Alleviation of Salt Stress Effects in Triticale (× Triticosecale) by Bio Fertilizers and Zinc Application

In order to study the alleviation of salt stress effects in triticale with bio fertilizers and zinc application, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Experiment factors were included soil salinity (non-salinity, salinity 20, 40 and 60 mM NaCl), biofertilizers (no bio fertilizers, application of mycorrhiza, application of Azotobacter chrocoocoum strain 5 + Psedomunas putida strain 186, both application PGPR + mycorrhiza) and nano zinc oxide (without nano zinc oxide, application of 0.4 and 0.8 g L-1). Results showed that salinity stress decreased photochemical efficiency of photosystem II ( ), chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, relative water content and grain yield. Whereas, electrical conductivity and grain protein were increased. Means comparison showed that the highest of grain yield, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, stomatal conductance, relative water content and chlorophyll content were obtained at application of PGPR+mycorrhiza, foliar application of 0.8 g L-1 nano zinc oxide and no-salinity. The highest of electrical conductivity was belonged at salinity of 60 mM, no bio fertilizers and without nano zinc oxide. Salinity of 20, 40 and 60 mM NaCl decreased 8.9%, 22.11% and 32.34% respectively from grain yield and application of biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide compensated 40.17%, 49.74% and 40% respectively from yield reduction. Based on the results, it seems that application of biofertilizers and nano zinc oxide can be recommended for profitable triticale production under soil salinity condition.