Evaluation of Physical Resilience of Urban Areas from the Perspective of Passive Defense Using Geospatial Analysis and PROMETHEE II Technique (Case Study: Babol City)

So far, a lot of research has been done to assess the resilience of the city against a variety of natural threats such as earthquakes, but research on the assessment of resilience of urban areas against man-made threats, especially war threats, is far less that in this study Is. In fact, what poses a serious threat to military strikes is the unpreparedness to deal with them, and the best way to deal with these threats is to build and maintain preparedness against them. One of the main ways to prepare for crises is to be aware of the city's resilience in the event of a crisis, in which case, by adopting strategies, preparedness for such crises can be greatly increased. In the present study, the physical resilience of the seven areas of Babol has been evaluated from the perspective of passive defense using geospatial analysis and PROMETHEE II technique. In this study, first, using the opinion of experts in the fields of urban planning and passive defense, the basic threat of the city of Babol (air attack) was selected. Then, based on this and by studying previous research and obtaining the opinions of experts in the field of urban planning, passive defense and structure through interviews and questionnaires, sixteen criteria affecting the physical resilience of Babol in three categories of distance from special uses, access to main services and features the urban physical tissue was extracted and weighed. These criteria are: Distance from military bases, Distance from key stairs, Distance from refueling centers, Distance from the utility network, Distance from industrial centers, Network access the main way, Distance from fire stations, Access to medical centers, Outdoor access, Degree of confinement, Build density, population density, Number of floors of buildings, Skeleton type of buildings, Granulation of parts, Age of buildings. Then, the raster criterion maps were generated and the average values ​​of each criterion for each of the seven districts of the city of Babel (as alternatives for multi-criteria decision making) were calculated and the decision matrix was created. By generation the decision matrix and using the PROMETHEE II method, the 7 districts of Babol city were ranked based on the degree of resilience and a physical resilience assessment map of Babol city was generated. The results showed that different areas of the city of Babol do not have the same resilience, so that the central areas of the city and to some extent the southern areas of the city have lower resilience than the northern, eastern and western areas. In general, with increasing distance from the city center, resilience increases, which is less felt in the southern direction. Although the city of Babol has moderate to high resilience in general, but by resilience analysis, the most important reasons for the low resilience of the central areas of the city, namely regions 4 and 5, can be obtained. Analyzing the research results by passive defense experts, it was found that the most important reasons for low resilience in the central urban areas of Babol (areas 4 and 5) are high construction density, high degree of confinement, important military centers and numerous refueling centers in these areas.