نشریه ادب عربی
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 38، زمستان 1402)

Greimas factor model is one of the basic components of Greimas propositions about the surface structure of the text. The factor model is based on three models of factors: essence/subject, sender/ addressee and helpen/opponent; And from these factors emerge three relationships. Julian Greimas uses the factor model in analyzing the concept of factor and highlighting the relationships that connect the text. Since the novel is classified in literary genres which embodies the image of man in the struggle against life and is an expressive space , the author uses it to convey his feelings and thoughts based on a set of harmonious elements. This study intends to examine the factor model in the novel Al-Sinbad Al-Aama written by Buthaina Al-Issa based on Greimas factor model and Structural method in the framework of critical research that considers personality. In this research, we intend to explore the text of this novel based on the factor model and deal with the characters and analyze the functions of the characters in the narrative body and focus on the main characters  through  their names and communications. They take place with other characters. The results of the research show that this novel goes through various stages that help to visualize it. There are elements of motivation, competence, achievement and punishment in the behavior of the characters of the novel, as well as factor roles in this novel appear in a significant way .Therefore, we were able to complete the narrative schema in this novel.

Language, along with all the signs and symbols of this word, is an important event in different peoples’ minds, regardless of their eras, homelands, and specializations. Researchers are looking deeper to find out what lies behind it. It is the spoken or written language of the impulse that led to its emergence, and since man used it in dialogue and writing, he expresses himself without others and is silent about it.This process, word selection, takes place in a specific area of the human mind. This work includes two human sciences: psychology and linguistics, that is, the sciences that study human thought, and the sciences that study the language. The most appropriate is what a person speaks, the words that express his thoughts and emotions. So the relationship between language, thought and emotions is a mutual relationship of influence and vulnerability, and all kinds of ideas are expressed by language, so language can perform two main functions; It may be a tool for expressing objective facts and issues, and in this case, its aim is simply to communicate and convey ideas, but it may also have an emotional and dynamic function mainly, that is, its function then is to express emotions and emotions, stir up feelings and influence behavior. Human... All aspects of language related to the emotional impact of language on speech may contribute, including stress, rhythm, intonation, word choice, suffixes, word order, and placement within sentences and phrases.Through the analytical approach, this research aims to reveal the rhetorical aspects of the emotion of love in Surat Yusuf (peace be upon him), 1- enrich the applied aspect in the Quranic rhetoric, and demonstrate the impact of the rhetorical approach in revealing meanings and persuading them and their synergy in highlighting the meanings and serving them. 2- Changing the stylistic pattern according to the requirements of each speech, whether in terms of the speaker or terms of the event. 3- The language of Yusuf (PBUH) was promoted. 4- The appearance of the beloved's wife's speech more than others in the emotion of love, and its diversity on three levels: the letter of desire, the letter of threat, and the speech of confession and repentance. 5- The integrity of the language of the story from all negative effects, despite the sensitivity of the subject

Critical discourse analysis examines the dialectical relations between language, discourse and society and examines the consolidated hegemony of these relations at the level of social practice and the changes resulting from these relations. Critical discourse analysis explains the relationship between the text and the author's perspective.The analysis of critical discourse prepares the ground to benefit from it to treat literary texts that reflect political and social issues for societies in general and for Arab society in particular. Due to his politically and socially unstable life, Bayati chose poetry as a weapon to rebel against the prevailing situation and awaken thoughts in his backward society. Therefore, this research aims to portray the social agents in the poem "The Journey to the Cities of Love" and to determine the meanings of the aspects hidden in it and the semiotic and social elements, based on Van Leyen's theory, relying on the descriptive-analytical approach. In this poem, social agents are depicted with two methods of elimination and expression. Bayati removed the social agents who oppressed the people and deprived them of their freedom. But he identified the agents who rose up against the oppression and used the method of expression. Bayati has given legitimacy to concepts such as defiance, honor, revolution, and avoiding isolation by using myth and authorization and rationality and value for emphasizing his own perspective.Therefore,the strategy of authorization in this ode is very clear to legitimize these abstract concepts.In this discourse ,the naminalization is represented more along with the implicit meaning which is a type of statement in order to express the importance of the role of the characters in the awakening of the people and also to give legitimacy to their discourse based on the invitation to modernity and the awakening of rusty thoughts.As it has tended to delegitimize concepts such as stagnation, stagnation, lack of freedom, killing, and exile based on the theory of Van Leuween.

