The effects of electromagnetic fields on fish

The objective of this paper is to survey the results of studies on the biological effects of electromagnetic fields on fish. First, the basic concepts of electromagnetism and electromagnetic spectrum and the importance of studying it in the case of fish are discussed. Then a summary of the results obtained on the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) with on fishes susceptible to electromagnetism as well as other fish in the field of behavior, blood circulation and immune parameters, growth and survival, embryos, Larvae and reproduction are investigated. As a result, in some studies, the effect of these fields on fish was not reported, while in other categories of these studies, significant effects on behavior and other physiological parameters of fish were observed. The differences in the type of species tested the type of field studied, the design of the research treatments and the test conditions are among the factors influencing the contradictory outcomes of the research.