testing
در نشریات گروه پزشکی-
Background & Objective
Administered by the Iranian Center for the Measurement of Medical Education, national university entrance exams are administered nationwide where English constitutes a vital section. This study aimed to assess dimensionality, discrimination power and difficulty of English test items in this graduate entrance exam.
Material & MethodsThis quantitative study examined 160 English test items administered to 41633 test-takers applying for graduate studies in Iranian universities of medical sciences in 2021, and reported the characteristics of test takers during three successive years (2019, 2020, and 2021). NOHARM software (version 4.0) was used to analyze the data by examining dimensionality of the tests reporting a two-parameter model.
ResultsGenerally, female participants outnumbered the male, with a similar pattern among the admitted participants (70% females vs. 30% males). A positively significant correlation was found between participants’ Grade Point Average and English test scores (p < 0.05). In 2021, the results of four administration sessions with a high reliability (i.e. 0.92, 0.88, 0.90 and 0.91) were analyzed separately. Two dimensionality parameters (i.e., difficulty & discrimination) fitted the model while the guessing parameter did not. English tests proved to be “difficult”, with either “high” or “very high” discrimination power. Neither “easy” nor “very easy” items were found. No items were associated with “no” or “very low” discrimination power.
ConclusionOverall, the tests functioned well; however, more research is required to rigorously evaluate the exams. Improvements concerning the social and long-term effects of these tests are suggested.
Keywords: :English Language, Testing, National Exam, Graduate Level, Medical Education -
حوادث دریایی، به عنوان یکی از چالش های مهم در امنیت و اقتصاد جوامع انسانی، نیازمند روش ها و راهبرد های مناسب برای پیشگیری، آمادگی، پاسخ و بازیابی است. این پژوهش با استفاده از روش شناسی سیستمی آشکارسازی و آزمون پیش فرض های راهبردی به شناسایی مفروضات علی و راهبردی مدیریت حوادث دریایی در کشور پرداخته است. برای این منظور ابتدا پس از مرور ادبیات و پیشینه پژوهش، منطبق با آشکارسازی پیش فرض های علی، 29 چالش عمده مدیریت حوادث دریایی مورد توافق مشارکت کنندگان درگیر مسئله قرار گرفت که از مهمترین چالش ها می توان به کمبود اطلاعات و داده های مورد نیاز پیش بینی ریسک ها، تنوع و درهم تنیدگی علل بروز حوادث و تهدیدات دریایی، مشارکت ناکافی درگیران در برنامه ریزی مدیریت حوادث دریایی و درنتیجه عدم شفافیت نقش ها، ضعف در هماهنگی و همکاری موثر بین ذینفعان درگیر مدیریت حوادث دریایی از جمله نیروهای نظامی، نیروهای نجات دریایی، مراکز کنترل ترافیک دریایی، واحدهای آتش نشانی دریایی و سایر نهادها و... می توان اشاره کرد. در ادامه منطبق با پیش فرض های علی مسئله، 24 پیش فرض راهبردی پس از مباحثه مشارکت کنندگان مورد توافق قرار گرفت و به منظور شناسایی منطقه برنامه ریزی مطمئن، پیش فرض های راهبردی بر مبنای اهمیت و درستی پیش فرض رتبه بندی گردید. بر این اساس 9 پیش فرض راهبردی شامل طراحی سیستم حکمرانی داده های امنیتی حوادث دریایی کشور؛ پیش بینی داده و اطلاعات مورد نیاز و ایجاد بانک های اطلاعاتی مدیریت بحران حوادث دریایی؛ استوارسازی نظام پاسخ به حوادث دریایی و برنامه ریزی مدیریت حادثه مبتنی بر سناریو؛ بازطراحی مقررات و قوانین مدیریت حوادث دریایی با مشارکت کنشگران کلیدی؛ بازطراحی ساختار مدیریت حوادث دریایی و شفافیت در نقش ها؛ طراحی استاندارهای عملیاتی مدیریت حوادث دریایی؛ آموزش و آگاه سازی کنشگران از نقش ها و مسئولیت در هنگام بروز حادثه دریایی؛ برقراری ارتباط میان دانشگاه ها، مراکز تحقیقاتی با صنعت تولیدکننده این تجهیزات و تدوین استانداردهای عملیاتی مدیریت حادثه دریایی به منظور برنامه ریزی توسعه مدیریت حوادث دریایی پیشنهاد گردید.
