simulation

Digital Twin technology, as a virtual model of physical systems, enables the provision of real-time and precise data from various environments and processes. In agricultural sectors, including precision farming, water resource management, agricultural robotics, and post-harvest process optimization, this technology offers significant capabilities for enhancing productivity and reducing costs. This paper examines the applications of Digital Twin technology in agriculture and analyzes its opportunities and challenges. Initially, the opportunities, such as improved farm management, enhanced prediction accuracy, and resource consumption optimization, are examined. Subsequently, the implementation challenges in the agricultural sector, including data quality issues, privacy concerns, operational costs, and technical and legal complexities, are presented. This study aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the capabilities and barriers in implementing Digital Twin technology in agriculture while offering recommendations for future research and planning in this domain.

This article introduces Metaverse technology and outlines its capabilities, prospects, and challenges in managing natural hazards. Metaverse is a vision of the future Internet that combines virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, the Internet of Things, blockchain, and artificial intelligence to offer a powerful tool for managing natural hazards. Metaverse can simulate natural hazard conditions and propose effective training and educational programs for hazard response. Further, the Metaverse aids in data analysis and hazard prediction. Metaverse collects real-time data from the environment and transfers it to analytical systems. This data plays a crucial role in predicting and reacting more swiftly to natural hazards. Metaverse makes international collaboration and sharing of best practices and experiences possible. This cooperation increases economic efficiency and improves preparedness levels in facing natural hazards. Additionally, the Metaverse can reduce crisis management's social and psychological impacts. However, challenges also exist in using the Metaverse. These challenges include resistance to traditional structure changes, the need for advanced technological infrastructure, data privacy protection, ensuring information security, and high setup and maintenance costs. Despite these challenges, the Metaverse's role in managing natural hazards is unparalleled, offering numerous potential benefits for the future.

The production of horticultural products is faced with environmental stress; and heavy damages are caused to the products every year. The use of shade/net houses to reduce stress and to increase the quantity and quality of the product have been significantly developed in the last few years. Although after the columns, screens of the shade/net houses are the most important part of such protected agriculture, there is not much information about their behavior under the loads. The purpose of this article is to investigate and analyze the behavior of screens when different loads are applied to them. In this research, the samples of shade/net houses implemented in the country were examined. The stress analysis and calculation of the displacement of the screens according to the way of installation and operation, the snow load and the shape of their snow removal were done using SolidWorks software. The results showed that with the arrangement of the distance between the cenotes and the width used for the nets, the maximum allowable snow load is 40-52.5 kg/m2. It was also found that changing the distances of the columns and the width of the corridors could have a direct role in the stability of the structure while reducing the accumulation of snow, so that according to the load of the area, the distance between the columns could be adjusted in such a way that it was possible to strain with less stress in the screen and the screen could be loaded. Having no significant differences, the economic aspect can play a decisive role in the selection of column distances. This issue (changing the width of the columns) can be considered as an advantage in screens of shade/net houses. Also, the calculations showed that the conditions of yielding in the nets were strongly affected by the change of location in them. In other words, by choosing the appropriate distance between the columns in the row of the corridor and the possibility of creating more rise in the screens, the bearing capacity would increase, but it should be noted that the loading surface is wider and the screens of shade/net houses must bear more snow load.

In developing countries, transplanting in a traditional way is one of the conventional methods at the farm level. In this method, due to the environmental pollution left over from plastic trays, it destroys the structure and soil texture. For this reason, nowadays, they use an alternative method, degradable pots. In this research, the characteristics of two types of renewable pots were investigated using a pressure test device with three humidity levels in three repetitions. The general goal is to introduce the best pot for planting seedlings in a smart device to develop technical knowledge and increase the productivity of planting with the least waste in Iranian farms. Is. The results showed that the type of pot, for parameters density, ultimate stress, displacement in ultimate stress, yield stress and displacement in yield stress at the level of 5% and water absorption time, for parameters density, humidity, ultimate stress, displacement in ultimate stress , yield stress, displacement in yield stress and pot thickness is significant at 1% level. Also, the result of the simulation test of incomplete conical cylinder and square pyramid renewable pot using Ansys software with laboratory data showed a correlation coefficient of 88 and 91%, respectively. According to the present research, the best option to use in the smart planter for planting is the sample of the incomplete conical cylinder pot in the initial moisture content and the duration of 30 minutes of water absorption.

