changes

The purpose of this research was to narrate the experience of principals of elementary school in Bukan city of West Azerbaijan in keeping up with the changes in the educational system.

This research is of a qualitative type that was conducted using the narrative research method. The research community was all the elementary school principals of Bukan city who were working in the academic year of 1402-1403. From this research community, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 15 of these school principals using the purposeful sampling method and until the theoretical saturation of the data. The data was analyzed by thematic analysis method, for the reliability of the data, the agreement method between the coders was used, and for the validity of the findings, the review method by participants was used.

The results of data analysis through staged theme analysis showed that: school principals' description of changes and their understanding included. Turning the school into a happy environment, increasing the skills of the executive and educational staff of the school, reducing the number of students in a classroom, The importance of paying more attention to games and skill learning in school, changing the method of recruiting and retaining teachers, using an expert teacher for each lesson.

Representation of managers perception of changes in schools makes the school a better environment for teaching and learning and even identifies obstacles to the implementation of changes in schools.

Mirza Malkam Khan-e- Nazemodoleh, was an influential stateman who had effective role in dominant political power on one hand, and was an idealistic intellectual who followed changing the status quo and idea of moving Iran toward progress and development on the other. The paradoxical sketch and even antithetical, is the result of his ambiguous role-playing in two different spheres of acting and thinking. In this way, the aim of this research is to explain the relationship between his political actions and his thoughts.

The theoretical framework of the research is positivism, mainly of August Comte. A qualitative content analysis is used to serve the purpose of the research. According to the research method and based on the conceptual framework and Malkam’s works, fundamental categories are extracted such as: “historical determinism and universalism”, “the idea of progress”, “scientism”, “the centrality of order and laws”, “division of labor and specialization”, “elitism and bureaucracy”. The validity and reliability are achieved by selecting appropriate theoretical framework and formulating in-exclusive categories.

All elements of the fundamental categories, which are included in the positivism of Comte, could strongly be traced in Malkam Khan thoughts. Therefore, he can be seen as a follower of Comtean positivistic tradition, seeking to address Iran’s underdevelopment through this lens.

Malkam Khan’s duality can be traced in his intellectual alignment with European positivistic tradition, especially the ideas of Agust Comte. This influence is evident in his political and social orientations, including his advocacy for foreign concessions and commitment to the principles of modern civilization.

Purpose:

Nomadic women have always played a very significant role in all aspects of nomadic life. Since ancient times, nomadic women have performed a large volume of productive and economic activities, as well as activities related to daily living. "With the passage of time, there have been slight and minor changes in the volume of activities of nomadic women." The transformations that have occurred in the lives of both nomadic The change from nomadism to settlement can be considered a turning point in the life changes of a nomadic household. The main question in this research is what the current living condition, role and status of nomadic women are, and what changes they have experienced over the past century. What is the situation of settled nomadic women?

Methodology:

This research has been conducted with a qualitative approach, utilizing qualitative ethnographic inquiries. The study's population consists of the households of both nomadic and settled families of the Baba Ahmadi and Babadi Bakhtiari tribes. In this research, various techniques such as observation, interviews, documents, and archives have been used for data collection. Presence in the field, as an important method of data collection, through conducting semi-structured and unstructured interviews, led to the acquisition of first-hand information.

Findings:

Throughout the past century, the lives of the nomadic and pastoral communities have undergone many changes and transformations." These transformations have impacted the nomadic society in various respects across different tribes, clans, and families, affecting men and women, as well as youth and middle-aged individuals. These changes and transformations have led to alterations in the lifestyle of women in nomadic households and, to some extent, to the blending of traditions and customs with the rules of modern life.These changes are more noticeable in the lives of women from nomadic communities who have settled in cities."