کلید واژگان: حوادث دریایی، چرخه مدیریت حوادث و بلایا، مداخله سیستمی. آشکارسازی و آزمودن پیش فرض های راهبردیMarine accidents present significant challenges to the security and economy of societies, necessitating effective methods and strategies for mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. This research identifies the causal and strategic assumptions underlying maritime disaster management in the country through a systematic methodology for surfacing and testing these assumptions. To achieve this, we conducted a thorough review of the literature and background information related to the subject. From this review, we extracted challenges and proposed strategies associated with marine disaster management, framed within the disaster management cycle. Participants then engaged in discussions that led to the identification of 29 major challenges. Among these, key issues highlighted included the lack of necessary information and data for risk prediction, the complexity and interrelatedness of causes behind maritime accidents, insufficient stakeholder participation in planning processes, and a lack of transparency in roles. These factors contribute to weaknesses in coordination and effective cooperation among maritime traffic control centers, firefighting units, and other relevant institutions. Following this, participants discussed and identified 24 strategic assumptions. To pinpoint areas for reliable planning, these assumptions were ranked based on their importance and validity. The top nine strategic assumptions identified include: Designing a security data governance system for maritime accidents. Forecasting the required data and information while creating databases for crisis management related to marine incidents. Consolidating the response system for marine incidents and developing scenario-based incident management plans. Redesigning regulations and rules for marine accident management with input from key stakeholders. Restructuring the marine accident crisis management framework to enhance role transparency. Establishing operational standards for maritime accident management. Educating and informing stakeholders about their roles and responsibilities in the event of a marine accident. Fostering communication between universities, research centers, and industries involved in producing relevant equipment. Developing operational standards for improved marine disaster management. These strategic assumptions serve as a foundation for planning enhancements in marine disaster management.
Keywords: Marine Disaster, Disaster Management, Soft Systems, Strategic Assumptions Surfacing, Testing -
مقدمه
اندازهگیری در آموزش، جایگاه ویژهای دارد. تلاش برای به دست آوردن مقادیر عددی برای صلاحیتهای مورد اندازهگیری که بتوان از آنها به عنوان مبنایی برای تصمیمگیری استفاده نمود، چیزی است که دقیقا چالش امروز اندازهگیریهای سایکومتریک است. لذا هدف از این مطالعه مرور بر نقش، جایگاه و کاربرد اندازهگیری سایکومتریک در آزمونهای آموزش پزشکی است.
روشهااین مطالعه مروری نقلی با استفاده از کلیدواژههای Measurement، Assessment، Psychometric، Theoretical support، Theoretical Analysis، Theoretical foundation، Psychometric Analysis، Test، Examination، Medical Education، Validity و Reliability در سایتهای مختلف Google Scholar، Pub Med، SID، ERIC و Science direct بدون توجه به محدودیت زمانی انجام شد. در جستجوی اولیه در مجموع 428 مقاله پیدا شد که در بررسی اولیه عناوین مقالات، 310 مقاله حذف و 118 چکیده مقاله مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند و از این تعداد 92 مقاله مورد مطالعه کامل قرار گرفت.
نتایجاز مجموع 92 مقاله بررسی شده مستندات 32 مقاله مرتبط و معتبر استخراج شد. که از این تعداد 31 مقاله انگلیسی و یک مقاله فارسی بود. یافتههای مهم این مطالعه اشاره به روایی، پایایی، تاثیر آموزشی، مقبولیت، هزینه و قابلیت اجرا و حساسیت آزمون دارد که از ویژگیهای مهم در سایکومتری آزمونهای علوم پزشکی است و نشان دهنده اهمیت ویژگیهای سایکومتریک ارزیابیها در آموزش پزشکی است.
نتیجهگیریاز نتایج به دست آمده چنین بر میآید که با توجه به اهمیت ویژگیهای سایکومتریک در آزمونهای آموزش پزشکی، مخصوصا در آزمونهای دارای حساسیت بالا، آشنایی با این ویژگیها و شیوههای استانداردسازی آزمونها، از ضروریات مورد نیاز اساتید علوم پزشکی است و به کارگیری تکنیکهای افزایش دهنده روایی و پایایی آزمونها و رعایت اصول اولیه در طراحی، اجرا و تحلیل آزمونها، به سیاستگذاران و برنامهریزان آزمونها، اساتید و متولیان آموزش عالی، پیشنهاد میگردد.
