Comparative Study On Borders And Basis Of Carrier's Liability Under " Rotterdam Rules" Whit " Hague Rules" And " Hamburg Rules"

On December 11, 2008, the United Nations adopted the “Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea”, more colloquially known as the “Rotterdam Rules” for the city which hosted the convention’s signing ceremony on September 23, 2009. Rotterdam Convention approved the “Presumption of Responsibility” as the basis of carrier’s responsibility and listed the exemption's cases and the carrier in order to get though the liability must determine the cause of damage, events and the losses happened to the goods. Rotterdam Rules in spite of avoiding the excesses of Hamburg Rules retained its strength points and has tried to eliminate the defects of Hague Rules. Therefore, it can be said that this convention has caused a balanced approach among the benefits of shippers and carriers for providing the general fortuity.