Dryers play a very important role in the processing of food, chemical and pharmaceutical products. The drying performance depends on various factors such as the type of dryer, the temperature and speed of the incoming air to the dryer, the size and amount of incoming materials, and the time the materials stay in the chamber. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out specific studies in the field of drying products. On the other hand, designing, manufacturing, and equipping dryers with sensors to measure various characteristics is a costly process, and in recent research, numerical and simulation methods have been used to analyze dryers. Therefore, in this article, the characteristics affecting the drying process in a cross-flow fluidized bed dryer with a tray were investigated by CFD method. For this purpose, the mass flow rate effect of materials in 3 levels is 2.76, 5.76 and 8.1 kg/h, the velocity of incoming hot air in 4 levels is 2.5, 3, 4 and 5 m/s and hot air temperatures in 4 levels of 50, 60, 70 and 80 degrees Celsius on the speed and pressure inside the chamber was checked by ANSYS fluent 18 software. The results showed that increasing the temperature caused an increase in the air pressure and speed inside the chamber and in the bed. Increasing the feed flow decreased the pressure and velocity.

In horticulture, to control biotic and abiotic stresses in a protected environment, the use of shade/net house or anti hail-net house can be a cost-effective solution. Unlike a greenhouse, a shade/net house is designed for non-extreme loads. In addition, the method of applying loads as a key point should be considered in the design of the structure. Therefore, the design of columns is a controversial issue considering the moments caused by wind load. These bending and twisting moments in the columns are created due to the imbalance of the wind load on the mesh. The columns cross-section used in shade/net structures have a direct effect on its strength, under different loads. Hence, stress analysis of columns with rectangular cross-section, C and U (sine) channels are considered for comparison. All these analyses were calculated and performed by SolidWorks software. This stress analysis was also performed for the mentioned columns sections that were placed next to each other in a double form. The results of the stress analysis of single columns showed that in front loading, the column with sinusoidal U section had more strength than that the columns with two other sections. It also had less deflection. In lateral loading, less stress was calculated for the sinusoidal U section. In terms of torsional load, the column with a rectangular cross-section performed better and had a much smaller angular deviation than the sinusoidal U-shaped and C-channel columns. In general, it can be concluded that in the mentioned single columns, the performance of the U-shaped section is more acceptable. The results of the loading and analysis of three types of double columns showed that the strength of the sinusoidal profile with a U-shaped cross-section was higher than that of rectangular tube and C channel. Also, the deflection created was less than that the other two types of columns. In lateral loading, the stress analysis showed that the sinusoidal U-section column had more strength and also had less deflection. In torsional loading, the double rectangular tube column had more strength and less deflection than that the other two sections. Finally, based on the stress analysis results, it was clarified that the double sinusoidal U-cross-section had more strength and successfully could be chosen in shade/net house infrastructures.

Drying is one of the oldest methods of food preservation. To increase the efficiency of heat and mass transfer while maintaining product quality, the study of the drying process is crucial scientifically and meticulously. It is possible to conduct experimental tests, trial and error, in the drying process. However, this approach consumes time and cost, with a significant amount of energy resources. By harnessing available software and leveraging technological advancement to develop a general model for drying food under varying initial conditions, the drying process can be significantly optimized.

This study was conducted with the aim of simulating heat and mass transfer during Refractance window drying for aloe vera gel. Comsol Multiphysics version 5.6 is a three-dimensional model used to solve heat and mass transfer equations. For this purpose, the differential equations of heat and mass transfer were solved simultaneously and interdependently. The above model considered various initial conditions: water temperature of 60, 70, 80, and 90℃, and aloe vera gel thickness of 5 and 10 mm. The initial humidity and temperature of the aloe vera is uniform. The initial temperature is 4℃ and the initial humidity of the fresh aloe vera sample is 110 gwater/gdry matter. Heat is supplied only by hot water from the bottom surface of the product.