کلید واژگان: اندازه گیری، آزمون، آموزش پزشکی، ارزیابی، روایی و پایاییIntroductionMeasurement has a special place in education. The main challenge of today psychometric measurements is to obtain numerical values for the competencies that can be used as a basis for decision making. In view of this, the purpose of this study is to review the role, position, and application of psychometric measurement in medical education exams.
MethodsThis review study was conducted through the keywords Measurement, Assessment, Psychometric, Theoretical support, Theoretical Analysis, Theoretical foundation, Psychometric Analysis, Test, Examination, Medical Education, Validity and Reliability at websites such as Google Scholar, PubMed, SID, ERIC and Science direct and has been done on 32 articles without از time limit.
ResultsFrom a total of 92 reviewed articles, the documentation of 32 relevant and valid articles was extracted with 31 English articles and a Persian article. Important findings of this study underline the validity, reliability, educational effect, acceptability, cost and applicability as well as sensitivity of the test, which are important features in the psychometrics of medical science tests. These findings highlight the importance of psychometric properties in evaluations in medical education.
ConclusionThe results show that due to the importance of psychometric properties in medical education exams, especially in high-sensitivity exams, familiarity with these features and standardization methods of exams is a necessity for medical educators. The use of techniques to increase the validity and reliability of exams and considering the basic principles in the design, preparation, implementation and analysis of exams is recommended to policy makers and examiners, educators and those in charge of higher education.
Keywords: Measurement, Testing, Medical education, Assessment -
As COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, it is an emerging need to discuss different aspects of this pandemic. In any pandemic, valid and rapid laboratory diagnostic tests are critically important for early diagnosis, which will increase the rate of successful treatment and more importantly prevent the spread of the disease.
Keywords: serology, Testing, SARS-CoV-2, Challenges -
Using animals for cosmetics and medical tests has contributed towards a debate based on conflicting interests. Despite the efforts in justifying the value of animals in conducting analyses, this study seeks to elaborate whether or not it is rational to use animals as test subjects in medical and cosmetics fields. The value of animal life is at the core of the emotional conflicts that arise when animals become experimental subjects in medical and cosmetics fields. The aim of this study is to determine if there are ethical differences in the use of animal testing in medicine versus cosmetics. The research, through review and content analysis of the existing literature, compares and provides the outcomes of using animals in medical and cosmetics tests by examining studies conducted in the UK. The findings of this research indicated that animal testing is considered acceptable in the medical field only if there are no other alternatives, but is completely unacceptable in the cosmetics field. The study also provides recommendations in the form of alternatives that protect animals from cruelty and may benefit the different stakeholders and the society at large.
Keywords: testing, Bioethics, Cosmetics testing, Medical research -
BackgroundThe first pillar of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 goal seeks to accurately identify persons living with HIV (PLHIV), a process that is predicated on facilities having the necessary HIV tests available to perform the task. In many rural settings, the identification of PLHIV is accomplished through a two-step process involving the sequential use of 2 separate rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Inadequate inventory of either test has ramifications for the success of HIV-related programs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inventory levels of HIV RDT kits at specific healthcare facilities in Zambézia province, Mozambique.MethodsUsing facility-level pharmacy stock surveillance data from October 2015 through September 2016, we assessed the inventory levels of HIV RDTs at 75 health facilities in 8 districts within Zambézia province, Mozambique. Using programmatically established categories (good, sufficient, threatened, or stockout), defined in conjunction with the provincial health authorities, descriptive statistics were performed to determine inventory control of HIV RDTs at the district and health facility levels. Monthly proportions of adequate (good + sufficient) inventory were calculated for each district to identify inventory trends over the evaluation period. To assess whether the proportion of inadequate stocks differed between RDT, a mixed-effects logistic regression was conducted, with inadequate inventory status as the outcome of interest.ResultsWhen viewed as a whole, the inventory of each test kit was reported as being at adequate levels more than 89% of the time across the 75 facilities. However, disaggregated analysis revealed significant