Conclusion:

Nomadic life has been accompanied by hardships and various difficulties. However, nomadic women have faced their own specific challenges and problems." Although changes have occurred in some aspects of the lives of nomadic women, many of the problems that have existed since centuries past continue to persist.Today, many nomadic girls are not interested in the nomadic lifestyle and herding."Urbanization has had various consequences for nomadic women. Nomadic women have a very different experience of settlement compared to men. Settlement has had both positive and negative effects for them. The nomadic woman living in nature has distanced herself from all her activities and roles in production and has become sedentary. The nomadic woman has gained access to amenities after settlement. However, another consequence of settlement for her is becoming unemployed and transitioning from an active woman to an inactive one. The nomadic woman, by settling in the city, has gained better opportunities in the field of rights and civil laws

This research is a secondary analysis based on data from the World Values Survey (2020), examining the factors influencing value and attitudinal distinctions within the Iranian family institution. The study aims to identify and analyze patterns of change in attitudes and beliefs related to family, sexual relationships, domestic violence, gender roles, and social responsibilities in Iranian society. The results indicate that social attitudes in Iran are changing under the influence of factors such as age, gender, economic status, and cultural shifts. The majority of respondents (71.9%) oppose premarital sexual relationships, but generational gaps and positive changes are observed regarding abortion and divorce. Additionally, society is increasingly opposed to violence against women and children. Data analysis reveals that individuals with university education and urban residents hold more modern attitudes towards social issues. Furthermore, economic status influences attitudes; with increasing income, acceptance of abortion and divorce increases. These changes are particularly evident in younger generations and among individuals with better economic standing. These findings underscore the need for policymakers and social planners to pay attention to these changes and adopt approaches appropriate to the evolving society.

Entrepreneurial self efficacy is not a steady concept and changes dynamically and continuously in a different stages of venture creation and growth, following the circumstances alteration in different ways. Many studies have been conducted in various disciplines in relation to entrepreneurial self efficacy, however, there is a lack of knowledges about how entrepreneurial self efficacy changes and what are the sources and antecedents of such changes. The aim of this study is to investigate how entrepreneurial self efficacy alters and identify its sources. In order to achieve the goals of the research, qualitative systematic review methods and thematic synthesis approach were used. Thematic synthesis uses principles of thematic analysis and has developed in the social sciences to synthesis primary studies and specifically to answer the questions of systematic reviews. Thematic synthesis combines and adapts characteristics from both meta-ethnography and grounded theory methods. In the first case, the development of descriptive and analytical themes requires cross-translation and constant comparison, and in the later case, primary studies are analyzed as units rather than original texts and transcripts. In addition to factors that strengthen entrepreneurial self efficacy, sources were identified that weaken entrepreneurial self efficacy, and this demonstrates the dynamism of entrepreneurial self efficacy. Entrepreneurial performance, which has an extensive theoretical foundation and empirical research support as an output of entrepreneurial self efficacy, was also identified as a source of entrepreneurial self efficacy changes. While most studies have shown that the failure of a venture has a negative effect on the self efficacy and failed entrepreneurs may not become serial entrepreneurs, but there are some studies, which explain that all failed entrepreneurs do not move towards negative and hopeless feelings and do not leave entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial self efficacy is generally considered as a predictor of entrepreneurial performance, but excessive self efficacy due to cognitive bias leads to reduced performance. Ability overestimations sometimes arise from task ambiguities. Finally according to social cognitive theory, individual characteristics as antecedents of self efficacy, even constant characteristics, probably influence people's judgments about their physiological states from the path of somatic and emotional states, in response to situations. This could alter level of self efficacy to perform entrepreneurial activities. This study emphasizes the importance of considering the dynamic and variable nature of entrepreneurial self efficacy, as it is an important construct in predicting entrepreneurial behavior and performance. Following the findings, two topics for future studies are suggested, including empirical research on the process of maintaining self efficacy after business failure, coping with challenges, and maintaining a positive physical and mental state in the future, and empirical and applied research to find the optimal range and solutions for increasing or decreasing entrepreneurial self efficacy over time depending on the circumstances.

