antifungal

This study aimed to create novel azo compounds (Z1-Z4) via amic acid compounds (A1-A4) as intermediate, and then the structures of synthetic compounds were characterized using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The synthesized azo compounds may be classified as direct dyes, based on their coloristic and application qualities. In addition, the study aimed to examine the antibacterial effects of these compounds on medically significant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, as well as fungal strains. Novel azo derivatives had good results when tested with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli as well as against Aspergillus Niger, aspergillus fumigatus fungi.

In this work, some new heterocyclic compounds will be synthesized from Imidazole as starting material via the reaction with ethyl chloro acetate to produce compound (1), and then treated with hydrazine hydrate to yield compound (2), compound (2) react with substituted aromatic aldehyde to produce compound (3). This compound will react with sodium azide to produce compound (4). The newly synthesized compounds identified by FTIR,1H-NMR,13C-NMR, and their physical properties measured and biological activity estimated for compounds.

In this study, a new triazole and oxadiazole derivatives were synthesized from reaction of compound (1) with NH4CSN at (180-200) °C were prepared compound (2) in the first step and in the second step, compound (1) was reacted with Cs2 in the KOH presence to produced of the 5-mercapto 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative. Likewise, in third step, compound (1) was reacted with various substituted benzoic acids in the POCl3 presence to produce amide derivatives 4(a-e). In final step, synthetic amides were cyclized in the presence of H2SO4 con. to generate 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives 5(a-e). The prepared compounds were characterized using FT-IR, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and studied biological activity of the prepared compounds against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as well as antifungal activity. In addition, the molecular docking properties of these compounds were also investigated.

Some amide derivatives of drugs containing a carboxyl group (Diclofenac¸ ketoprofen, oxaprozin, and naproxen) were prepared with one of the aniline derivatives. The effective method for preparing amides involves coupling amines with carboxylic acids utilizing dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) under ordinary temperature conditions. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with the 2X08 protein. The results of molecular docking confirmed the biological activity of the prepared compounds and derivative 3 (N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-((2,6 dichlorophenyl)amino)benzamide) showed high inhibitory activity according to the (Phosphomolybdate assay) method. The other synthesized derivatives exhibited varying degrees of inhibition compared to ascorbic acid. Additionally, the antibacterial (Escherichia Coli) and antifungal (Candida albicans) activities of the prepared compounds were evaluated. The derivatives showed high to moderate activity compared to the standard references (cephalexin and fluconazole), with compound 2 showing significant activity against both bacteria and fungi. All the synthesized compounds were characterizedˮ using FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, 13C-NMR and molecular docking studies.

A new Schiff base (5) was synthesized by reacting the hydrazide derivative (3) with p-aminoacetophenone in the presence of a few drops of H2SO4 in ethanol as a solvent. Following this preparation, the diazonium salt was prepared by reacting compound (6) with sodium nitrate in the presence of HCl at 0-5 °C and performing a coupling reaction. This reaction involved the prepared diazonium salt and some substituted phenols, leading to the formation of the corresponding azo-Schiff bases 7(a–e). Target compounds were identified using FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The second part of the current work includes the investigation of molecular docking and biological activities such as antimicrobial and antifungal effects.

To generate zinc oxide nanoparticles, we report a straight forward combination reaction between zinc nitrate and Phyllanthus emblica leaf extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were subjected to morphological, optical, and structural studies. We utilized X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to the structural analysis, the produced ZnO nanoparticles had a hexagonal wurtzite structure and were crystalline. The development of quasi-spherical zinc oxide nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 20–30 nm was demonstrated using TEM microscopy. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles was evaluated based on the degradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB) under UV light. Excellent outcomes were observed for the antifungal activity of the produced products against selected fungi of the Mucor and Aspergillus species by generating zinc oxide nanoparticles with diameters of 6 and 10 mm zone of inhibition.

The use of ultrasonic radiation for the synthesis of various biologically active compounds is a popular research area due to the simple and affordable sonochemical method, which often results in amorphous material. The aim of this study was the synthesis of some biphenyl sulfonamide derivatives by using ultrasound irradiations (sound energy) to promote a greener methodology. The reaction of appropriate primary amines with biphenyl sulfonyl chloride gives seven new biphenyl sulfonamide derivatives (1-7) in excellent yields. The structure of all these compounds was elucidated through various spectroscopic techniques such as IR, ¹H-NMR, EIMS, 13C-NMR, and elemental analysis. All compounds (1-7) showed significant antibacterial activity out of these compounds, 2 (MIC = 25 µg/disc), and 4 (MIC=20, 25 µg/disc) were most active against S. typhi. In the case of antifungal activity compound 6 (MIC = 50 µg/disc) displayed significant activity against A. fumigatus fungal strains. Among the antioxidant activity, all the compound possesses good activity, but compound 6 was found to be the most active compound with 93.57 %RSA and 0.0140 mg/mL IC50. All biphenyl sulfonamide derivatives were subjected to in silico studies against dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) enzyme and human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) to predict binding mechanisms to find potential inhibitors to treat bacterial infection and glaucoma respectively.

