linear programming

The purpose of this study is to investigate the multi-period optimization model of capacity expansion planning in the electricity industry considering different scenarios of carbon dioxide emissions. In this study, using interperiod dynamic linear programming model, the capacity development of power plants has been designed and modeled in GAMS software.
The objective function of the model has been to minimize the total discounted present value of investment cost, operation and maintenance cost, fuel cost and environmental cost in a 30-year horizon and with the constraints of supply and demand balance, power system security operation, the upper boundary of newly installed capacity, resource potential and grid stability. The proposed model was evaluated in different scenarios and sensitivity analysis.
The results of the study showed that in the basic scenario without environmental considerations (reduction of production costs), only the capacity of fossil power plants should be expanded. Meanwhile, in the basic scenario with environmental considerations, the capacity of combined cycle, solar, atomic and wind power plants have been expanded by reducing production costs and environmental costs. Considering the environmental considerations, the generation share of steam and gas power plants in the planning horizon has decreased from 27.7 and 22.7 percent to 9.5 and 4 percent compared to the base year, but the generation share of combined cycle, nuclear, solar and wind power plants have increased from 41.8, 2.3, 0.1 and 0.1 percent to 72.7, 6.5, 2 and 2.3 percent. The investment cost (capacity expansion) of the basic scenario with environmental considerations compared to the basic scenario without environmental considerations will reach 183 billion dollars in the planning horizon with an increase of 60%, and the basic scenario with environmental considerations significantly increases the development costs. Also, in the scenario of the continuation of sanctions, when the maximum annual capacity of renewable power plants decreases, the environmental goals will not be met, and there is a need to invest in expanding the production capacity through fossil power plants. In the sensitivity analysis of the model, the results indicate that there is a need to invest in expanding the capacity of renewable power plants in the three cases of reducing the investment cost, increasing the carbon price, and fuel price.

The topic of energy resilience has been noticed a lot in recent decades. Resilience refers to ability of the system to face intense disturbances with a low probability of occurrence. A system is resilient, where it can de facto absorb the temporary or permanent risks and adjust itself with rapidly changing positions of the economy without losing its efficiency factor. In this study we propose a multi- region input–output model to study the energy resilience of several multi-country economies in the year of 2014 with accounts for the inter-sectoral and inter-regional dependencies in the economic structure. The model computes the impacts of random energy production disruptions on the entire multi-regional input–output system in the form of final demand deficits. The results show that when the supply of electricity decreases, the sector's demand for other energy carriers increases, it means, it substitutes these energy carriers with electricity. But Generally Other energy carriers are not suitable substitutes for all economic sectors. We also observed that in the case of trade between countries, the occurrence of a shock in one region is covered by other regions therefore cooperation among regions can improve the individual and collective energy resilience significantly.

One of the main problems of municipalities in financing the projects and covering their costs is their too much dependency on property and excess density taxes that results in instability of financial and income resources and makes planning a difficult task. Therefore, an appropriate financing plan to reduce the reliance on these incomes and replacing them with continuous stable ones would be of crucial importance for the urban economy and local finance. So, this paper is designed to study the status of municipal revenues in Ilam and to present an appropriate financing plan using six criteria of fairness, transparency, efficiency, sustainability, adequacy, and being operational. The research is conducted using analytical-documentary method. After investigating the flow of municipal revenues in Ilam, and filling the questionnaires by experts of Ilam municipality, weighting coefficients of objective functions were obtained and then the study plan was examined using programming method under two scenarios. Results of the study suggest that over 40% of Ilam municipality incomes rely on resources from construction, and criteria of fairness and transparency in taxation are in top priority. Moreover, results suggest the importance of reviewing the tax rates especially duties on cars by the municipality.

From the perspective of the public budgeting sector ,time inconsistency, is testable by significant deviation of performance(Tafrigh) budget efficiency from the approved. One way to avoid the problem of time inconsistency is to follow, the delegation approach. According to this approach, for any executive monetary or fiscal decision making and planning, an independent monetary or fiscal planning institution or sector is established, a part from the executive one. Objective evidences such as these institutions in metropolitan cities of our country, are formation of the planning deputy as a new municipal organization of the metropolitan cities such as Isfahan municipality.
In this survey, we first, estimate approved and performance budget efficiency of fourteen municipalities with central municipality of the aria of Isfahan metropolitan city from 2009 to 2012 by Parametric method of Timmer and WinQSB software. Two tailed T-test ,at 95% confidence interval and Pearson’s correlation coefficient are used for significant deviations of the approved budget efficiency from the performance by SPSS 18. Kolmogorov- Smirnov test is also used for data normality test. The results, indicate that, Isfahan deputy of planning was not able to avoid the phenomenon of time inconsistency during 2009 and 2010. But, after two years, during 2011 and 2012, delegation approach was able to avoid it

Global development in terms of increased attention to environmental protection and the finite nature of fossil resources have accelerated the use of renewable energies. Renewable energy portfolio standard (RPS), is a government policy to promote the use of renewable energy in the energy consumption basket.  The RPS stipulates the minimum amount of renewable energy that each electricity supplier should produce.  This policy has been widely studied in different countries, but so far no such studies have been undertaken in Iran. This study introduces the experience of countries that have been successful in their RPS policies.  We then use linear programming techniques to study an RPS policy that requires regional power supply companies to produce at least 10 percent of their electricity from renewable energy sources. We focus on identifying the optimal combination of different renewable energy sources to meet the RPS.  The results indicate the maximum production of electricity from renewable sources is about 13/65559 TWh.  The optimal ratio of each renewable energy source is respectively 4.29, 9.19, 8.5, 30.9, 19.337 and 30.34 percent for solar energy, biomass, geothermal, wind, hydroelectric and tidal energy.