This study aims to provide a comparative analysis of Khalil Mutran's ode, "Maghtale Bozorgmeher", by investigating its literary function in light of Persian historical and literary sources. Our approach is based on interpreting the results of this comparative study within the context of historical accuracy and the literary purpose of the poem. Although Mutran appears to follow the general historical framework, he modifies the subject and structure to serve his personal goals. Using this event as a tragic symbol for the tyranny of the Ottoman Empire, Mutran advocates for the people to rise up against their oppressors. Our comparative analysis includes examining both the similarities and differences between historical facts and the literary function, as well as identifying thematic and artistic additions made by the poet. We rely on an analytical descriptive method to investigate how Mutran recreates this historical event as an epic ode that calls for rebellion against the Ottoman government. In the poem, the people represent the Arab nations, Khosrow Anushirvan is an autocratic king, and Bozorgmehr is a national hero who sacrifices his life for the freedom of his people. Mutran also draws upon other historical sources, irrelevant to the original event, to advance his goals and give wider dimensions to the tragedy of domination. For example, he borrows the account of Mansour Hallaj's hanging to depict Bozorgmehr's daughter appearing without a veil during the execution. Additionally, the poet transforms characters and employs artistic structures to achieve his goals. He uses conversation as a tool for narrating events and draws upon rhetorical and semantic figures, such as adaptation and Islamic scholastic theology, to call for resistance and freedom. Ultimately, the additions and omissions in the theme and structure of this literary work are used to serve the poet's goals

Existentialism is a philosophical system that explores thought, human and personal values, and seeks the existence of an authentic human being. Jaspers considers it human's duty to search for meaning in life and this is only possible in relation to others, striving for excellence and accepting responsibility for one's own behavior. The novel is a reflection of human issues and human questions through various cognitive, moral and philosophical questions, so you will not find a work of fiction that is devoid of the effect of intellectual or philosophical currents; Existential philosophy can be called the most important current of thought in the modern era of Arab literature. Ehsan Abdel-Qudous, an Egyptian novelist and journalist, was one of the pioneers whose works embody existentialism. This research aims to analyze one of his most important novels, namely the novel "Anna Hare" based on the existential philosophical system of Karl Jaspers, using the analytical descriptive method. It seems that the novelist has addressed the issue of personality, lived experience and the search for the true meaning of life and has emphasized the importance of freedom of choice and personal responsibility in the theory of jasper among the struggles and challenges of the hero. This novel also shows society's indifference to people's personal needs, feelings of loneliness and distance from others, and emphasizes on accepting the meaning of life and establishing a bond to find its true meaning and realize the personality

There are many studies on reader-response criticism; studies that require extraordinary precision in reading text. Especially if the text is narration. If the author is present in the narrative text, the work becomes harder for the researcher. Also, when he is beyond the text or there is a collection of narrators in the narrative. The research requires the study of literary systems, types of reader such as true reader and implied reader and its kinds, in order to disclose the interpretations that the text contains. Among the Arab novelists who have widely paid attention to the writing of unfamiliar texts is the Iraqi writer 'Alaa Shakir, especially in his fantasy surrealistic novel of "The Tomb of England" in which the events, characters, plot, and narrators are intertwined. In addition, there is a dead narrator who tells the process of his death, and another narrator who ends the novel in the form of a meta-narrative, so that the novel provides great spaces for the reader's interpretation. The research seeks the intrinsic point of view, the audience of the narrative, phenomenology, the implied reader and the horizon of expectations, the reader's experience, and the literary and psychological ability of the reader. According to the researchers' survey, ideal and comprehensive reader types were found in the novel. This research has a descriptive-analytical approach, and refers to the opinions of expert thinkers in the field of reader's reading. The most important finding of this research is that the reader in this novel is active, not passive. In addition, its text is not a closed text, but rather open to multiple readings. As Shakir has given the reader sufficient freedom to move through the scope of the text. His focus is on the pivotal role of the reader in creating the text. Actually, Shaker makes the reader participate in the creative process which leads to a strong interaction between the reader and the text

Considering the role of context and culture in the formation of language, the present research aims to use the ethnographic method that has a special emphasis on context, to determine the structure, meaning and specific use of the supposed that has not been stated in grammar books so far. , on the basis of its use in the Arabic speaking society, find and present a new grammatical pattern in the Arabic grammar in accordance with the teaching approach. In order to, 173 Arabic films were observed and illustrative examples of the supposed  were noted and analyzed. After collecting the data, we explored them based on the Hymes (1962) model. The results of the research gave a sketch of the structure, meaning and application of this widely used grammatical combination. According to the analyzes done, in addition to what is supposed, "Al-Muftaradh" and "Yuftaradh" in positive aspects and "La-Yuftaradh" and "Lam-Yuftaradh" in negative aspects show different structural dimensions of this combination, which are used to express scientific, experimental, personal ideas. Also, regulations, plans and pre-determined promises and agreements between people are used in the form of "it should be/it was supposed to be (positive)" and " "Shouldn't.../ Wasn't it supposed to be... (Negative)" is translated in Persian language. Finally, by analyzing the English movies that were the original or dubbed Arabic movies, we found the grammatical equivalent of the desired combination in the English language to be a guide in the new classification of the desired combination in the Arabic language