Social phenomena are a function of changing human actions so that no dignity can be imagined from them except through change and evolution. The Qur'an considers the transformation of societies in the form of interconnected circles and in a complex whole, in which changes in each component lead to transformation in other components. Obviously, due to these complexities, in the phenomenon of evolution, there are social and extra-social phenomena, factors, stimuli, and natural and supernatural consequences. This article aims to discuss the factors that cause positive or negative social change from different angles from the perspective of the Qur'an using the documentary-analytical method provides a comprehensive formulation of these changes according to different circumstances and conditions, and explore the most important cognitive, tendency and psychological factors of social changes and evolutions using verses.

After centuries of Europe passing through the Renaissance and having a great situation and a golden age in all kinds of changes and modernization, Ottoman, who was located in the neighborhood of Europe and had many relations with it, hoped that the changes would also be done in his country, but this was done with It was accompanied by difficulties and its different culture and ideological government prevented major changes. In the Ottoman Empire, modernism was ignited with the Tulip era and entered a new phase with the settings of Sultan Abd al-Majid I. With a lot of ups and downs, the process of reform fell under the hands of the movement of young Turks and students who returned from Farang and gained momentum. The questions that are raised that where did modernism in Ottoman influence? And by which powerful movement was it achieved? We will delve into the answers to the main questions. We answer and follow these questions with assumptions indicating the influence from Europe and the "Young Turks Movement" brought about the process of modernization in Ottoman. The establishment of the parliament, the extinction of the sultans, and the cultural, social, educational, industrial, military, political changes, etc. can be considered as the consequences of this modernization.

Urban land-use changes are taking place in third-world metropolises with unsuccessful management and planning in favor of owners and developers, leading to instability and unfairness of the urban space. The existing studies show the spatial representation of the changes, causes, drivers, processes, and structures of these changes. Few studies with a prescriptive approach deal with a solution to make these changes fair and sustainable. This research aims to use the principles of the right to the city approach as a trans-structuralist approach to present a solution-oriented prescriptive model on the issue of urban land use changes centered on Tehran metropolis. In fact, after analyzing and explaining the causes and drivers of land use changes in third world cities (centered on Tehran metropolis), there is a need to use a prescriptive approach (the right to the city approach), a suitable solution for plans Provide an urban strategy in line with urban land use changes. The right to the city, as one of the rights of citizens, which is the result of their social relations and urban life, goes far beyond individual freedoms and access to city facilities. In this research, in order to provide a prescriptive model of urban land-use changes based on the right to city approach, the factors affecting urban land-use changes are calculated, and the prescription of the right to city approach for each of these factors is one of the principles of this statistical approach. Finally, a coherent theoretical prescriptive model has been presented, which theoretically prevents damage to the city and aligns with a sustainable and just city.

In this research based on qualitative strategy, the descriptive-analytical research method has been used to conduct the research. In order to present the effective factors of changes in urban land-use, the method of review and content analysis of resources has been applied. In order to collect the information needed for the theoretical basis of the research and in order to extract the effective factors on the land use changes as well as the prescriptions of the right to the city approach, documentary and library methods and the review of the latest scientific articles and relevant original books have been exerted.

In realizing the ideal of the right to the city, the share of agents also changes. It has been analyzed, and according to the facts of the economic-political-spatial approach, the role of government and capital in urban changes is more prominent than other factors. However, from the view of the right to the city, the contribution of the social factor should be greater than the contribution of the political factor. According to the principles of the right to the city approach, the prescriptions of this approach have been extracted for each factor affecting urban land-use changes. The right to the city approach based on these prescriptions for land-use changes is in pursuit of a just and sustainable city. It claims that if in the plans and programs, Urban authorities should act according to these regulations regarding the factors affecting land use changes (including social, economic, political and physical), land-use changes will move towards fairness and sustainability. Fair and sustainable land-use changes lead to the generation of urban space. The increase in the added value of space resulting from the generation of space leads to the fair distribution of city costs and benefits among citizens, and this leads to the increase of the economic power of the public sector and, finally, the implementation of the right to the city for citizens. Increasing participation of citizens in decision-making makes an increase in the share of the lower classes of society in the space, leading to the socialization of the space. The socialization of the space also leads to the implementation of the right to the city for the citizens.