In this study, an attempt was made to synthesize a new sorbent based on the second generation of silica coated magnetic poly(amidoamine) (Fe3O4@SiO2@PAMAM) to improve the performance of magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of some antifungal drugs including miconazole, clotrimazole and ticonazole in various real samples such as urine and human plasma. The extracted analytes were measured by high performance liquid chromatography equipped with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to study the morphology and structure of the prepared sorbent. The various factors such as: extraction time, sorbent amount, solvent desorption volume, desorption time, ionic strength and pH were studied and optimized. The method is validated according to ICH guidelines with respect to precision, accuracy, linearity, specificity, robustness, and limits of detection and quantification. Under the optimized condition, the linearity of the method was in the range of 1–500 µg L-1 (miconazole= 1-200 µg L-1, clotrimazole = 1-500 µg L-1 and ticonazole = 1-200 µg L-1). The obtained correlation coefficients (r^2) were between 0.9871-0.9977. The limits of detection (LODs) were also calculated to be 0.14-0.18 µg L-1 (miconazole= 0.16 µg L-1, clotrimazole = 0.18 µg L-1 and ticonazole=0.14 µg L-1). The limits of quantification (LOQs) were also in the range of 0.46-0.60 µg L-1 for the selected analytes. The relative standard deviations (RSDs%), were obtained in the range of 4.6 to 5.9%. Moreover, the calculated enrichment factors were between 85 and 93. The proposed method was also employed for the analysis of various real samples such as urine and plasma samples. The obtained recoveries indicated that the method was useful and applicable in complicated real samples

The aim of study was to synthesize new products of sulfonamide compounds containing azo and Schiff base fragments and confirm the structures by 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy, as well as to investigate the antibacterial activities against medically important Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial strains. Novel sulfonamides derivatives S1, S2, S3, A1, A2, and A3 were synthesized and tested with staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as against Candida albicans fungi. Molecular docking was used to study the theoretical binding of the compounds with some selected proteins. It was found that compounds S1, S2, and S3 have more potent activity against the three types of microorganisms as compared with A1, A2, and A3. Against Candida albicans, it was found that compounds S1 and S3 gave the best activity, 21 and 20 mm, respectively. Antibacterial activity showed that compound A2 gave the best activity (34 mm at 1000 µg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus. Other compounds S1, S2, S3, A1, and A3 gave very good activities against the same bacteria, 29, 13, 29, 28, and 28 mm, respectively, at the same concentration. Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that the compounds S1 gave the best inhibition zone (25 mm) at 1000 µg/mL, whereas compounds S2 and S3 showed good potent activity (15 and 20 mm, respectively). Molecular docking studies showed that free binding energy (S) of the compounds against S. aureus using protein 1JIJ were -7.15 to -8.60 kcal/mol, whereas free binding energy (S) using 5V5Z fungi protein gave the values -7.10 to -8.22 kcal/mol. Schiff bases gave good activity against the selected microorganism species compared with azo compounds. There is clear correlation between the activity of the compounds and their molecular docking through the high negative values of free binding energy.

Imidazoles are key components of functional molecules with diverse applications. Due to its adaptive qualities in chemistry and pharmacology, its derivatives have attracted great study in recent years. The rapid growth of imidazole-based medicinal chemistry indicates the promising and potential therapeutic values of imidazole-derived compounds for treating irremediable diseases. This review is aimed on advances in the pharmacological activities of imidazole during past years such as anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-tubercular, and anti-parasitic activity.

The antifungal and antibacterial effects of medicinal plants have long been known. The root bark decoction of Strychnos innocua (a Loganiaceae plant) has been used to treat skin infections, candidiasis, and other disorders. Hence, the aim of this study is to determine the phytochemical, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of root bark extracts of S. innocua. This is the first time a study of this nature is been conducted using the root bark of the plant. Maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvents was used in the extraction process, while the phytochemical analysis of the extracts followed a standard procedure. This confirmed the presence of flavonoids, coumarines, triterpenes, steroids, saponins, tannins, phenols, anthraquinones, quinones, carbohydrates, phlobatannins, glycosides, cardiac and alkaloids. The extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities against MRSA, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, C. krusei, A. fumigatus, C. albicans while no activity against E. coli, S. pyogenes, S. typhii, A. niger and K. Pneumoniae were observed. MIC and MBC/MFC were also determined. In conclusion, the root bark of S. innocua is thought to be rich in phytochemicals and has antifungal and antibacterial effects against some of the tested pathogens.