The drying time was needed to reduce the moisture content of aloe vera gel from 110 to 0.1 gwater/gdry matter during Refractance window drying. Aloe vera gel with a thickness of 5 mm dried in 120, 100, 70, and 50 minutes at water temperatures of 60, 70, 80, and 90℃, respectively. For a 10 mm thick layer of aloe vera gel, the drying time was 240, 190, 150, and 120 minutes, for water temperatures of 60 to 90℃, respectively. These results demonstrate the importance of both the water temperature and thickness on the drying time. Furthermore, the drying rate of aloe vera gel increased as the water temperature increased from 60 to 90℃, the drying rates were 0.915, 1.099, 1.57, and 2.198 gwater/min for 5 mm thickness and 0.457, 0.578, 0.732, and 0.915 gwater/min for 10 mm thick layer of aloe vera gel, respectively.

Based on the simulation results, the optimal model is with a water temperature of 90℃ and an aloe vera gel thickness of 5 mm. Overall, the modeling results are consistent with the results of experimental data.

The aim of this study was a three-dimensional simulation of the heat and moisture transfer process in food drying operations. A three-dimensional geometric model of carrot slices was used for simulation. The domain was discretized into 1017 tetrahedral elements, with a freedom degree of 30550. Governing differential equations of heat transfer and moisture transfer during the carrot drying process were solved under different drying air temperatures based on the finite element method using the Comsol Multiphysics 3.5 software. The equation was solved by considering the variable engineering properties of carrots. The temperature and moisture profiles were predicted at different drying conditions. In addition, some experiments were performed to obtain the engineering properties of carrot slices, such as bulk and true density and the effective moisture diffusion coefficient during hot air drying at different thicknesses of slices and air temperatures. The predicted data were compared with the experimental data. Results showed that the model can accurately predict the moisture and temperature variation of the sample during the drying process. Prediction accuracy was 99.87 to 99.98 %, and the error was 3.5 to 19 %. Therefore, the developed simulator can be highly accurate for other agricultural products with similar engineering properties

Introduction:

 In recent years, Underground heating systems are one of the cleanest and best types of heating systems which these techniques have been used in many greenhouses. In this method, a source of thermal energy, which is often a gas or diesel, is used to heat the fluid. Then, the heated fluid is transferred to the entire greenhouse through the pipe networks that are placed on the floor of the greenhouses and under the soil, and creates a pleasant heat. During the cold months of the year, having a proper heating system for the greenhouse is essential. A standard greenhouse heating system could improve the temperature inside the greenhouse and spread it evenly on the entire surface of the greenhouse and finally, it is very effective in the growth and quality of plants and products in all months of the year. Today, fluids play a very important role in industry, especially in heating systems. Common fluids such as water, ethylene glycol and motor oil have a limited conductivity coefficient. Therefore, using the above-mentioned fluids at high temperatures causes heat transfer problems. Nanofluids consist of very small particles (usually less than 400 nm) dispersed in a base fluid. The conducted research shows that due to the high thermal conductivity of nanofluids compared to common fluids, in the future nanofluids will become a new type of fluid used in advanced heat transfer for engineering applications. Therefore, according to the importance of this topic, in this research, the heating system of the greenhouse floor is simulated and analyzed using CFD technique.

Materials and Methods:

In this research, in order to simplify the process of simulation, the inhomogeneity in the fluid flow is ignored and the single-phase flow is considered. In order to investigate the effect of each of the nanofluids on the fluid behavior and heat transfer of the pyramidal greenhouse, analysis and simulation of the greenhouse was performed based on three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics. First, the geometry of the control volume of a greenhouse was designed in Solidwork software, and in order to check the simulation, a pyramidal geometry was considered. The boundary conditions for the coldest day and night temperature in the year were extracted according to the environmental conditions by measuring the data of temperature, humidity and air flow. Two parameters of pressure drop value and Nusselt number were selected as target parameters in this research. The flow friction coefficient in the floor heating section was calculated through the pressure drop along the section and its hydraulic diameter. Single-phase fluid pressure drop in all pipes inside the thermal cycle was modeled in this section. Finally, the parametric analysis of the results and the comparison of the heating efficiency of the greenhouse floor for two types of nanofluid alumina and titanium dioxide in volume percentages of 1%, 2% and 3% were used. Besides, the effect of the mentioned parameters on the Nusselt number and in the flow of floor heating was investigated.