In agricultural activities, multiple inputs and sources are use. The main objectives of farm managers and planners were to optimizing the resources usage and inputs for determining appropriate cropping pattern. Hamedan province and Bahar county has high potential for agricultural productions. The main purpose of research was to investigate optimal cropping pattern for Bahar county for crop years of 2013-2014. For the mentioned aim, mathematical planning and simulation of cropping products on the basis of water input. Data were analyzed by Lingo10 software in mathematical model. In the study, feasibility of efficiency maximization and investment cost, water usage, chemical matters minimization were analyzed according to land limitation and water availability. Results show that for the purpose of mentioned aim planning efficiency of product were increased: 8.44 percent, investment cost 2.94percent, chemical manure usage 3.05, chemical toxins usage 0.88 but water usage 1.99 percent decreased. It can be expected that findings will contribute to agricultural related organizations and planners.

In this study, the performance of the country's provinces has been evaluated using linear planning method. For this purpose, using non-parametric technique that is based on mathematical programming methods, and in particular Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), provinces of the country have been classified and ranked. In this research, according to the input and output of cooperative agencies, taking in 30 provinces in 2009, their efficiency has been evaluated with the assumption of constant and variable return to scale. The results show that considering the first assumption, provinces of Zanjan, North Khorasan, kohkiloyeh and Boyerahmad, Sistan and Baluchestan and Lorestan, have the highest efficiency among the country's provinces. Also, having the second assumption into the account, the provinces of Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Tehran and Qom, Isfahan would be efficient. Finally, regarding the patterns being kohkilouyeh and Boyerahmad and based on the findings of this study can be said that in order to increase efficiency of the non-efficient provinces, kohkilouyeh and Boyerahmad should be considered as the pattern.

This paper tries to develop a mathematical model to assign an optimal site for Insurance Organization branches in eastern part of Tehran by using the data of Social Insurances Organization. So, designing and developing service network and determining a proper site to set up the centers of services is a vital issue. Factors affecting the location include land price, ensured population, closeness to the parking, organizations, clinics, banks, underground-station, bus-station, highways. By using questionnaire and performing pair-wise comparisons of the determinants and then analyzing the data collected by Eigenvector method, the effectiveness coefficients of each determinant will be determined. Numerical results of MADM model will be inserted in the second objective function defined as 0 and 1 that means the organization branch in that location must set up or not. Finally, the model will be solved by Excel and a proper location determined for setting up the branches.

One of the important factors in intercity transportation systems is providing fuel to mass volume of different vehicles. Certainly, fuel demand characteristics and layout structure of refueling facilities have considerable effects on transportation network and traffic pattern. Hence optimal location of gas stations becomes an important issue for city management.
In this article we have used a linear programming model with an objective function based on minimum cost and balanced distribution of demand in 22 municipality districts of Tehran to obtain the optimal location of gas stations. Comparing the model results with present distribution of refueling stations shows that the existing layout is not optimal in some districts of Tehran.

This paper uses a network flow model to estimate optimal mix of different modes of transport of gasoline from refineries and ports to main stores of NIORDC(National Iranian oil Refining & Distribution comany), taking into account limitations including oil pipeline capacity, available road transport and reserves capacity. The study attempts to define how much gasoline should be transferred from which refinery or port, using which transportation system to each demand centre in order to minimize total transportation costs. The model is first applied to assess the total cost of transporting all the gasoline that can be transported by using the existing pipeline network, assuming that no possibiity exists for transportation by roads. At the next stage after subtracting the amount that can be transported by pipeline the cost of transporting the balance load by trucks is calculated. The results indicate that while pipelines transport the largest share of oil products the total cost of pipeline transport is substantially less than the cost incurred in transporting a much smaller quantity of oil products by tankers. The model shows that extending the pipeline network will increase the efficiency of oil product movement within the country and reduce the total associated cost for transport of oil products, indicating that the current mixture of modes of transporting oil products is not optimal. Finally sensitivity analysis is used to assess the extent to which results change under assumption of different shadow prices and other variables of the model.

In this study, optimal daily production of Iran's crude oil and its annual required investment is calculated. To this aims, according to Kan-Taker Theorem and by applying non-linear programming, the present value of future profits from oil exporting is maximized in a twenty-year cycle. To compute the profit, revenue and cost functions are presented and used. The cost function is non-linear and exponential subject to exploration rate and stock level remaining of the reserve. The function is increasing to the exploration rate and decreasing to the stock level. For the future revenue of oil prices, the researchers considered three different scenarios, and the model is appropriate for all the three. Final results show that the current production rate is below the optimal rate. The profit maximizing daily rate of production is a little above five million barrels for the current prices, and the investment needed to reach this level is thirty billion dollars a year during the primary years.