Thymidine and thymidine-mimicking derivatives were found promising against microorganisms which may inhibit the growth of microorganisms providing effective therapies for several diseases. In this present study, it has been investigated the antimicrobial activities of thymidine and some of its designed derivatives by employing quantum chemical calculations. The antimicrobial tests demonstrated that the compounds 3, 4, and 14 were the most active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella abony, and Staphylococcus aureus strains, with the calculated MIC values ranging from 0.32 ± 0.01 to 1.25 ± 0.03 mg ml-1 and MBC values ranging from 0.32±0.01 to 2.5±0.06 mg ml-1. These derivatives exhibited much stronger biochemical activities than the standard antibacterial drugs. SAR study including in vitro and in silico analysis revealed that the lauroyl and myristoyl in combination with ribose sugar were found to be the most potential activates. PASS and quantum calculations respectively revealed excellent antimicrobial and thermodynamic properties of the designed thymidine derivatives. A molecular docking study has been performed against SARS-CoV main protease protein to investigate their binding energies and binding modes and observed that, designed derivatives exhibited improved binding affinities. In addition, the ADMET studies predicted the pharmacokinetic properties with lower acute oral toxicity i.e, noncarcinogenic of all compounds.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, while multiple drug resistance constitutes a major problem in management of infectious diseases. The aforementioned problems necessitate continuous investigations for development of novel antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Here, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, 70%-ethanol and methanol extracts of Parquetina nigrescens leaves were investigated. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, DPPH, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation assays. Antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and antifungal (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albican and Penicillium spp.) activities of the extracts were examined using agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical investigations revealed presence of various phytochemicals, including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids. Total phenolic contents were in the range 0.321±0.030–0.432±0.030 mg gallic acid/g extract, while total flavonoid contents were in the range 0.020±0.003–0.064±0.006 mg quercetin/g extract. The extracts displayed moderate total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and ferric reducing power; having TAC values in the range 0.820±0.060–0.876±0.030 mg ascorbic acid/g extract and reducing powers in the range 0.01–0.68. The extracts showed moderate to high activities against DPPH radical, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation; having IC50 values in the range 59.3±10.8–87. 1±14.2 µg/mL, 52.7±10.6–56.9±10.1 µg/mL, and 58.9±18.6–101.3±10.2 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, ethyl-acetate extract showed broad spectrum antibacterial activities, while n-hexane extract demonstrated narrow spectrum antifungal activity. These findings suggest that P. nigrescens leaves have potentials as source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

In this study, a new N3-Schiff base ligand (L) was obtained from via condensation reaction of diethylenetriamine and (Z)-3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)acrylaldehyde (1:2 ratio). Then some its new five coordinated HgLX2 complexes inwhich X is halide/pseudohalide were synthesized. The ligand and its complexes were characterized by various analysis tools such as FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, UV–visible, thermal analyses and molar conductivity measurements. Based on the spectral data and conductivity measurements, all the newly prepared compounds were found to be non-electrolyte. Moreover some mercury complexes were prepared in nano-structured size by sonochemical method and confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction method (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The Schiff base and its mercury complexes have been screened for their in-vitro antibacterial activities (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis) and antifungal activities (Candida albicans and Aspergillus oryzae) using well diffusion method. Furthermore, thermal behaviors of ligand and its mercury complexes were evaluated in the range of room temperature to 1000°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The Schiff base ligand and complexes were decomposed completely via 2 to 5 thermal steps.

In this research study, we have synthesized a library of 2-substituted-1-(2-(5-((5-5-benzoyl-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole-1-yl)methyl)-2-thioxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl) acetamido)-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylic acids from 1H-benzo[d][1,2,3] triazole-5-yl)(phenyl)methanone. The synthesized compounds were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, C,H,N elemental analysis and mass spectroscopy studies. All the compounds were investigated for their in silico ADME prediction properties, in vitro antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains, antifungal activity against two fungal strains, and antimycobacterial activity against the H37Rv. All the compounds revealed good to moderate activity against the bacterial strain. Among all the compounds, 6b and 6f showed better antimycobacterial agents compared with that of the standard drug ciprofloxacin and pyrazinamide, whereas 6a, 6b, and 6e were found to be excellent antifungal and antibacterial agent compared standard drugs clotrimazole and ciprofloxacin. The results of the in-silico analysis depicted that the synthesized compounds had excellent drug-likeness properties.

Vilsmeier Several diamide derivatives containing 2-chloroquinoline scaffolds were synthesized via Ugi reaction of 2-chloroquinoline-3-carboxaldehydes, amines, carboxylic acids and isocyanides. The diversity of these quinolinyl Ugi-adducts was increased by using 2-chloroquinoline-3-carboxylic acids as a source of acid. Among them, compounds 2d, 2n, 2p, 4a, 4c and 4e displayed moderate to good antibacterial and antifungal activity.

A series of new 6-amino-4aryl-2’-[(4-Aminophenyl)thio]-2,4’-bipyridine-5-carbonitriles (3a-h) were synthesized from 4-aminothiophenol (1). The reaction of 4-aminothiophenol with 4-acetyl-2-chloropyridine yielded 1-{2-[(4-aminophenyl)thio]pyridin-4-yl}ethanone(2).Furthertreatment of  2 with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of alcoholic malanonitrile in ammonium acetate gave compounds (3a-h). The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of their elemental analysis, as well as their IR and 1H-NMR spectral data. All the title compounds were subjected to in vitro antibacterial testing against two strains and antifungal screening against two fungi. Some of the compounds showed promising activity.