A Look at Doubts on the Infallibility of Knowledge by Presence, and their Answers

Dividing knowledge into "knowledge by presence" and "knowledge by representation" is one of the most important divisions of knowledge in Islamic epistemology. Epistemologists believe that knowledge by presence is an immediate encounter with "the known" itself, and thus, it has an absolute epistemological value, without the possibility of any error penetrating it. On the other hand, many doubts have been put forward in this regard so that infallibility in this type of knowledge may be denied. The present article relies on negating any intermediary in knowledge by presence, and stresses its infallibility to remove the doubts which have been put forward.