spatial distribution pattern

Artemisia absinthium commonly known as wormwood, is a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Asteraceae family and the Artemisia genus. It is a perennial shrubby plant. This grows from 60 to 120 cm in height with a woody, hardy rosette and high bearing stem.The aerial parts of A. absinthium possess an extended history of use in folk medicine. In previous studies, it has been reported that A. absinthium possesses many pharmacological properties, mainly antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antiplasmodial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties. It is worth to note that the ethno pharmacological literature has supported the use of A. absinthium for muscle complications, antiseptic activity and relieving the signs of depression. Lychnis coronaria is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. The literature study determines that different components of Lychnis coronaria have been utilized as a traditional medicine for healing different illnesses similar disease of inflamed wounds and heal cuts, leprosy, diarrhea, liver and lungs and also as a therapy for Beriberi. Decoction of the roots has been utilized for liver and lung disorders, and for infraction of the mesentery and the lymph glands. The herb extract was found to possess anti-inflammatory traits. Hot aqueous extract from the aerial parts of the herb has been utilized for the therapy of hemorrhoids. It is a perennial growing to 80 cm tall by 45 cm wide, with grey felted leaves and single, bright magenta flowers produced in succession around July. Though short-lived, the herb readily self-seeds in desirable places. It is sometimes grown as a biennial. Lychnis coronaria is a rare native species in the east of the Golestan Park of Iran. This species is apperceived from Darkesh in the west of the north Khorasan province. Plants contributes precious ecosystem services to different terrestrial ecosystems, such as soil conservation, protection of genetic resources, water resource regulation, fodder provide, and carbon sequestration. Survey of the spatial pattern of an herb population is useful to define the population’s biological attributes, ecological priority and relations with environmental agents. So, the survey of the spatial distribution pattern of herb populations has always been a main focus for environmental investigate. Spatial pattern survey of plants could be an important tools for stability, biodiversity, designing proper management plans, and Reclamation and Rehabilitation operations of terrestrial ecosystems. The spatial distribution pattern of herb populations represents scale dependency, e.g. a species can indicate a clumped distribution at one spatial scale and may modify to a random or regular distribution at a various scale. The purpose of this present survey were to evaluate spatial distribution patterns of Artemisia absinthium and Lychnis coronaria medicinal species in northwest rangelands of Bojnord.

Goodali Salakh is a region located in the northwestern part of the city of Bojnord, which is a district of North Khorasan province. According to topographic maps (1:50000), this region covers an area of about 5300 hectares and has an elevation of 1200 to 1900 meters above sea level. Its geographical coordinates range from 57° 7' to 57° 15' east longitude and from 37° 32' to 37° 36' north latitude. To determine the annual precipitation, annual temperature, and climate type of the studied region, the gradients of precipitation and temperature of nearby stations at different elevations were used. The average annual precipitation in the region is 295 millimeters. Monthly precipitation in the area shows that the highest rainfall occurs in April with 55.6 millimeters and the lowest rainfall occurs in July with 6 millimeters. The annual average temperature in this region is 11.28°C. The average maximum temperature is 26.1 °C in July and minimum temperature is
-6.8 °C in January. According to the Emberger method, the climate of the region is considered as semi-cold and semi-arid. Based on the Embrothermic diagram, the dry period in the study area starts from late April and ends in early November, while the wet period lasts for about 205 days.
In the present research, Vegetation sampling was done by systematic-random method, so, 5 transects of 100 meters were selected in each working unit. To collect information from the habitat, the nearest species and nearest neighbor distance method was used. Finally, Evaluation was done by using distance indices of Eberhardt, Hines, Pielou, T-square, Hopkins, Holgate and Johnson and Zimmer and the findings were tested at 5% level.

Based on the results of this study, the Eberhardt, Johnson, Zimmer and Holgate indicators showed a clumped pattern of A. absinthium in the study sites. While the Hopkins and Pielou indices showed a regular pattern for this species in the study sites. The T-square index confirmed the spatial distribution pattern of random with a tendency toward clumped and Hines index was random. Also, based on the findings obtained from the Lychnis coronaria in habitat, the distance indices of Eberhardt, Pielou, Holgate, Johnson and Zimmer, T-square and Hines showed a clumped pattern. While the Hopkins index introduced the spatial pattern in a random with tendency to be clumped.

In conclusion, in this survey, the findings indicated that most of the investigated indicators accepted the clumped distribution pattern, so it can be said that the spatial distribution pattern of Artemisia absinthium and Lychnis coronaria is clumped in the study sites. Based on the results obtained from the study of other researchers, the clumped type is the most commonly observed plants spatial pattern in natural ecosystems. The major reasons that can lead to a clumped pattern in a population of plant species are the attributes of the plant, the relationship between them, and with the environmentally changes. There are three types of spatial distributions for herbs in nature, as follows, clumped distribution, random distribution and regular distribution. The spatial pattern of herb populations is a plenary reflectance of the phenotypic plasticity and life past strategies of herb populations under the efficacy of intraspecific and interspecific relationships. In general, the utilization of herb distribution patterns plays a main role in choosing the appropriate sampling technique, stability, biodiversity, designing proper plans, Reclamation and Rehabilitation, ecological interpretations and providing management approaches.

