Comparative Survey of initial Use of Force against Rebels in the Practice of Imam Ali (a's.) and Contemporary International Law

Use of force is to be discussed in two different sections: domestic or international sphere. Prohibition of use of force is a well-established rule in contemporary International Law. States are not allowed to use of force against other states except in self-defense or Security Council authorization. Initial use of force, therefore, is in conflict of law and is considered internationally wrongful act, if it would occur without authorization of Security Council. Initial use of force in domestic sphere is permissible against armed opposing and rebels in contemporary International Law and there is no prohibition in international law in this regard. There are many cases of use of force against civil opposing in state practice. Imam Ali` (a's.) practice in wars including Jamal and Siffin has shown that Imam has refrained use of force until rebels started armed conflict. In the other words, Imam`s practice showed the tolerance of Imam towards armed oppositions in comparison of contemporary International Law.