The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Myelination and Oligodendrogenesis of the Central Nervous System

Myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a key role in the regulation and coordination between oligodendrocytes, axons, and myelin. The development and survival of the CNS depend on the precise function of ECM components, including proteins, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. Structurally, ECM provides anchor points for nerve cells and facilitates the organization of these cells in different CNS areas. Chemically, ECM is the source of a variety of molecular signals that cause the growth, differentiation, and survival of the neuronal cells. In this study, we discuss the role of the components, factors, and signaling pathways of in ECM, including laminin, collagen, fibronectin, neurotrophic factors, neuregulin, tenascin, transferrin, semaphorin and chondroitin sulfate on regulation of myelination in the CNS. Exact coordination of positive and negative regulators of ECM for myelination is important in the production and maintenance of the correct amount of myelin to optimize the function of the CNS. Suitable ECM mimics in 3D culture media for myelination or remyelination can play an important role in improving the therapeutic strategies in myelin sheath degenerative diseases.  In this review, we discuss how ECM regulates the CNS myelination and oligodendrogenesis. We also review the role of ECM in demyelinating diseases and discuss 3D mediums for the models of neurodegenerative diseases.