Results and Discussion:

Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that an increase in Reynolds number in all volume percentages leads to an increase in Nusselt number and alumina nanofluid has a higher Nusselt number than titanium dioxide nanofluid. Also, in both nanofluids assuming a constant inlet temperature of 40℃ and a diameter of nanoparticles of 5 nm, the Nusselt number also increased with an increase in the volume percentage of particles at a constant Reynolds number. According to the results obtained with the increase in the diameter of nanoparticles, the Nusselt number decreased for both alumina and titanium dioxide nanofluids, which is greater for titanium dioxide nanofluids. Considering the findings related to the pressure drop, with the increase in the volume percentage of nanoparticles in both nanofluids, the pressure drop increased, and this drop is more severe in the alumina nanofluid, and it could be attributed to the higher density and viscosity of the alumina nanofluid compared to the titanium dioxide nanofluid. The results related to the pressure drop showed that, with the increase in the volume percentage of nanoparticles in both nanofluids, the pressure drop increased, and this drop is more intense in the alumina nanofluid and this factor is attributed to the higher density and viscosity of alumina nanofluid compared to titanium dioxide nanofluid. On the other hand, the increase in Reynolds number in both nanofluids has resulted in an increase in pressure drop. The results related to the changes in the friction coefficient in terms of Reynolds number in different volume percentages show that the coefficient decreases with the increase in Reynolds number, and these changes are more intense at lower Reynolds numbers. By comparing the performance coefficient between alumina nanofluid and titanium dioxide nanofluid, it can be concluded that the average value of this coefficient is 14% higher than other nanofluids for alumina nanofluid. But, the sensitivity of the performance coefficient of titanium dioxide nanofluid compared to alumina nanofluid is more intense to the changes of Reynolds number.

Conclusion:

Due to the production of greenhouse products in all seasons and the necessity of precise greenhouse control, it can be concluded that dealing with new and advanced methods in the management and optimization of the country's greenhouses is importance. The results of the present research show the fact that the simulation of heating from the greenhouse floor and its various aspects can be a suitable measure to check the uniformity and proper distribution of heat inside the greenhouse. In order to improve the efficiency of thermal equipment, using nanofluids with higher thermal ability is essential. Besides, comparing the performance coefficient of the system due to the use of nanofluids indicated the high efficiency of the use of nanofluids in comparison with pure water in the greenhouse floor heating system.

Greenhouse dryers absorb sunlight directly through the transparent coating on the roof of the greenhouse structure. Absorption of pleasant radiation in these dryers is done only from the side where there is sunlight, and it is not possible to absorb pleasant radiation from the opposite side. The purpose of this study is to use a solar parabolic collector to reflect pleasant light on the other side of the dryer to increase the dryer efficiency. For this purpose, the effect of using linear parabolic and point parabolic pleasant collectors and the effect of solar radiation intensity, representing different hours of the day and month in Isfahan, on the speed and temperature of the air inside the chamber of four types of  common greenhouse dryers were evaluated by computational fluid dynamics method. The behavior of hot air flow insidethe dryer was simulated using ANSYS fluent 18 commercial software. The results showed that using solar collectors in greenhouse dryers increased the speed and temperature of the air inside the dryer. Although the point parabolic collector created more localized hot spots in the dryer than the linear parabolic collector, the linear parabolic collector produced a more uniform speed and temperature than the point parabolic collector. Overall, the fourth type ofdryer with a linear parabolic collector had the best performance among the simulated dryers.