Changes in the quality of underground resources for various reasons, especially the unconventional use of these resources can have devastating effects on the environment.In this research, groundwater quality parameters including electrical conductivity, total soluble solids, acidity, sodium adsorption ratio, hardness, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and the sum of anions and cations were used. in this research, groundwater quality data related to piezometric water wells affiliated to the Hamadan Regional Water Company for four-year periods in 2009, 2013, 2017, and 2020 in the plains of Hamadan province have been used. The results of Moran and coefficient of gery show that the spatial distribution pattern of all water quality parameters in 2009 and 2020 is random and for the parameters of electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio in 1992 and 1996, respectively, with a high level of confidence of 95% and 90%, respectively, it had a spatial distribution with a cluster pattern with high values. To investigate the spatial variations of electrical conductivity using the Kriging method, water quality maps in terms of electrical conductivity parameters for the years 2009, 2013, 2017, and 2020 have been prepared. The map of electrical conductivity changes prepared from 2009 to 2020 years shows that the amount of electrical conductivity in the city of Hamedan (Qahvand) and Razan and Kaboudar Ahang plains has more increasing changes, which indicates a decrease in groundwater quality in the case study area. Therefore, planning is necessary to correct the decline in groundwater quality.

Spatial pattern study of forest species could provide us important and useful information about relationship between species and also forest dynamic. Therefore, it could be an important tools for better management of forest resources. The objectives of this study were to determine special pattern of Tecomella undulata stands in Bushehr province and also, evaluation of different functions capability in T. undulata spatial pattern determination.

In the present study, two stands include Aliabad and Shahnia with 10 and 2 hectares, respectively, were selected in spring 2015 and 100 percent inventory was used. Then to determine the spatial distribution pattern of T. undulate, distance- azimuth method was used. Finally, Ripley's K, L, F, and G functions were used to evaluate T. undulate spatial distribution pattern.

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test calculation indicated that T. undulata trees distribution in the both studied sites were significantly heterogeneous (P < 0.001). Ripley's K and L heterogeneous functions showed aggregated pattern of T. undulata trees in the study sites. But G function showed aggregated pattern in Aliabad up to 150 meter. While in Shahnia G function indicted different patterns in different distances.

In conclusion, four studied functions showed an aggregated but G function revealed more detail in determination of T. undulata spatial pattern. Such aggregated pattern in T. undulata stands could be because of dry condition and lack of moisture. Based on the results, to revival and afforestation of suitable sites, using aggregated pattern could be useful method to provide shadow and maintaining humidity in soil. That could result in more successful reestablishments of this valuable species.

The spatial distribution of trees is one of the most important structural features of forest stands, which considered as an indicator for sustainable development stage of stand, biodiversity, ecological stability, competition processes and the overall process of forest ecosystems. Therefore, every change in the spatial distribution of trees plays an important role in these functions. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency evaluating of the Distance to neighbor, the Eberhardt, Hopkins and Johnson-Zimmer indices in estimating the spatial distribution of natural forest stands in Arasbaran forest. The diameter and height of reference trees and three nearest neighbor, distance and the angle between the reference and neighbors trees measured in the 60 sampling points. Results showed that Distance to neighbor index indicated that the mean of measured distances between trees was 4.2 ± 0.08 meters and 4-6 meters distance had the highest frequency among the measures. The value of the Eberhardt, Hopkins and Johnson-Zimmer indices were 1.08, 0.63 and 1.29 respectively that showed uniform distribution pattern in studied stand. Statistical analysis confirmed the spatial distribution patterns predicted at 95% level by these indicators. Protective activities in the Arasbaran forest make it largely reliable to represent the actual pattern of species distribution. Therefore, it is possible to prepare a map of the distribution pattern, more appropriate and accurate results of the species stands structure and the possibility of completing the ecological database of the region and provide valuable data to assist the regional management plans.

Today the recognition of spatial pattern of plant population is very important in administrative planning and ecological studies and without any spatial information and spatial pattern of the distribution of population in societies the implementation of every program will face problems. This study is investigating the spatial pattern of tree and shrub species in Protected Area of Ghalarang in Ilam Province. In this research, an area with 1200 ha of protected area from Ghalarang is selected and then, 30 plots in a grid of 150 * 100 meters of inventory network are evaluated via systematic random sampling. To evaluate the spatial pattern distribution of species of tree and shrub including Quercus brantii Lindl., Pistacia atlantica Desf., Acer monspassulanum L. and Crataegus azarolus L., variance ratio to mean, Morisita, Morisitas’ Standard Index are used. Results showed that variance ratio to mean index for all species are clustered distribution patterns, for Morisita and Morisitas’ Standard Indexes are random pattern for Acer monspassulanum L. and Crataegus azarolus L., and for Quercus brantii Lindl. and Pistacia atlantica Desf. are clustered distribution patterns. Due to the high percentage of frequency of Quercus brantii Lindl. and Pistacia atlantica Desf. species are cluster distribution pattern which is acceptable in all indexes, But in the variance to mean ratio index cluster distribution pattern was not acceptable for Acer monspassulanum L. and Crataegus azarolus L. species, because frequency of this species are very low and has a random distribution pattern.