Orthography of Hamza in the Persian and Arabic Languages

From among the Arabic alphabet, hamza is the only vowel with four orthographic variations of (alone), (above a wāw), (above and under an ‘alif) and (above a dotless yā). Such an orthographic variation for hamza has caused spelling problems for writers mainly those who write in both Arabic and Persian. The present article is to reach the following 1. Introducing the right orthography of hamza in the Arabic and Persian languages with reference to the authoritative books on the Arabic and Persian morphology and syntax together with rules of orthography which rely on the current orthographic methods employed by the competent writers; 2. Compiling hamza rules which are comprehensive yet easy to learn; 3. Clarifying the points of orthographic similarity and differences in the Arabic and Persian languages for those writing in both languages.