Simulating of operating conditions for different processes is a positive step towards saving time and cost. In the present study, Thyme essential oil nanoemulsions using tween 80, as emulsifier, under sub-critical water conditions (Temperature above 100 ° C) were prepared according to the results of the simulation of operating conditions using the COMSOL Multiphysics software and their physical properties were evaluated. The simulation results showed that heating at temperature of 120 ° C up to 120 minutes, could not provide sub-critical water conditions, and the Thyme essential oil nanoemulsions were not formed. However, oven heating of sealed container containing Thyme essential oil nanoemulsions, at same temperature for minimum 120 min, indicated that the temperature of the formed nanoemulsions was ranged in108 to 111 ° C, which that was completely satisfied sub-critical water temperature condition. Physico-chemical properties of Thyme essential oil in water nanoemulsions were analyzed using DLS, FTIR and TEM. Obtained results indicated that the prepared nanoemulsions under sub-critical water conditions had particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of 33 nm, 0.221 and -13.5 mV, respectively. Morphological attributes of the formed nanodroplets indicated that nanodroplets with spherical shape were formed which that revealed their highest thermodynamic stability.

Discrete element method has been identified as a suitable method for studying the flow of granular materials. In this research, the motion of Persian lilac fruit was initially investigated experimentally in a slopped hopper and then it was simulated using discrete element method. The experiments were carried out on the basis of factorial design with two factors of height and discharge area, each at four levels. The ANOVA tests indicated that the height of the fruits in the hopper and the surface area of the discharge and their interaction had a significant effect on the outflow of the fruits. The developed regression equation between the mass flow rate and discharge area and the interaction of discharge area and height was linear (R2 = 0.99), however, height of the fruits in the hopper had a negative impact on the discharge rate. The simulation results indicated that and the outlet size, the discharge flow and the output velocity increase, but they did not exactly follow the fluid flow relationships. The effect of fruits friction showed that the discharge rate increased with decreasing internal friction. In general, comparing the simulation results with laboratory tests showed that the discrete element method was well able to simulate the flow of particles within and through the hopper.

There are several ways to control noise pollution. Due to the spread of acoustic science, the use of impedance tubes and the use of sound absorbers are of particular importance. The simulation of several adsorbents is discussed in this paper. Fabric absorbers with small holes, Cavity-coated absorbers and… There are examples of these absorbers. Various factors such as material, step and frequency affect this absorber. In this study, the changes of sound level under material, step and frequency factors were studied, analyzed and compared in two experimental and simulation methods. Mainly simulation for different types of absorbers allows for better comparison and selection of the best absorber for sound control. In both experimental and simulation methods, the least changes in sound pressure level in MDF were observed. This value is reported for the experimental method of 70.3 dB and for the simulation of 76.5 dB. The smallest changes in sound level were reported in both methods at 128 Hz. The sound level changes for both methods were the same and from step one to step two sound pressure level changes increased. In laboratory method, one step of sound pressure level changes is 74.4 dB and in simulation method these changes are reported 80.4 dB. In step two, in both laboratory and simulation methods, the sound pressure level changes were 76.6 and 82.4 dB, respectively. Comparing the mean sound level changes for both ionolite and mineral wool, it is observed that in ionolite, the rate of these changes has increased from 25.9 dB to 27.8 dBfrom one to two steps, while in Mineral wool these changes have been reported in both steps with a constant value of 22.4 dB. therefore, the ionolite material can be introduced as the optimal absorber in terms of sound level changes in a wider range.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to study airflow and temperature distribution in cold storage and finding temperature levels. Total sugar, reducing sugar and sucrose of potato tubers cv Sante stored at 5 °C and relative humidity of 80%, were extracted. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the concentration of total sugars, reducing sugar and sucrose due to temperature distribution heterogeneity.It led to a 2 °C difference between the warmest and coldest points in product mass. Changes in the content of sugars were matched with simulated temperature contours. The rate of increase in soluble sugars was predicted by reducing 1 °C air temperature. Total sugars, sucrose, and reducing sugar were 4.27, 3.15 and 0.67 mg/g dry matter, respectively. Computational fluid dynamics, by analyzing fluid flow and distributing temperature and detected critical areas, leads to improving packaging and product placement, and improve airflow in the stack.

