Comparative study of the use of metaphor as a literary technique in the special architecture of the nineteenth and twentieth century

Modern architecture is generally tied to the concept of abstraction. This means that, contrary to the metaphorical spirit of architecture in the earlier ages, it is less possible to find meaning and signification in modern forms.This is while the architectural form has been historically met by expressing the metaphorical notions of symbolic systems such as culture, nature, history, and so on. However, since metaphor is mixed with language and thinking in its general sense, one can ask the question: "Can the works of the pioneers of modern architecture identify the forms of metaphor?" In order to answer this question, first, the definition of metaphor and its functions in the fields of literature, philosophy and art have been discussed. Then, by categorizing a variety of metaphors in architecture into tangible and intangible forms, the comparative study of a number of outstanding nineteenth-century architectural works as well as the works of modern architecture of the twenty-first century is based on the tangible or intangible metaphor of the metaphor. In this way, the result of this study shows that, although within a century, modern architecture has turned its back on abstraction with its separation of history, this abstraction has focused on the elimination of metaphorical manifestations, and the footprint of intangible metaphors can be found in the the pioneers of modern architecture in the twentieth century