As a post-structuralist approach, the right to the city approach assigns a right to citizens that goes beyond equality in enjoying urban benefits and asserts the right to change the city at the hands of the citizens in line with their change. The purpose of this research is to present a prescriptive model based on the right to the city approach for urban land-use changes, which can provide a solution for urban land-use changes in urban plans and programs in a prescriptive manner, which other land-use changes not only should be done by the citizens, but its benefits should be for all the citizens living in the city. The benefits of urban changes should not only include the owners and developers, and finally, a fair and sustainable city will be created with the participation of the citizens and for the benefit of the citizens. In this regard, the prescriptions in charters and scientific texts related to the right to the city approach were calculated based on factors affecting urban land use changes and presented in the form of a prescription model. This research shows that the prescriptions from the right to the city approach for the factors and indicators affecting land-use changes prevent the commodification of space and lead to the creation of space. Finally, in a process, two main results will be achieved, which include the socialization of space and increasing the economic power of the public sector. The realization of these two results actually provides the conditions for creating a fair and sustainable city. The presented model based on the right to the city approach was validated with the fuzzy inference system, and the experts acknowledged that the presented model has an acceptable level in terms of the criteria of consistency with the approach, proportionality, effectiveness and efficiency, legitimacy and continuity, and the ability to measure.

Globalization is the dominant force that changes the economy and rural communities at the beginning of the 21st century. It has been a pervasive influence in changing the shape of rural areas, which simultaneously brings challenges and opportunities for rural development. Rural places have undergone different changes due to globalization in the last few decades. Concerning rural areas, as can be seen, these areas in the world are different and have their characteristics and structures. Therefore, the capacity of these regions to shape their future in the context of globalization will also be different. Villages as places on a local scale with their own identity, culture, way of living, and living spaces are becoming increasingly global. These villages worldwide are subject to severe changes and highly dependent on social and economic processes. In relation to this topic, today, globalization as a comprehensive phenomenon has many effects on the lifestyle of rural areas, which can be investigated, analyzed, and diagnosed from different aspects. But one of the most tangible aspects of the effects of globalization is the change in the lifestyle of the villagers in various economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects of the villages.

Research in the quantitative part tries to investigate the effects of globalization on the changes in the cultural lifestyle of the residents of the rural areas of the Southern Lian District. To achieve this goal, he uses statistical methods and tests. On the other hand, from the point of view of research classification based on the purpose, it is of applied type; because it seeks to apply theories, laws, principles, and techniques formulated in basic research to solve practical and real problems. Also, in terms of the possibility of controlling the variables, the research is quasi-experimental because, due to the post-event nature of the research, it is impossible to control the variables completely. The information collected in the research was based on two library and field methods. In the library method, a review of the research background and literature was considered, and in the field method, the questionnaire created by the researcher was considered. According to the variables of the research and also the method of analysis, the questionnaire was prepared in the form of open and closed questions and also included spectrums in the form of a Likert scale in the nominal and rank measurement scale and in some aspects, an interval, and was given to the participants. In connection with the information gathering tool (questionnaire), to ensure the similarity of the questions taken from previous research with the research variables and to reveal the face validity of these indicators and their similarity with the villages of the study area, academic experts in the field of rural planning were investigated. After receiving their opinions, the required parts of the questionnaire were revised, and a number of unimportant questions were removed. Cronbach's alpha test was used to check the research questionnaire data's reliability. Therefore, a sample of 30 questionnaires was first distributed to the target population, and according to Cronbach's alpha value, the final revision of the questionnaire was made and distributed to the relevant sample. Finally, for the present study, the value of Cronbach's alpha for all research variables was 0.748, which has an acceptable level.

