Application of terrestrial animal protein resources in fish nutrition

Dietary formulations for carnivorous aquatic animals have high levels of protein and fat. This set of nutritional needs is provided by fish powder and fish oil. The supply of these items requires high cost and, on the other hand, in the long run due to the reduction of the amount of fishing and fishing with unpredictable supply problems. Subsequently, the consumption of these items is associated with an increase in the use of aquaculture products in the manufacture of food. These factors have inevitably led to the use of alternative protein sources in aquaculture. The high fat and protein content of terrestrial animal sources has made them suitable for use in aquatic resources. These useful supplies are from several key nutrients, including lysine, amino acids, histidine, arginine and phosphorus. The results showed that poultry by-product meal has nutritional composition and feeding value similar to that of fish meal for fishes. Feed utilization may be reduced slightly (~5%) at high use rates. Meat and bone meal has somewhat lower feeding value than PBM due to deficiency in amino acid content and digestibility. At high rates of substitution, amino acid balance and supplementation must be carefully examined. Diets should be formulated with adequate level of essential fatty acid, regardless the source of protein ingredient.