variability in the inventory levels of HIV RDTs at the district level. Specifically, the districts of Inhassunge, Namacurra, and Pebane reported inadequate inventory levels (threatened + stockout), of one or both test kits, for more than 10% of the study period. In addition, a disparity between inventory levels of each test kit was identified, with the odds of reporting inadequate inventory levels of the confirmatory test (Uni-Gold™) being approximately 1.8-fold greater than the initial test (Determine™) (odds ratio: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.40-2.38).ConclusionAs Test and Treat programs evolve, a significant emphasis should be placed on the “test” component of the strategy, beginning with assurances that health facilities have the adequate inventory of RDT necessary to meet the needs of their community. As national policy-makers rely predominantly on data from the upstream arm of the supply chain, it is unlikely the disparity between inventory levels of HIV RDTs identified at individual districts and specific health facilities would have been recognized. Moving forward, our findings point to a need for (1) renewed efforts reinforcing appropriate downstream forecasting of essential medicines and diagnostic tests in general and for Uni-Gold™ test kits specifically, and (2) simple metrics that may be routinely collected at all health facilities and which may then easily and quickly flow upstream so that policy-makers may optimally allocate resources.Keywords: HIV, Counseling, Testing, Supply Chain System, Health System Strengthening, Mozambique
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BackgroundTo determine and compare the force‑deflection values of different types of nickel‑titanium (NiTi) wires during unloading phase at varying deflections, that is 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2 mm, and 2.5 mm, with the use of self‑ligating ceramic brackets using modified bending test on a typodont under controlled temperature conditions.Materials and MethodsIn this in vitro study total of 45 wires of ovoid shape of three different NiTi wires – pseudoelastic NiTi (Group I), heat activated NiTi (Group II), and esthetic coated NiTi (Group III) for maxillary arch were tested after insertion in ceramic self‑ligating brackets bonded to plastic teeth of phantom jaw . The maxillary left lateral incisor was removed to simulate a malpositioned tooth which acted as the load site, and load‑deflection characteristics were measured during unloading using Instron and data analyzed statically by two-way analysis of variance ,Tukey’s post hoc test, intraclass correlation coefficientand Pearson correlation coefficient,. A two‑sided (α = 2) P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsWhen wires were compared at each deflection statistically significant difference was observed between the three groups of wires (Group I > Group II > Group III) at all the four levels of deflection except for Group II versus Group III at 1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm of deflection. Statistically significant difference was noted in mean load values for comparisons made at different deflections for each wire except for the comparison made at 1.5 versus 2 mm for Group II and Group III.ConclusionOverall comparison showed esthetic coated Ni‑Ti wires gave significantly lower mean load values, followed by heat activated and pseudoelastic NiTi wires. Thus, heat activated NiTi wires are best suited in patients with severe malpositions/periodontitis, while for esthetically conscious patients esthetic coated NiTi can be used.Keywords: Nickel titanium, testing, unloading, wires
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Breaking HIV News to Clients: SPIKES Strategy in Post-Test Counseling SessionBreaking bad news is one of the most burdensome tasks physicians face in their everyday practice. It becomes even more challenging in the context of HIV patients because of stigma and discrimination. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the quality of giving HIV seroconversion news according to SPIKES protocol. Numbers of 154 consecutive HIV patients from Imam Khomeini Hospital testing and counseling center were enrolled in this study. Patients were inquired about how they were given the HIV news and whether or not they received pre- and post-test counseling sessions. Around 51% of them were men, 80% had high school education, and 56% were employed. Regarding marital status, 32% were single, and 52% were married at the time of the interview. Among them, 31% had received the HIV news in a counseling center, and only 29% had pre-test counseling. SPIKES criteria were significantly met when the HIV news was given in an HIV counseling and testing center (P.valueKeywords: Breaking bad news, HIV counseling, testing, SPIKES