In the research, 372 participants cooperated in answering the questionnaire questions. In order to select these samples, considering the issue's importance, we tried to evaluate the standards by all groups of rural society as much as possible while randomly selecting the samples; because the changes in the dimensions of the research will be different from the point of view of the studied community. Residents of rural areas feel significant changes in rural environments compared to the past, considering the dimensions of social lifestyle. In investigating these changes in the four dimensions of model- driven, language change, consumerism, and the sense of belonging to the village, and using the method of statistical tests, we try to investigate these changes. The selection of parametric and non-parametric statistical tests for analysis is different depending on the assumptions of each one. For this selection, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was exerted to check the normality of the data. Based on the standard coefficients, the relative importance of each of the independent variables in explaining and predicting the dependent variable has been revealed. According to the results, the components of model-driven, language change, consumerism, and sense of belonging play a prominent role in explaining and predicting lifestyle changes in the villages of the study area, respectively. In this, the model-driven variable is the most important because one change in this index's standard deviation causes the dependent variable's standard deviation (Lifestyle) to change by 0.740. At the same time, a unit change in the standard deviation of other dimensions will result in changes of 0.737, 0.529, 0.450, 0.439, and 0.350, respectively, in the dependent variable dimensions.

Now, the future of rural spaces is facing more complex issues than before, one of which is the phenomenon of globalization and changes in cultural lifestyles in these areas. The phenomenon of globalization has put different changes in the cultural lifestyle of the residents in rural areas, and it has focused and examined the aspects of globalization in four dimensions, model-driven, language change, consumerism, and sense of belonging. These dimensions were the totality of the research, whose interpretation was considered in the cultural lifestyle change. The studied rural areas, like other areas, are often engaged in agricultural activities due to natural conditions. These activities are also seen in the residential context of rural areas, and most rural spaces are dedicated to these activities. According to the research findings, the studied rural areas feel great changes in the rural environment from different aspects compared to the past, which is significantly related to the effects of globalization. The research results indicate that the most changes and effects of globalization have been on model-driven components and the change of the local language and dialect of the residents in the studied rural areas. In the indicators of language change, as it is known, residents have less tendency to use local dialects due to globalization, and most of the residents use non-local expressions and terms in their dialect. In general, the research results show that the changes in the cultural lifestyle among rural areas are in the transition from tradition to modernity. Therefore, the research shows the attention and preservation of rural values along with the changes in cultural lifestyle in the studied rural areas.

The aim of this paper was to find out what kind of possible linguistic changes may occur during translating a certain English text into Persian. For this reason, two passages, each one composed of approximately fourteen lines, were translated. Passage Num.1 was chosen from the book MAN AND HIS WORLD, and passage Num.2 from act one, scene one of the play ROMEO AND JULIET by Shakespeare. The motivation behind this was to study the linguistic/grammatical behavior of the two languages toward developing the same literary and half-scientific ideas. In addition, we tried to meet the goal from a contrastive analysis point of view. After careful comparison of the original texts with their translations, considerable differences were observed. These differences were grouped into three major levels: morphology, syntax, and semantics. In the end, based on the limitation of the passages, it was concluded that various linguistic behaviors can be observed in the levels already mentioned, while translating a text from English into Persian. Finally, based on and within the limitation of the passages selected, it was concluded that various linguistic behaviors can be observed in the levels already mentioned, during translating a text from English into Persian.On the other hand, this article is based on the contrastive analysis hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the researcher, with the tools at his disposal, finds the possibility to correctly describe the two languages ​​in question and use the resulting descriptions to determine the existing contrasts or differences between two languages. Learning a second language basically requires overcoming the differences between the two linguistic systems of the first language and the target language.

