Persians trade competition in the Persian Gulf maritime trade route To the Red Sea and northern Egypt in the fourth and fifth lunar centuries

In the fourth and fifth lunar centuries, the center of maritime trade was in the ports of the Persian Gulf; But, due to the political stagnation of Albuyeh, the Persian Gulf maritime trade was challenged and shifted to the east and west of the Red Sea and the north of Egypt. Therefore, it is very important to study this shift. This paper, by collecting data in geographical and historical sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach to understanding the commercial status of important ports in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, examines how the maritime trade center moves from the Persian Gulf to the east and west of the Red Sea. The result of the research is that active and dynamic Iranian merchants in these centuries played a prominent role in the prosperity of the Red Sea ports, and then the northern ports of Egypt, by shifting trade and migrating centers to the ports and coasts of the Red Sea. This process took place with the appropriate policy of the Buyid dynasty and Fatimid governments for foreign traders and was also effective in the commercial power of these governments against rival powers.