Greenhouse structure is one of the most important factors in the greenhouse industry; enhancing its strength and decreasing the cost of its manufacturing have always been among manufacturers consideration. The aims of this study were to design an octagonal greenhouse with square cross-sectional components with enough resistance to standard loads applied by structure stress analysis methods. Design and optimization of this greenhouse involved selecting the minimum thickness of the profiles and columns. In addition, the layout of the trusses is led to minimum weight of structures per square meter. This greenhouse was designed to have nessecary structure standards and could be used in different climate conditions of Iran. In design process, initially the effects of wind load with 120 km/h were determined by using fluid dynamics calculations. Afterward, the main frame of the structure including columns, horizontal beams and trusses, were designed according to wind, snow and pendant loads. The results showed that the wieght of metal to be  used to build the structure of greenhouse was less than 8.5 Kg/m2 ,  very lower than that in similar stuctures (20 kg/m2).

Tillage is a very important operation that influences the growth and productivity of agricultural products. It is necessary to introduce some conditions to improve soil physical properties, aeration, permeability and root development in tillage operations. However, in primary tillage, especially when moldboard ploughs are used, this may be time consuming and costly for researchers to use it in their research. Some researchers use physical experiments to perform the work, which the accuracy of the results is dependent on the measuring instruments precision. However, some other researchers use simulation and mathematical modeling to reduce the time and costs and increase the relative accuracy of the research results. Many studies have also shown that modeling the forces involved in tillage is a good way to estimate the performance of different tillage tools and improve their geometry. However, the key to success in numerical simulation of tillage operations is to simulate the exact instrumentation, based on the correct assumptions as well as the proper methods. The prediction of the forces involved in tillage tools has an important role in their design. Collecting data on the forces involved in tillage tool under different farm conditions is a time consuming and costly task. Therefore, the prediction of a tillage tool forces is very important for the designer and the user in order to achieve better performance of the tool.

In this study, a cylindrical moldboard made by Alpler Company in Turkey was used to simulate the moldboard. A measuring device was designed and constructed to measure the various points of the desired moldboard. Then, the spatial points obtained by the measuring device were presented to the SolidWorks 2016 software and the desired moldboard was modeled. The finite element method by Abacus 2016 was then used to simulate the interaction between soil and moldboard. Treatments used in simulated tillage operations included tillage depths (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) and forward speed (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 millimeters per second). The independent variables were considered as tensile, vertical and lateral forces (Kilo newton). After simulating the tillage operations, tensile, vertical and lateral forces were obtained. These forces were modeled using response surface and artificial neural networks techniques. Then, the obtained models were compared using R2, RMSE and MRDM statistical indices and the best model was selected.

When using the response surface method, the quadratic model was selected by using the maximum value of the statistical indices R2, R2a and R2p, among the linear, two-factor and quadratic models. Then, the significance of model variables was evaluated by using variance analysis. The forces were also modeled by using the neural network method. According to the fitting curves and statistical indices of R2, RMSE and MRDM for the tensile, vertical and lateral forces, it is revealed that both methods could well predict the forces but artificial neural network was more suitable than the response surface method. Moreover, by investigating the interactions of tillage treatments and forward speed on the forces in this research, it was observed that by increasing the depth of tillage and velocity, tensile, vertical and lateral forces were increased nonlinearly by 66.55%, 68.47%, and 64.76%, respectively.

Regarding all the results obtained from this study, it can be concluded that the developed models using the artificial neural network in this research was a good and powerful tool for predicting the forces involved in moldboard ploughs both in the field operations and in related studies. It is also recommended that the developed models in this study can be used to manage the tillage operations, such as selecting the proper tractor. However, it is also suggested that other affecting factors, such as moldboard angles, should be included in future models to increase the ability of the model to predict the forces involved in moldboard plows.