The Safavid era is a turning point in the history of Islamic Iran in terms of recognizing the other. The identity and social personality of Safavid society with components such as national unity and independence, Shiism and the emperor is known as the perfect guide. The combination of these components provided the birth of the cultural and civilizational layer of Safavid Iran, which resulted in a new social identity. This article seeks to answer the question of how the developments of Safavid Iran as “the other” are represented in the travelogues of European orientalists? Orientalists’ views on the representation of this image are very variable. This variability is directly related to the eras and generations of Safavid Kings and rulers, so that at the height and decline of the ruling power, the integrity of Iran are very different, which seems to be due to lack of institutional levels. Also, the society of Safavid Iran in the face of two societies and civilizations –Ottoman and Chrisiian West- created a new image of itself, meaning that it gained a new cognition by another cognition. The other was a mirror in which I saw myself. This happened to two other civilizations as well. Of course, Western civilization at that time was not a “unit against” against Iran, but represented itself as a whole against its enemy –the Ottomans. The result of this other triangle was new knowledge and awareness for all three of these communities.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran is the most influential factor in the historical-cultural transformation of contemporary Iran, which, along with fundamental changes in the intellectual, social, political, etc., also rapidly transformed the country's literary system. One of these areas of the literary system is the novel. Popular novels have significant cultural, social, and historical implications for a nation's culture due to their large audience. Popular (yellow) novels, like other literary systems, have been influenced by historical-cultural changes and are constantly evolving. The present study tries to investigate some of the developments of these novels in structure and content by descriptive-analytical method, relying on selected novels. To examine these developments, the decade has been the criterion and the coordinates of these novels in different decades have been studied. Changes in the way of narration, characterization, theme and especially the way of looking at women are among the developments that this research has achieved in these novels.The research process shows that the change in the way of narration, characterization, theme and especially the way of looking at women are among the changes that have taken place in these novels and these novels in their natural evolution in some features approach elitist novels but; They have always distinguished themselves from them in many other respects.

The present study investigates the meaningful factors in the life of the elderly according to the social interpretation approach. The data of this study were obtained through using in-depth interviews with purposeful sampling method and theoretical saturation criterion with 21 Elderly 68 to 81 years old in Tehran 21 district (Tehransar) and the information obtained from the interviews was coded (open and centered) and the concepts and categories were analyzed. Findings using the grounded theory approach consist of 10 categories.  The central theme of this research is divergence that in general is covered all other categories. According to the core category, two of the findings of the study are convergence and divergence as if the most important research achievement is the role of divergence (family and social) in the meaninglessness of life and the role of empathy (family and social) in the meaning of life. Factors such as health or illness, economic status and the fatefulness of the elderly are also factors Which illustrates their approach to life. At the end, the foundational theory presented in the paradigm model of marital maladjustment and divergence with spouse as the most central factor of nonsense in the life of the old men.

The present study deals with the typology of religiosity among a group of 21- to 36-year-old youth in Rasht. This qualitative study has been done using a narrative analysis of narrative interviews. The theoretical framework of the study was a combination of the views of sociologists of religion on the status of religiosity in the modern world. The sample included 16 indiciduals. The most important research results obtained are: 1. All interviewees have distanced themselves from the family's religious culture and significantly distanced themselves from the religiosity of the family of origin; 2. They are fundamentally distanced from and critique of the formal religiosity, which is Shariat-oriented, and also the theological religiosity, which is jurisprudential; 3. The predominant pattern of religiosity is emotional religiosity. 4. The influence of their lived experiences and available cognitive systems is evident in forming the path of their religiosity, which is also consistent with the views of theorists in the theoretical framework

Kalhor tribe is one of the largest and most wide-ranging home-grown people of Iran throughout the history. From the study of existing and used vocabulary in the Kurdish dialect, it appears these vocabularies are of such an age that their background is in Middle Persian or Pahlavi. Some of these words have remained unchanged over time, and some have been affected by linguistic variations. This paper tries to study the structure, and the evolution of the present vocabulary in the Ivyani Kalhor dialect, using the two methods of library and field studying, in an analytical-descriptive approach. From the findings of the research, it has achieved that a part of the vocabulary has been transposed from Pahlavi to the Kurdish dialect (Avon) in terms of form and meaning. The other part is also transmitted in an identical manner, but the meaning of it has been changed. The third group is a lexical word in which the evolution of the sounds (the process of reduction, the process of increasing, the process of transformation and the dual process) has happened.