changes

The aim of this paper was to find out what kind of possible linguistic changes may occur during translating a certain English text into Persian. For this reason, two passages, each one composed of approximately fourteen lines, were translated. Passage Num.1 was chosen from the book MAN AND HIS WORLD, and passage Num.2 from act one, scene one of the play ROMEO AND JULIET by Shakespeare. The motivation behind this was to study the linguistic/grammatical behavior of the two languages toward developing the same literary and half-scientific ideas. In addition, we tried to meet the goal from a contrastive analysis point of view. After careful comparison of the original texts with their translations, considerable differences were observed. These differences were grouped into three major levels: morphology, syntax, and semantics. In the end, based on the limitation of the passages, it was concluded that various linguistic behaviors can be observed in the levels already mentioned, while translating a text from English into Persian. Finally, based on and within the limitation of the passages selected, it was concluded that various linguistic behaviors can be observed in the levels already mentioned, during translating a text from English into Persian.On the other hand, this article is based on the contrastive analysis hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the researcher, with the tools at his disposal, finds the possibility to correctly describe the two languages ​​in question and use the resulting descriptions to determine the existing contrasts or differences between two languages. Learning a second language basically requires overcoming the differences between the two linguistic systems of the first language and the target language.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran is the most influential factor in the historical-cultural transformation of contemporary Iran, which, along with fundamental changes in the intellectual, social, political, etc., also rapidly transformed the country's literary system. One of these areas of the literary system is the novel. Popular novels have significant cultural, social, and historical implications for a nation's culture due to their large audience. Popular (yellow) novels, like other literary systems, have been influenced by historical-cultural changes and are constantly evolving. The present study tries to investigate some of the developments of these novels in structure and content by descriptive-analytical method, relying on selected novels. To examine these developments, the decade has been the criterion and the coordinates of these novels in different decades have been studied. Changes in the way of narration, characterization, theme and especially the way of looking at women are among the developments that this research has achieved in these novels.The research process shows that the change in the way of narration, characterization, theme and especially the way of looking at women are among the changes that have taken place in these novels and these novels in their natural evolution in some features approach elitist novels but; They have always distinguished themselves from them in many other respects.

Kalhor tribe is one of the largest and most wide-ranging home-grown people of Iran throughout the history. From the study of existing and used vocabulary in the Kurdish dialect, it appears these vocabularies are of such an age that their background is in Middle Persian or Pahlavi. Some of these words have remained unchanged over time, and some have been affected by linguistic variations. This paper tries to study the structure, and the evolution of the present vocabulary in the Ivyani Kalhor dialect, using the two methods of library and field studying, in an analytical-descriptive approach. From the findings of the research, it has achieved that a part of the vocabulary has been transposed from Pahlavi to the Kurdish dialect (Avon) in terms of form and meaning. The other part is also transmitted in an identical manner, but the meaning of it has been changed. The third group is a lexical word in which the evolution of the sounds (the process of reduction, the process of increasing, the process of transformation and the dual process) has happened.