Nowadays, the growth of in-vehicle and off-road vehicle technology is significant and the need to develop its related infrastructure to maximize their capacity for land, sea and air transportation is essential and unavoidable. It is time consuming and costly to monitoring the environment in water, earth and air conditions for a safe operation, without the use of robots. With automatic monitoring, operations can be performed with the least error and 24 hours a day. So the purpose of this research is to develop and evaluate a composite algorithm for navigating an off-road vehicle (Surface Vehicle) and compare it with the results obtained from computer simulations, to check the accuracy of this algorithm. This robot boat is designed and developed for hydrographic construction could navigate and perform hydrographic operations around the clock and fully autonomous without any supervision. Comparison between experimental and simulation results showed that the simulated algorithm had acceptable accuracy and could navigate experimentally. The Standard Deviation (SD) for practical test was below 0.5 m.

In recent decays, the microwave heating treatment is one of the best ways for the pest control. It is difficult to determine temperature in different parts of materials by Thermometer, but we can solve this problem by Comsol Multiphysics Software. In a research, results of a farm test were consistent with laboratory data and high temperature area was belonged to the outer part of wooden piece (Massa et al., 2015). The numerical simulation of Microwave heating was successfully done for fruits and compared with experimental measurement in two cylindrically and spherically states by Zhao et al (2011). The results indicated that, the temperature prediction in a wooden piece under heating of a Microwave system was in conformity with experimental infra-red rays data (Rattanadecho, 2006). The outer part of the piece was impressed by inspired heating and the inner part by transmission of heating (Massa et al., 2011). A high frequency structure simulator software, a radiant trumpet shaped antenna with 2.45GHz frequencies, 100 watt electric power were the tools that were used to predict the temperature at a Date Palm Wooden piece at 10, 12, 14 and 16 centimeters (Al Shwear and Remili, 2016). Microwave pretreatment was studied with two factors of Microwave radiation (170, 450, and 850 W) and Microwave duration (2, 6, and 10 min). It can be concluded that the Ozonolysis is the most effective pretreatment regarding to saccharification percentage of sugarcane bagasse (Eqra et al,2015). This study has been done with the aim of fighting with Rhynchophorus ferrugineus blight by microwave and removing toxins in crops.
Samples features such as physical, mechanical and magnetic once were established in both Tehrans Material and Energy lab and Polymer and Petrochemical Research Center, Then it was simulated by Time_ Temperature profile software. For simulating research by Comsol Multiphysics software, at first sample and chamber sizes were determined and the type of material, meshing, 2.45GHz frequencies and the time duration of heating were measured, respectively. Finally the research was analyzed and Time¬_Temperature profile which was one of the outcomes of Multiphysics software was determined. A cubic piece of wood (103×86×78 mm) (Fig. 1), a Digital Thermometer and a Microwave are the tools which the researcher used in this sample. The temperature was measured at three different parts of cub diagonal by Thermometer. At first, the wooden sample was divided in two equal parts and a sensor was placed in the middle of it and then it was placed in the Microwave. The primary temperature of sample and Microwaves was 27°C. We turn the Microwave on for a period of 10 minutes, after that we check the wooden piece temperature by Thermometer at 20 seconds intervals.
T-test was used to compare statistical results achieved by simulated and experimental temperature of cubic diagonal. According to T mark at 5 percent level, we can say that there is a significant difference between simulated and experimental temperature at point1, however, there is no such a significant difference at 2 and 3 points. In the following phase, the temperature was compared at two simulated and experimental states by variance analysis test. There was significant difference at 1, 2 and 3 points according to data are shown at figure 4. Moreover, Duncan Post hoc test is shown at figures 5 and 7 that experimental temperature shows no difference at 1 and 3 points but it makes difference at 1, 2 and 2, 3 points.
Results show that the simulation model can predict the temperature in different parts of a wooden sample. The temperature will be higher as much as the points will be closer to the wave producer resource. In order to control pests in the trunk of a tree, we should use several wave generator systems, instead of ones. It is recommended that cylindrical microwave should be simulated and designed instead cubic ones, because it is better adjusted with tree stock and the wave generator system is placed on this surface so that the temperature will be distributed symmetrically along the diagonal.