Analysis of Jurjani's Theory of Discourse (well-known as theory of Nazm) in a Sonnet by Hafez Relying on Halliday's and Grice's Theories

Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani was one of the famous Iranian rhetoricians who believed that, according to his own theory, the superiority or the real value of a literary work lies in its "order". "Ordering", in his view, flows in the whole structure of a text and creates a lexical and semantic coherence in it and in whole work. He believed that the superiority of speech relates to the beauty of order, words good-neighboring in an integrated network of syntactic relations, and the composer's awareness of word's correct place in combination. The literary value, the existing rhetorical functions of these texts, and finding why their authors and the poets are so capable and outstanding can be found through the analysis of the principles of this theory in different works. Analyzing his theory and comparing it with the other linguistic theories, it can be found that Hafez, as a great capable poet who knows rhetoric techniques and their functions has created a chain of lexical and semantic coherence in his sonnet, by proper and in-time use of rhetoric and eloquence tools and has made the reader or the audience, using secondary denotations, aware of a secondary meaning that can be found on the basis of context.