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IntroductionHIV counseling and testing is the vital and preliminary interventional step aimed at reducing the spread of HIV infection. The study was designed to determine the attitude of health care professionals towards voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital.Materials and MethodsIn this descriptive cross sectional prospective study a self administered structured questionnaire was used, it contained sections on bio social variables and section aimed at fulfilling the objectives of the study; the participants were medical doctors, nurses, medical laboratory scientists, radiographers, social workers and pharmacists. Data were collated, inputted into a computer and statistical analysis performed using SPSS version 22 software. Descriptive variables were summarized using percentages and proportions for categorical variables. Bivariate analysis was done to test for association between categorical variables using the chi square test; p value ofResultsTwo hundred and thirty eight questionnaires were administered and statistically analyzed; the group consists of workers mostly females, (55%) aged 21-30 years, (47.8%), married, (52.5%) Christians, (96.2%) medical doctors, (49.2%) of Esan extraction; marital status and occupation of the participants significantly influenced their attitude towards voluntary counseling and testing for HIV/AID. A good percentage of the respondents have the right attitude towards VCT of HIV/AIDS.ConclusionThis study has shown that a good percentage of the respondents have the right attitude towards VCT of HIV/AIDS while a lesser proportion had negative attitude.Keywords: Professionals, Counseling, Testing, HIV, AIDS
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BackgroundKarate is one the most popular combat sports in the world. Physical fitness assessment on a regular manner is important for monitoring the effectiveness of the training program and the readiness of karatekas to compete..ObjectivesThe aim of this research was to examine the criterion related to validity of the karate specific aerobic test (KSAT) as an indicator of aerobic level of karate practitioners..Patients andMethodsCardiorespiratory responses, aerobic performance level through both treadmill laboratory test and YoYo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YoYoIRTL1) as well as time to exhaustion in the KSAT test (TE’KSAT) were determined in a total of fifteen healthy international karatekas (i.e. karate practitioners) (means ± SD: age: 22.2 ± 4.3 years; height: 176.4 ± 7.5 cm; body mass: 70.3 ± 9.7 kg and body fat: 13.2 ± 6%)..ResultsPeak heart rate obtained from KSAT represented ~99% of maximal heart rate registered during the treadmill test showing that KSAT imposes high physiological demands. There was no significant correlation between KSAT’s TE and relative (mL/min kg) treadmill maximal oxygen uptake (r = 0.14; P = 0.69; [small]). On the other hand, there was a significant relationship between KSAT’s TE and the velocity associated with VO2max (vVO2max) (r = 0.67; P = 0.03; [large]) as well as the velocity at VO2 corresponding to the second ventilatory threshold (vVO2 VAT) (r = 0.64; P = 0.04; [large]). Moreover, significant relationship was found between TE’s KSAT and both the total distance covered and parameters of intermittent endurance measured through YoYoIRTL1..ConclusionsThe KSAT has not proved to have indirect criterion related validity as no significant correlations have been found between TE’s KSAT and treadmill VO2max. Nevertheless, as correlated to other aerobic fitness variables, KSAT can be considered as an indicator of karate specific endurance. The establishment of the criterion related validity of the KSAT requires further investigation..Keywords: Martial Arts, Testing, Assessment, Validity
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International Journal of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology, Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2014, PP 358 -364The frequency of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, particularly by Candida species, has increased in recent years. Colonization by Candida species in respiratory tract in susceptible hosts may play an important role to precede disseminated candidiasis. This study was designed to identify Candida species from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples and determination of antifungal susceptibility of isolates to Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, Fluconazole and Nystatin by disk diffusion method. Sampling was conducted between from 2011 to 2014 years. Three hundred and eighty four patients who were suspected to invasive fungal infections were enrolled in the study. Clinical specimens were studied for direct microscopic examination and culture. The antifungal activity test for Candida species isolated from BAL samples was performed by using disk diffusion, according to CLSI documents M44-A2. Eighty seven (%22.66) patients showed the symptoms, signs and predisposing factors for pulmonary fungal infections. The isolated species were identified as follows: C.albicans, 31 (67.39%); C.glabrata, 9 (19.56 %); C.krusei, 3 (6.5%); C.parapsilosis, 2 (4.3%); and C.tropicalis, 1 2.25%). In this study, resistance to antifungal agents were seen to Ketoconazole, 2 4.38%), Clotrimazole 1 (2.17%) and Fluconazole, 4 (8.69%). Determination of antifungal sensitivity of the isolated yeast species should be the basis of rational and successful therapy.Keywords: Antifungal Susceptibility, Testing, Candida, Bronchoalveolar, Lavage samples
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