination was done using simple additive weighting (SAW), TOPSIS and simultaneous evaluation of criteria and alternatives (SECA). The sensitivity analysis of the SECA method rather to the β coefficient had a significant effect on the results. Based on the ranking results of three multi-criteria decision-making methods, Ivanov's index performs well in severe climate conditions (with extreme high and low values), and in other climatic conditions, it is better to use it together with another climate index. The percent of normal precipitation index was overestimated in most of the stations. Rainfall anomaly index also described the climatic condition of most stations as close to normal. In determining the effective climate index, the number of meteorological data, the type of their mathematical relationship and the way of climatic demarcation are of special importance. The highest amount of intensity and percentage of changes was in the case of SAW and SECA, TOPSIS and SECA methods. The highest number of first ranks in three multi-criteria decision-making methods is related to De Martonne, aridity, vegetation indices and then effective precipitation index.

The intensification of air pollution under the influence of various factors, including population growth and urbanization, is the concern of activists in this field. It is necessary to check the pollutants carefully using precise techniques. In this study, elements of NO2, CO, and Particulate Matter effective in air pollution were analyzed spatially and temporally (monthly, annually) using the TROPOMI instrument of Sentinel 5 sensor in East Azerbaijan province. Investigations showed that in the cold season, more areas of the region experience the presence of CO and NO2 pollutants, which are mainly caused by fossil fuels, industries, and residential areas. But their concentration is high in the hot and cold seasons respectively. Evidence shows that in densely populated areas, we are facing high concentrations and the presence of NO2. A high concentration of suspended particles is also seen in the summer season. According to the findings, all three elements have a high distribution in the cold season; on the other hand, the concentration and spatial distribution of pollutants is influenced by factors such as weather, topographical conditions, and industrial centers.