The Social and Historical Backgrounds in Activation of Ethnic Cleavage in Iran

Iran is a diverse country in terms of ethnic groups. According to some evidences, ethnic cleavage among ethnic groups is evident. This study aims at investigating the social and historical roots of ethnic cleavages and struggles.  The theoretical foundation of study is Stein Rokkan's theory. The research method is historical-comparative, based on documentary and secondary data. The results show that conflict among some ethnic groups existed historically. The formation of a centralized modern state, Lack of national identity, and social, cultural and political inequalities among ethnic groups and sense of discrimination have played a prominent role in emergence of ethnic conflicts and struggles. The justice and reduction of inequality in different dimensions can improve the ethnic cleavage.