جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « European languages » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Comparative Linguistics has two distinct approaches towards the study of languages; Typology and Generic. The aim of the former is to detect the universals, while the latter attempts to compile the history of languages.
Comparative linguist assumes one certain principle for all languages, which is the existence of similarities among them. These similarities are by no means accidental or borrowed. Thus it is assumed that these resemblances are indicators of a common source and the existing differences are the results of their development from a common original language. The comparative method enables us to reconstruct the principle features of the grammar and lexicon of the proto-language, which is a starting point to the historical description of the related languages. According to comparative linguistics, languages possess two dimensions; descriptive or linguistic and artistic-poetic. The linguistic dimension searches for a factor to transform a linguistic message to a work of art.
The comparison of the significant models in Indo-European languages makes it possible to reconstruct the languages to reach that common origin, and to define the verse poetry and the poetical prose, as a consistent tradition for communication among Indo-Europeans. Based on this comparison, it can be concluded that in traditional Indo-European societies, poetic language was the area of expertise of those who had poetic motivation, but in addition to the compose of poetry, had other duties such as priesthood, foretelling and eulogizing. The surviving terminologies in the branches of this language family, both in vocabulary and in the poet's functional frame, are identical in west and east. Therefore, through these similarities not only can the social status of the poet be seen, but also the poetical terminology of the Indo-European family branches can be identified.
The following study attempts to reconstruct and describe the poetic language and its initial form according to the existing data, with an emphasis on the Indo-Iranian branch of the languages.

This paper examines the influence of Persian words on Italian culture and literature. These words entered Italian literature before the 14 th century. First، it should be mentioned that the standard Italian language has a literary origin that starts in the twelfth century، and the modern standard language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. This European language did not remain untouched by Persian language influences introduced to the Italian culture mainly through Latin and Greek. This research also sheds light on this important fact that some Persian words which had a strong influence on Italian culture are not originally Persian، in fact they have roots in various ancient Aryaian nations. Therefore، there is no doubt that these words are Iranian، but they were transferred to the European languages، in this case the Italian language، culture and literature، through the medium of the Persian Language.

The expansion of Persian words in European languages is an important topic of discussion in the field of etymology which can be studied from different aspects including semantic changes, phonetic changes, transfer process, and the role of intermediary languages. Since, most of these words have been transferred indirectly, the study of the role and influence of the intermediary languages in this process seems important. The study of these languages indicates that the role of Arabic language is more outstanding, in a way, in many cases the most important European dictionaries in finding the root of these Arabicized Persian words have made mistakes and introduced them as Arabic words. This paper aims at studying some of the Persian words in European languages which have been transferred with the immediate intermediary of Arabic language. In this part, it has been tried to study this process in an analytic and descriptive way.

Since the early days of the Islamic era, Translation from Arabic into Persian and vice versa has been a common skill and has provided common grounds in various literary fields between the two historical nations. However, translation movement from European languages into Arabic, beginning in the revolution era in the Arab world and prior to the Constitution era in Iran posed a profound impact on almost all aspects of the two societies. This paper exclusively presents the impacts and achievements of translation affecting the growth and development in literature and its related areas including modernization, new trends in education, prose & poetry, novels and new literary schools. Finally, towards the end of the paper, some other functions of translation and its influences on literary forms and languages and, hence, the standards of aesthetics and literary essence as well as the addressee's tastes will be discussed.