Historical Periods and the Philosophy of Islamic Civilization and Its Relationship with the History of Western Civilization

Islamic Civilization is a subject with great importance، not only concerned with the identity of the Islamic world but also can be an effective factor in establishing it in the time when the Western Civilization beholds nothing equal to itself. But finding ups and downs occurred in the Western Civilization and how important this ups and downs is، are problems that can be a subject for research. Besides، in the discussion of the scientific and social developments in the human history، usually three periods are considered as criterions، that are Hellenic Ages، Middle Ages، and New Age; but this historical division includes mostly the scientific and social history of Europe and the West. This article discusses scientifically how to consider certain periods for the Islamic Civilization as well as its ups and downs during five great historical changes from various points of view. Two of these five periods studied in this article are the decadence and three of them are the exaltation of the Islamic civilization. Now we are in the third period of exaltation and the fifth step of development of the Islamic civilization. It can be a multilateral critical and comparative look at the history and development of the Islamic Civilization as compared with those of the Western Civilization.