The somatosensory system is one of the most effective systems in balance control. It consists of peripheral and central components. Knowing the role of these components in balance control assists the developing of effective rehabilitation protocols. In some diseases peripheral components and in others central components are impaired. This paper reviews the effect of impairment of peripheral and central components of the somatosensory system on balance control. In this study publication about somatosensory impairments from 1983 through 2011 in PubMed، Scopus، ProQuest، Google Scholar، Iran Medex، Iran Doc and Magiran were reviewed. Medical subject headings terms and keywords related to balance، somatosensory، somatosensory loss، and sensory integration/processing were used to perform the searches. Somatosensory impairments either with peripheral or central origin، can cause problems in balance control. However، these problems are not considered in some patients. In these impairments، balance training is recommended to be used alongside other routine treatments in the patients'' rehabilitation programs.