Efficacy of daily consumption of vitamin D or vitamin D-calcium-fortified doogh on serum concentrations of apoproteins A1, B, and lipoprotein (a) in type 2 diabetic subjects

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major long-term complication and cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The link between low vitamin D with poor glycemic control، atherogenic lipid profile، and CVD has been documented in some observational studies. Possible links between circulating 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and apoproteins (Apo A1 and B) and atherogenic lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) have not been studied to date. Ninety subjects with T2D aged 30–60 yr of both sexes were randomly assigned to one of the 3 experimental groups. Each group consumed 2 bottles per of (1) plain doogh (150 mg calcium and no detectable vitamin D per 250 ml); (2) vitamin D-fortified doogh (150 mg calcium and 500 IU vitamin D per 250 ml); or (3) calcium and vitamin D-fortified doogh (250 mg calcium and 500 IU vitamin D per 250 ml) for 12 wk. Anthropometric، dietary، and laboratory assessments، including Apo A1، Apo B، and Lp (a)، were recorded. The increase in vitamin D in groups 2 and 3 groups over group 1 resulted in a significant increase in Apo A1 (mean changes 0. 22 ± 0. 38، 0. 20 ± 0. 27، 0. 01 ± 0. 35 g/l، respectively، p = 0. 047) and a significant decrease in serum Lp (a) (mean changes -0. 08 ± 0. 30، -0. 08 ± 0. 31، and 0. 14 ± 0. 25 μmol/l، respectively، p = 0. 011). There was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3. Serum Apo B did not change significantly in any group. Significant amelioration of serum Apo A1 and Lp (a) following improvement of vitamin D levels in T2D subjects may prevent long-term diabetic complications، notably CVD.