gmm method

There are two theories regarding post-retirement consumption: Many researchers believe that consumption increases with age. While some argue that an increase in ag (post-retirement) leads to a sharp and sudden decrease in consumption. Therefore, this study examines the effect of population structure on life- cycle consumption for two different time.  For the country of Iran, the ARDL model was used in 1960 to 2021, and for a group of selected countries (158 countries), the GMM model was employed in 2001 to 2021. The results of both models have indicated a negative effect of Real GDP per capita, and positive impacts of population growth, youth dependency ratio and the elderly dependency ratio variables on the consumption, share in GDP. Also, the results of the error correction model for Iran showed that the consumption, share in GDP returns to its long-term balance approximately after 1.5 periods following any short-term imbalance., The life- cycle hypothesis has also been confirmed for Iran and the group of selected countries. Regarding the retirement consumption puzzle, it can be stated that consumption increases with age in Iran and the group of selected countries.

 Poverty reduction is one of the important macroeconomic goals of any country, but achieving this important issue requires examining the factors affecting it. Changing the age structure of the population is one of the effective factors in reducing poverty in countries. Therefore, governments can make the most of their population, given the capacity of countries and providing the necessary conditions, and as a result, achieve high growth and development among countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the effect of population age structure on poverty in Iran.

 The method of this research is analytical-descriptive. First, theoretical topics and experimental studies and research data are collected, and the appropriate analysis model is selected. Then, with the Generalized Method of Momen for Iran since 1975 until 2017, the desired research models have been estimated, and finally, using statistical and econometric inferences, the research results have been studied.

 In general, according to the results, it can be concluded that the dependent population of the child and years of schooling have a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable, the elderly dependent population has a negative and significant relationship with the dependent variable and also the percentage of trade in GDP and Physical capital inventories have a negative relationship with the dependent variable.

 In this study, the years of schooling, the percentage of trade in GDP, as well as capital stock are based on a coefficient that agrees with the theory. The positive effect of the elderly population on poverty reduction indicates the existence of high savings in old age. Paying attention to the growth of highly educated employees as well as employing specialized personnel increases the productivity of the labor force and also creates the possibility of creating new production methods that have significant effects on poverty reduction.

Study of international development in post-industrial era and information era regardless of globalization process is not possible. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is the main characteristic of modern economics، and it has been one of the most important factors that has played an important role in improving productivity and economic growth in the past two decades. This paper، explores the importance and consequences of globalization and modern economy with emphasis on the role of ICT on economic growth of Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member countries using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) within the framework of a dynamic panel data approach for the period of 2000- 2008. The results indicate that the variables of ICT infrastructure، physical capital، and human capital and economic openness have positive and significant relationship but the variable of government size has negative and significant relationship with economic growth of selected member countries of OIC.